The Transparent Body

2030 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rutger van Santen ◽  
Djan Khoe ◽  
Bram Vermeer
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western World ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Tennis Ball ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Difference

The “easy” diseases have pretty much been beaten in the Western world, leaving doctors to contend with the more complex illnesses that stealthily overrun the body. Two-thirds of the deaths in the United States are now attributable to cancer or coronary disease. By the time these conditions manifest themselves, it’s often too late to intervene. Treatment is only likely to succeed if early signs of cancerous growth or clogging arteries can be detected. A tumor measuring a few millimeters across is plainly less threatening than one the size of a tennis ball, not least because there is less risk of metastasis at an early stage. The focus is therefore on enhancing rapid diagnosis, which in turn means improving medical imaging. Eighty percent of all diagnoses are based on images. Yet many small but life-threatening physical processes are still missed by the scanners, echographs, and other devices that peer inside our bodies. Growths measuring less than a centimeter tend to be overlooked, so scientists are constantly working on techniques capable of offering a more detailed internal picture. Breakthroughs in imaging technology can mean the difference between life and death. They’ll enable us to intervene sooner, boosting the patient’s survival chances. Little more than a generation ago, X-rays were the only means we had of looking inside the human body. The images they produce are flat, however, and lacking in depth information, which can make them hard to interpret. An ingenious technique was therefore devised in the 1970s that allowed a single three-dimensional image to be created by combining a series of X-ray photographs. The CT (computerized tomography) scan was the first technique to produce a genuine three-dimensional image of our insides. Doctors could now tell, for instance, whether an abnormality was located on top of a bone or beneath it. Several other techniques for producing three-dimensional images of the body have since become available, some of which require patients to be injected with a contrast agent to highlight specific parts of the body.

The Images of Dante’s Inferno in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The House of the Dead

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-52
Author(s):  
Marina G. Kurgan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Network ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Divine Comedy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
The Third ◽  
Character System ◽  
The Divine Comedy ◽  
The Dead

The House of the Dead was repeatedly compared with the first part of Dante’s The Divine Comedy even in F.M. Dostoevsky’s lifetime. However, his contemporaries usually focused on general analogies, while later scholars paid more attention to the narrative features or individual reminiscences. This research studies the main aspects of the artistic structure of the Dante code, constructing the space of Hell in Dostoevsky’s novel. 1. The organization of space. Alexander Petrovich Goryanchikov, the narrator in The House of the Dead, recreates a three-dimensional image that resembles a gradually narrowing funnel: from a bird’s-eye view, where the prison is seen in its entirety, the focus slowly descends, passing to smaller objects, and finally reaching the “three boards”, which limit Goryanchikov’s personal space. The same principle is employed to construct the space of Hell in Dante’s poem. In The House of the Dead, there is another significant indication of the spatial affinity of Dante’s hell and Dostoevsky’s katorga – active imagery associated with cobwebs and spiders. In the centre of the system of images associated with the designated semantic network is the parade- major, the head of the fortress and the owner of the inmate web. 2. The character system as an element constituting the space of Hell. The character system of The House of the Dead follows the compositional principle of Divine Comedy, where sinners are located in different circles in accordance with their main passion. There are three circles in the prison: the first is formal, according to the court decision; the second is informal, internal, formed by crafts and occupations; the third represents Goryanchikov’s perspective as an exponent of human and humane judgment, which distinguishes another person’s moral state. 3. Torment. The House of the Dead demonstrate a hierarchy in describing the tortures, while freedom becomes a fundamental category to embody the most important motif of physical and moral torment connecting Dostoevsky’s novel with Dante’s experience. The bodily torment ceases to be only the torment of the body to become a pain of the soul, comparable to physical torment, so the soul suffers and burns. Hell as a moral topos was the key for Dostoevsky. In The House of the Dead, he chooses the same way as Dante in The Divine Comedy: vivid corporeality conveys an esoteric metaphor of moral suffering and deep inner movements of the soul.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis and Security Characteristics of Carrier-Based Aircraft Arresting in Yaw Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
Yiming Peng ◽  
Pengpeng Xie ◽  
Xiaohui Wei ◽  
Hong Nie
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Load Fluctuation ◽  
Kink Wave ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Yaw Angle

In order to research the safety characteristics of carrier-based aircraft in yaw arrest, a complete dynamic model of the arresting system of a certain type of aircraft was developed to understand more about its dynamic properties. Based on the discrete kink-wave model, a simulation of centering arrest was conducted. The simulation results were compared with experimental data from the United States (US) military standards, demonstrating that the basic changing laws are almost the same. On the basis of centering arrest, a simulation of yaw arrest was carried out. The results show that in yaw state, the difference in the lengths of the arresting cables on either side of the hook is smaller in the early stage after the hook hangs on the rope, which leads to little influence on load fluctuation produced by the kink-wave. With the increase in arresting distance, the difference in the lengths of the arresting cables on either side becomes larger, resulting in a situation in which the cable tension on the departure side will gradually become greater than that on the opposite side. In this situation, yaw landing has a negative impact on the characteristics of arresting safety, and the excessive yaw angle causes the aircraft to rush out of the safe landing area.

Ontogeny, structure and functional morphology of some spiny Ctenopyge species (Trilobita) from the upper Cambrian of Västergötland, Sweden

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan N. K. Clarkson ◽  
John Ahlgren ◽  
Cecilia M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Side View ◽  
Extended Body ◽  
Upper Cambrian ◽  
Bedding Planes ◽  
Considerable Length ◽  
Large Adult

ABSTRACTThis paper completes the description of intact and three-dimensional Ctenopyge species from the upper Cambrian Peltura minor Zone in Västergötland, central Sweden. All these species are present together, on the same bedding planes. The most abundant species, Ctenopyge (Eoctenopyge) angusta Westergård, 1922 has previously been described, and an almost complete ontogeny worked out. C. (Ctenopyge) gracilis Henningsmoen, 1957 is a small trilobite with nine thoracic segments and very long, thin curving and subparallel thoracic spines; the genal spines partially encircle the body. Two axial spines at the rear are of considerable length. When reconstructed in side view, the posterior thoracic spines rise upwards as an inclined fan, but when relaxed the tips of all the thoracic and axial spines come to lie in the same plane as the horizontal genal spines. An almost complete ontogeny is described for this species, and individuals show an evident spinosity from an early stage, but the body size at which thoracic segments are liberated is highly variable. C. (Ctenopyge) ahlbergi n. sp. is a larger, robust and broad species distinguished by long, stout genal spines, ten thoracic segments, and a very spiny body with the first three to four spines expanded into lateral flanges. A degree 6 meraspis shows these flanges already developing. C. (Ctenopyge) rushtoni n. sp has likewise ten thoracic segments, and has stout, broad-based and tapering spines. Incomplete meraspides 6 and 7 are known for this species. In both C. (Ctenopyge) ahlbergi and C. (Ctenopyge) rushtoni there are also two axial spines at the rear, and the extended body would have had a similar rising tail fan to that of C. (Ctenopyge) gracilis. C. (Mesoctenopyge) tumida is also present as a single large adult and several smaller holaspides. In this species the first thoracic segment is confirmed as bearing a pair of long curving spines, somewhat smaller than the encircling genal spines. The remaining thoracic spines are straight and sharp, and evidently longer in young holaspides. There is a single long axial spine on the last segment. No adult pygidium has been found.Some comments on the diversity of the fauna as a whole and the range of functional types are appended.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue dysfunction and its effects on tumor metabolism

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Diedrich ◽  
Halina Chkourko Gusky ◽  
Izabela Podgorski
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western World ◽  
Poor Prognostic Factor ◽  
Abnormal Accumulation

AbstractGrowing by an alarming rate in the Western world, obesity has become a condition associated with a multitude of diseases such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and various cancers. Generally viewed as an abnormal accumulation of hypertrophied adipocytes, obesity is also a poor prognostic factor for recurrence and chemoresistance in cancer patients. With more than two-thirds of the adult population in the United States considered clinically overweight or obese, it is critical that the relationship between obesity and cancer is further emphasized and elucidated. Adipocytes are highly metabolically active cells, which, through release of adipokines and cytokines and activation of endocrine and paracrine pathways, affect processes in neighboring and distant cells, altering their normal homeostasis. This work will examine specifically how adipocyte-derived factors regulate the cellular metabolism of malignant cells within the tumor niche. Briefly, tumor cells undergo metabolic pressure towards a more glycolytic and hypoxic state through a variety of metabolic regulators and signaling pathways, i.e., phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and c-MYC signaling. Enhanced glycolysis and high lactate production are hallmarks of tumor progression largely because of a process known as the Warburg effect. Herein, we review the latest literature pertaining to the body of work on the interactions between adipose and tumor cells, and underlining the changes in cancer cell metabolism that have been targeted by the currently available treatments.

scholarly journals Determination of Some Body Measurements of Camels With Three Dimensional Modeling Method (3D)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alkan çağlı ◽  
M. Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
3D Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In this study, the use of three-dimensional modeling method was tested in taking some body measurements in camels with a practical method and was compared with other measurement methods. As the animal material of the study, 12 single humped dromedary female camels and 14 double humped Camelus dromedarius X Camelus bactrianus: F1 male camels, totally 26 camels, were used in three camel farms in Incirliova district of Aydın province. The body measurements taken from each animal by using different three methods, namely by Manuel Method (MM), by Photography Method (PM), and by Three Dimensional Modeling Method (3D) were the Cidago Height (CH), the Back Height (BH), the Rump Height (RH), the Body Length (BL), the Brisket Height (BRH), the Abdominal Height (AH), the Shoulder Width (SW) and the Rump Width (RW) and these values were compared with each other. As a result of this study, the mean values of MM and 3D measurement values were very close to each other and the difference between them was found to be statistically insignificant. (P<0.05). The difference between the means of PM and MM/3D measurement values was found to be significant. (P <0.05). In the measurements taken by MM, 3D, PM methods in male camels, the values obtained by MM and 3D methods for CH, BH, RH, BRH, AH, BL, and SW were very close to each other and the differences between them were found insignificant statistically (p < 0.05). On the determined regression graph, a linear was found between MM and 3D measurement values. As a result of this study, it has been determined that the 3D modeling method can be used as a remote and more practical method in determining the morphological features of large-scale animals such as camels more reliably, more easily and more practically.

A Relationship Between Pressure Fields and Flow Patterns During Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Using 2D Phase Contrast MRI

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Charonko ◽  
Rahul Kumar ◽  
Kelley Stewart ◽  
William C. Little ◽  
Pavlos P. Vlachos
Keyword(s):  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Pressure Fields ◽  
Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction

Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction (LVDD) is a disease in which the heart is unable to properly fill the left ventricle before the systolic contraction pushes the blood out of the chamber into the rest of the body [1]. It is frequently characterized by elevated filling pressures within the heart. Over 70 million people in the United States with high blood pressure are at risk for LVDD [2], and numerous studies have shown a link between LVDD and heart failure. However, due to compensatory mechanisms early stage dysfunction can be difficult to diagnose.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional pulmonary monitoring using focused electrical impedance measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
Jakob Orschulik ◽  
Diana Pokee ◽  
Tobias Menden ◽  
Steffen Leonhardt ◽  
Marian Walter
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Impedance Measurements ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Two Dimensional Image

Abstract Lung pathologies such as edema, atelectasis or pneumonia are potentially life threatening conditions. Especially in critically ill and mechanically ventilated patients, an early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to prevent an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [1]. Thus, continuous monitoring tool for the lung condition available at the bedside would be highly appreciated. One concept for this is Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). In EIT, an electrode belt of typically 16 or 32 electrodes is attached at the body surface and multiple impedance measurements are performed. From this, the conductivity change inside the body is reconstructed in a two-dimensional image. In various studies, EIT proved to be a useful tool for quantifying recruitment maneuvers, the assessment of the ventilation homogeneity, the detection of lung edema or perfusion monitoring [2, 3, 4, 5]. Nevertheless, the main problem of EIT is the low spatial resolution (compared to CT) and the limitation to two dimensional images. In this paper, we try to address the latter issue: Instead of projecting conductivity changes onto a two-dimensional image, we adjust electrode positions to focus single tetrapolar measurements to specific, three-dimensional regions of interest. In earlier work, we defined guidelines to achieve this focusing [6, 7]. In this paper, we demonstrate in simulations and in a water tank experiment that applying these guidelines can help to detect pathologies in specific lung regions.

scholarly journals Sepsis- what is the role for acute medicine?

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-237
Author(s):  
Ron Daniels ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acute Medicine ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Medical Unit ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Acute Medical Unit ◽  
Critical Care Admission ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Cost

Sepsis- the life-threatening response of the body to an infection- is one of the more common reasons for presentation to an Acute Medical Unit, and a major health and economic burden to our healthcare system, with an estimated 37,000 deaths occurring annually in the U.K. In the United States, recent evidence suggests that the incidence of sepsis has been rising by between 8 and 13% per annum over the last decade, and that it is now higher than that of Acute Coronary Syndrome.1 Across Europe, the cost of a hospital admission for sepsis (due to the frequent need for prolonged Critical Care admission) has been estimated at between 25,000 and 55,000 Euros.2 For the NHS, this means an estimated expenditure of £2.5 billion per year.

Three-dimensional Image Analysis of Tubular Crystals of Membrane Proteins in Ice

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-243
Author(s):  
Chikashi Toyoshima
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Lipid Bilayer ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tubular Crystals

Frozen-hydrated electron microscopy is a powerful method that allows us to preserve biological macromolecules in physiological ionic conditions and obtain the density (Coulomb potential) maps directly. Changes in quarternary structure in different conditions have been demonstrated using this technique for the gap junction (1) and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (2). Since the image contrast originates from the difference in density between the specimen and ice, the method has a considerable advantage over conventional methods in resolving structure inside the lipid bilayer, especially when molecules are arranged in a helical array to form tubular crystals. The molecules in a helical array present many different views to the incident electron beam, hence the electron micrograph actually contains a large amount of three-dimensional information. By using helical image analysis, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional image from a single micrograph in many instances. Furthermore, the data is complete: There is no "missing cone" problem arising from a limited angle of tilt; the resolution in the reconstructed image is isotropic. The mean (radial) density distribution is available from equatorial data; thus the value in the map is an absolute measure of the density.We have been analysing tubular crystals of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from electric ray and the calcium ATPase from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. Helical image analysis at 17 Å resolution of the narrow tubes embedded in ice has allowed two leaflets of the lipid bilayer to be resolved clearly (2). The lipid bilayer was not resolved in previous tilt reconstructions using flattened tubes at a similar (in plane) resolution and up to 60 degrees tilt (3).

‘An endless procession of catastrophes’: Reading the War on Terror in Contemporary HIV Life Writing

Somatechnics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-232
Author(s):  
Jonathon Zapasnik
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Life Writing ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Western World ◽  
Embodied Experience ◽  
Ghost Dance ◽  
September 11 Terrorist Attacks

This paper examines the shifting paradigms of language used in HIV/AIDS life writing. As a testimonial genre, military metaphors have played a crucial role in mobilising communities and revealing how discourses around chronic illness inscribe themselves on the body. Through a textual analysis of three memoirs, Douglas Wright's Ghost Dance (2004) and Terra Incognito (2006), and David Caron's The Nearness of Others (2014), I argue that these texts represent a shift that instead engage metaphors of terrorism and security to convey meaning of lived experience and negotiate the precariousness of ongoing survival. Simultaneously, Wright and Caron maintain their health through protease inhibitors and reflect on the national anxieties produced by the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America. Both writers draw on the language of terrorism, especially the images taken from the Abu Ghraib prison, to inform their own experiences as HIV-positive white, middle-upper class, gay men. The significance of these metaphors can be found in their individual struggles with depression. What this paper contributes to is an understanding of what it means to think about HIV after the pharmaceutical turn when HIV is no longer considered a death sentence in the Western world, how discourses of terror inform public and personal understandings of chronic illness and mental health, and how embodied experience informs autobiographical modes of expression, and vice versa.

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