scholarly journals The Moral Status of Conscious Subjects

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Joshua Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range

Any account of moral status faces three difficulties simultaneously. The first is the grounding difficulty—how to account for the grounds of moral status. The second is the mapping difficulty—how to map the grounds to the moral reasons for action associated with the possession of (some level of) moral status. The third is the cases difficulty—how to navigate the grounds and mapping difficulties without running afoul of strong intuitions about a wide range of problem cases. One cannot navigate these difficulties perfectly. But this chapter argues that a coherent and relatively compelling view can be had by grounding moral status in aspects of a subject’s conscious mental life, by mapping the grounds to moral reasons in terms of respect for conscious subjects, and by taking the problem cases one by one.

The Colonial Documentary Film in South and South-East Asia

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Documentary Film ◽  
East Asian ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Understanding

Writing from a wide range of historical perspectives, contributors to the anthology shed new light on historical, theoretical and empirical issues pertaining to the documentary film, in order to better comprehend the significant transformations of the form in colonial, late colonial and immediate post-colonial and postcolonial times in South and South-East Asia. In doing so, this anthology addresses an important gap in the global understanding of documentary discourses, practices, uses and styles. Based upon in-depth essays written by international authorities in the field and cutting-edge doctoral projects, this anthology is the first to encompass different periods, national contexts, subject matter and style in order to address important and also relatively little-known issues in colonial documentary film in the South and South-East Asian regions. This anthology is divided into three main thematic sections, each of which crosses national or geographical boundaries. The first section addresses issues of colonialism, late colonialism and independence. The second section looks at the use of the documentary film by missionaries and Christian evangelists, whilst the third explores the relation between documentary film, nationalism and representation.

Duoethnography: A Polytheoretical Approach to (Re)Storing, (Re)Storying the Meanings That One Gives

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-423
Author(s):  
John Joseph Norris ◽  
Richard D. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Third Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Feminist Inquiry

This chapter summarizes the advancement of duoethnography throughout its fifteen-year history, employing examples from a variety of topics in education and social justice to provide a wide range of approaches that one may take when conducting a duoethnography. A checklist articulates what its cofounders consider the core elements of duoethnographies, additional features that may or may not be employed and how some studies purporting to be duoethnographies may not be so. The chapter indicates connections between duoethnography and a number of methodological concepts including the third space, the problematics of representation, feminist inquiry, and critical theory using published examples by several duoethnographers.

scholarly journals MORALITY, LAW AND CONFLICTING REASONS FOR ACTION

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Cane
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Morality Plays ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
The Concept Of Law ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn The Concept of Law, H.L.A. Hart suggested that four formal features of morality distinguish it from law: importance, immunity from deliberate change, the nature of moral offences and the form of moral pressure. On closer examination, none of these supposed features clearly distinguishes morality from law, at least in the broad sense of ‘morality’ that Hart adopted. However, a fifth feature of morality mentioned by Hart – namely the role that morality plays in practical reasoning as a source of ultimate standards for assessing human conduct – does illuminate the relationship between law as conceptualised by Hart and morality variously understood. Because morality has this feature, law is always subject to moral assessment, and moral reasons trump legal reasons. It does not follow, however, that law is irrelevant to moral reasoning.

scholarly journals Why and How to Switch to Genomic Selection: Lessons From Plant and Animal Breeding Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aline Fugeray-Scarbel ◽  
Catherine Bastien ◽  
Mathilde Dupont-Nivet ◽  
Stéphane Lemarié
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Breeding ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection For

The present study is a transversal analysis of the interest in genomic selection for plant and animal species. It focuses on the arguments that may convince breeders to switch to genomic selection. The arguments are classified into three different “bricks.” The first brick considers the addition of genotyping to improve the accuracy of the prediction of breeding values. The second consists of saving costs and/or shortening the breeding cycle by replacing all or a portion of the phenotyping effort with genotyping. The third concerns population management to improve the choice of parents to either optimize crossbreeding or maintain genetic diversity. We analyse the relevance of these different bricks for a wide range of animal and plant species and sought to explain the differences between species according to their biological specificities and the organization of breeding programs.

scholarly journals The Culture of the Sakas of Semirechye: Contemporary State and Current Issues of Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-35
Author(s):  
Ernar A. Estemesov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
The Third ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Second Category

Purpose. The article describes the history and analysis of the main issues in the study of archaeological sites of the Saka period in Semirechye. They are presented by three main types on this territory: burial and memorial complexes, settlements and hoards. The first type of monuments includes numerous burial mounds, where the elite burials of “royal” type and ordinary burials are located. Both social groups are combined by the unity of funeral rites, and the main differences are the complexity of architecture, memorial practices, and richness of burial equipment in the “royal” type burial mounds. The second category of monuments is presented by the settlements that are mostly small in size. The constructions like half dugouts were discovered on them, which gave a rich ceramic material. The third type of monuments of the Saka period in Semirechye includes numerous hoards of bronze items. Some of them are represented by the cult objects (sacrificial tables, lamps and cauldrons) that mark the places of worship. A significant percentage of the hoards contain items of weapons, horse equipment and household purposes and, apparently, serve as offerings to the spirits. However, despite the considerable progress in the study of the Saka monuments of the Semirechye Region, the main problem is their cultural attribution at this time. Some researchers suggest that the independent Saka archaeological culture was formed and developed on the territory of Semirechye in the Early Iron Age, while others believe that the Saka monuments of this region belong to the broader historical and cultural community that also covers the neighboring regions of Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang. Results Another important issue in the study of the Saka sites of Semirechye is to clarify the chronology of burial and memorial complexes. Up to now, the significant database of radiocarbon dates has been accumulated, which allows us to consider the chronological positions of a wide range of monuments in a new way. It was of great importance to obtain such dates from several burials of Karatuma necropolis, which showed that it belonged to the Saka period, since burial monuments of this appearance are traditionally dated back to the Wusun period. Conclusion. The necessity of solution of these problems is an urgent task for further research of burial and settlement objects of the Saka period in this region.

scholarly journals Perancangan dan Analisis Perbandingan Implementasi OSPF pada Jaringan IPv4 dan IPv6

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
PAULINE RAHMIATI ◽  
DWI ARYANTA ◽  
TAUFIQ AGUNG PRIYADI
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Shortest Path ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Packet Tracer ◽  
Maximum Limit ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRAKOSPF (Open Shortest Path First) adalah suatu routing protokol bersifat terbuka dan didukung oleh berbagai perangkat network. IPv4 telah mencapai batas maksimum dalam jumlah alamat sehingga IPv6 merupakan solusi dalam hal tersebut. Seperti IPv4, IPv6 juga sudah mulai diimplementasikan untuk routing protokol OSPF, oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini akan dirancang suatu routing protokol OSPF IPv6 dan sebagai bahan perbandingan akan dibandingkan dengan OSPF IPv4. Software Cisco Packet Tracer 5.3 digunakan untuk mensimulasikan perancangan jaringan yang dibuat. Pada penelitian ini akan dibandingkan 2 buah jaringan berbasis routing protokol OSPF, yaitu OSPF untuk IPv4 dan IPv6. Skenario pertama dilakukan 100 kali dalam 5 kasus untuk mengetahui nilai delay OSPF IPv4 dan OSPF IPv6. Skenario kedua dilakukan pemutusan link dilakukan sebanyak 30 kali, hal yang dilihat dari pengujian ini adalah hasil trace route dari cost yang ada. Skenario ketiga dilakukan dengan mengamati waktu konvergensi dari OSPF IPv4 dan IPv6. Secara keseluruhan nilai delay OSPF IPv6 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan OSPF IPv4 sebesar 3-6%, Trace route dan nilai cost pada OSPF IPv6 dan OSPF IPv4 sama tetapi nilai delay OSPF IPv6 lebih kecil sebesar 3-6% dan waktu konvergensi OSPF IPv4 bernilai sama dengan OSPF IPv6 yaitu 10 detik.Kata kunci: OSPF, IPv4, Ipv6, delay, konvergensiABSTRACTOSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol that opened and supported by a wide range of network devices. IPv4 has reached the maximum limit on the number of addresses that IPv6 are a solution in this case. Same as IPv4, IPv6 also has begun to be implemented for the OSPF routing protocol, therefore this study wiould design an IPv6 OSPF routing protocol and as a comparison will be compared to IPv4 OSPF. Cisco Packet Tracer 5.3 software was used to simulate the made network design. This research would compare two pieces of network-based routing protocol OSPF, OSPF for IPv4 and IPv6. The first scenario was done 100 times in of 5 cases to determine the value of delay OSPF OSPF IPv4 and IPv6. The second scenario was carried out link terminations 30 times, it was seen from the tests was the result of trace route from the existing cost. The third scenario was done by observed at the convergence time of OSPF IPv4 and IPv6. The overall delay value OSPF IPv6 better than IPv4 OSPF by 3-6%, the trace route and the OSPF cost value of IPv6 and IPv4 OSPF were same but delay OSPF IPv6 was better 3-6% and convergence time was the same as IPv4 OSPF OSPF IPv6 as 10 seconds.Keywords: OSPF, IPv4, IPv6, delay, convergence

Synthesis and third-order nonlinear optical properties of novel ethynyl-linked heteropentamer composed of four porphyrins and one pyrene

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Sheng ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Yongzhong Bian ◽  
Jianzhuang Jiang ◽  
Dong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Zinc Compounds ◽  
Nlo Properties ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range

Novel heteropentameric porphyrins-pyrene arrays, in which four meso-tetraphenyl porphyrins are linked to the center unit of pyrene by four acetylenyl bonds, were designed and synthesized. The newly synthesized heteropentameric compounds have been characterized by a wide range of spectroscopic methods. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of both the metal-free and zinc compounds of the three-dimensional arrays were investigated by Z-scan experiments, showing enhanced NLO properties compared with that of the porphyrin and pyrene monomers.

Detection of cancer signal for over 50 AJCC cancer types with a multi-cancer early-detection test.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3072-3072
Author(s):  
Habte Aragaw Yimer ◽  
Wai Hong Wilson Tang ◽  
Mohan K. Tummala ◽  
Spencer Shao ◽  
Gina G. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cancer Early Detection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Cancer Types

3072 Background: The Circulating Cell-free Genome Atlas study (CCGA; NCT02889978) previously demonstrated that a blood-based multi-cancer early detection (MCED) test utilizing cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing in combination with machine learning could detect cancer signals across multiple cancer types and predict cancer signal origin. Cancer classes were defined within the CCGA study for sensitivity reporting. Separately, cancer types defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) criteria, which outline unique staging requirements and reflect a distinct combination of anatomic site, histology and other biologic features, were assigned to each cancer participant using the same source data for primary site of origin and histologic type. Here, we report CCGA ‘cancer class’ designation and AJCC ‘cancer type’ assignment within the third and final CCGA3 validation substudy to better characterize the diversity of tumors across which a cancer signal could be detected with the MCED test that is nearing clinical availability. Methods: CCGA is a prospective, multicenter, case-control, observational study with longitudinal follow-up (overall population N = 15,254). Plasma cfDNA from evaluable samples was analyzed using a targeted methylation bisulfite sequencing assay and a machine learning approach, and test performance, including sensitivity, was assessed. For sensitivity reporting, CCGA cancer classes were assigned to cancer participants using a combination of the type of primary cancer reported by the site and tumor characteristics abstracted from the site pathology reports by GRAIL pathologists. Each cancer participant also was separately assigned an AJCC cancer type based on the same source data using AJCC staging manual (8th edition) classifications. Results: A total of 4077 participants comprised the independent validation set with confirmed status (cancer: n = 2823; non-cancer: n = 1254 with non-cancer status confirmed at year-one follow-up). Sensitivity was reported for 24 cancer classes (sample sizes ranged from 10 to 524 participants), as well as an “other” cancer class (59 participants). According to AJCC classification, the MCED test was found to detect cancer signals across 50+ AJCC cancer types, including some types not present in the training set; some cancer types had limited representation. Conclusions: This MCED test that is nearing clinical availability and was evaluated in the third CCGA substudy detected cancer signals across 50+ AJCC cancer types. Reporting CCGA cancer classes and AJCC cancer types demonstrates the ability of the MCED test to detect cancer signals across a set of diverse cancer types representing a wide range of biologic characteristics, including cancer types that the classifier has not been trained on, and supports its use on a population-wide scale. Clinical trial information: NCT02889978.

A search for constraints on lithospheric net rotation in 2D convection simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Atkins ◽  
Nicolas Coltice
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frames ◽  
Plate Motion ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Third Dimension

<p>Net rotation is the process whereby the entire lithosphere can rotate with respect to the Earth’s mantle. The plates and continents retain their location with respect to each other, but they change their position with respect to global reference frames such as the Earth’s magnetic dipole, and structures in the Earth’s mantle such as plumes and hotspots. Constraining lithospheric net rotation is therefore one factor in building an absolute plate motion model. However, the amount of net rotation occurring at present day is poorly contained, and the drivers of net rotation are very poorly understood. Many absolute plate motion models therefore attempt to minimise net rotation, because there is no way to constrain rotation in the geological past. </p><p> </p><p>In previous geodynamical studies, the presence of thick continents and large viscosity contrasts were found to be controlling factors in the development of net rotation. We investigate the effects of different convection parameters and tectonic states on the magnitude and evolution of net rotation in 2D simulations. The use of 2D simulations allows us to run enough simulations to study a wide range of model parameters. We intend to compare our 2D conclusions with 3D simulations, to investigate how much of a difference the third dimension makes.</p><p> </p><p>We find that net rotation varies on much shorter timescales than any other geodynamic feature. Net rotation is not cleanly correlated with any tectonic behaviours or settings, and that the magnitude and duration is unpredictable. We do however find that the distribution of net rotation within the lifetime of a particular simulation is Gaussian, with standard deviation dependent on the viscosity structure and contrasts of the simulation, in agreement with previous studies. However, in contrast to previous studies, the presence and thickness of continents makes very little difference to the speed of lithospheric rotation, although this may be because we are working in 2D. If the 2D results are also relevant in 3D, net rotation is a continuously varying and unpredictable value, but with a predictable statistical range. This may provide a way to better constrain net rotation for plate motion models.</p>

Connecting Moral Status to Proper Legal Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
Benjamin Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Martha Nussbaum ◽  
Legal Moralism ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Law ◽  
Strong Claim ◽  
Michael Moore

This chapter entertains three proposals as to the connection between an animal’s moral status and what legal status it ought to have. The first proposal is this strong claim: that an act wrongs an animal is a justification for criminalizing it. The second proposal is this moderate claim: that an act constitutes an injustice to an animal is a justification for criminalizing it. Both of these proposals can be vindicated if an argument for legal moralism that the author constructs, drawing on the work of Michael Moore, is sound. Meanwhile, Martha Nussbaum, Alasdair Cochrane, and Robert Garner have each argued for the second proposal. The chapter demonstrates that all four of these arguments are unsound. The third proposal is this claim: it is obligatory for legislators to eliminate any aspect of the law that facilitates the wronging of animals. This proposal, the author argues, is sound. Comparatively weak though this proposal is, the chapter extracts from it radical implications for animal ownership and state funding of medical research on animal subjects.

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