Filtration

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger G. Harrison ◽  
Paul W. Todd ◽  
Scott R. Rudge ◽  
Demetri P. Petrides
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Filter Medium ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Crossflow Filtration ◽  
Bioprocess Design ◽  
Flow Filtration ◽  
General Filtration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Biotechnology Products

Filtration is an operation that has found an important place in the processing of biotechnology products. In general, filtration is used to separate particulate or solute components in a fluid suspension or solution according to size by flowing under a pressure differential through a porous medium. There are two broad categories of filtration, which differ according to the direction of the fluid feed in relation to the filter medium. In conventional or dead-end filtration, the fluid flows perpendicular to the medium, which generally results in a cake of solids depositing on the filter medium. In crossflow filtration (which is also called tangential flow filtration), the fluid flows parallel to the medium to minimize buildup of solids on the medium. Conventional and crossflow filtration are illustrated schematically in Figure 4.1. Conventional filtration is typically used when a product has been secreted from cells, and the cells must be removed to obtain the product that is dissolved in the liquid. Antibiotics and steroids are often processed by using conventional filtration to remove the cells. Conventional filtration is also commonly used for sterile filtration in biopharmaceutical production. Crossflow filtration has been used in a wide variety of applications, including the separation of cells from a product that has been secreted, the concentration of cells, the removal of cell debris from cells that have been lysed, the concentration of protein solutions, the exchange or removal of a salt or salts in a protein solution, and the removal of viruses from protein solutions. Filtration often occurs in the early stages of bioproduct purification, in keeping with the process design heuristic “remove the most plentiful impurities first” (see Chapter 12, Bioprocess Design and Economics). At the start of purification, the desired bioproduct is usually present in a large volume of aqueous solution, and it is desirable to reduce the volume as soon as possible to reduce the scale and thus the cost of subsequent processing operations. Filtration, along with sedimentation and extraction (see Chapters 5 and 6), is an effective means of accomplishing volume reduction.

Approach for Effective Design and Cost Estimation of New built / Conversion FPSO (2014)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upendra Malla ◽  
Krishna M. Karri
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Offshore Field ◽  
Effective Design

Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) sizing and cost estimation has become a challenging task at the early stages of offshore field development. During the early stages of field development designer needs to size and estimate cost in order to decide feasibility of the project. This paper describes a step by step method used to size and estimate the cost of a new built (or) converted FPSO based on basic engineering, existing FPSO data and corresponding metocean criteria for a particular location. This step by step approach covers FPSO sizing, hull structural design, mooring sizing, topsides support design and steel renewal using offshore classification rules and regulations. FPSO cost is estimated based on the design particulars (i.e. hull weights, FPSO particulars, mooring sizes etc.) and current market unit rates. This approach is an effective means to size and estimate cost of an FPSO at early stages of field development which saves overall time and cost for a client.

scholarly journals Design of Power Supply Package for Electricity Sales Companies Considering User Side Energy Storage Configuration

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 3219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu ◽  
Gao ◽  
Yang ◽  
Liang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Elite Strategy ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Cost

With the deepening of the reform of the power system, electricity sales companies are required to explore new business models and provide multi-faceted marketing programs for users. At the same time, with the reduction of energy storage (ES) costs and the gradual maturity of technology, user side ES, especially Battery ES, has become an effective means for enhancing users' power supply reliability and reducing electricity bills. Battery ES, as the standby power supply, has a vast user side application. The configuration of ES can help users to ameliorate power quality and reduce electricity cost. It is a critical strategy for electricity sales companies to improve their competitiveness as well. Firstly, this paper analyzes the user side ES and introduces the user side ES development status and relevant policies. Then, we establish an ES configuration optimization model based on the cost–benefit system. To determine the optimal ES capacity of the system’s storage capacity, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with elite strategy (NSGA-II) is used as the method solving model. Finally, according to the cost-effectiveness of ES and the period of a contract signed by users, a price package with ES configuration is designed for users to choose.

scholarly journals Psychosocial intervention for carers of people with dementia: What components are most effective and when? A systematic review of systematic reviews

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Dickinson ◽  
Johanne Dow ◽  
Grant Gibson ◽  
Louise Hayes ◽  
Shannon Robalino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Format ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTBackground:Psychosocial interventions for carers of people with dementia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in dementia care. We aim to systematically review the evidence from existing systematic reviews of psychosocial interventions for informal carers of people with dementia.Methods:Thirty-one systematic reviews were identified; following quality appraisal, data from 13 reviews, rated as high or moderate quality, were extracted.Results:Well-designed, clearly structured multi-component interventions can help maintain the psychological health of carers of people with dementia and delay institutionalization of the latter. To be most effective, such interventions should include both an educational and a therapeutic component; delivery through a support group format may further enhance their effectiveness.Conclusions:Successful translation of evidence into practice in this area remains a challenge. Future research should focus on determining the most cost-effective means of delivering effective multi-component interventions in real-world settings; the cost-effective potential of technology-based interventions is considerable.

scholarly journals Improving Mammography Rates Among the Hispanic Population: An Evidence-Based Project Utilizing a Promotora Intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dawn Mirowski
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Breast Cancer Mortality ◽  
Hispanic Population ◽  
Practice Problem ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Improve Health

Practice Problem: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in Hispanic women in the U.S., with mammography being the most effective means of reducing breast cancer mortality. Promotoras have been shown to improve health promotion, including mammography, among the Hispanic population. PICOT: The PICOT question that guided this project was: In Hispanic women 40 years or older (P), how does the use of a promotora intervention (I), compared to no promotora intervention (C), affect mammography rates (O) within an 8-week period (T)? Evidence: Twenty-one studies that met the inclusion criteria supported the use of promotoras to improve mammography rates. Interventions included education and counseling, navigation assistance, providing a link to resources, and facilitating interaction with providers. Intervention: A promotora was assigned to contact patients with a mammogram order to provide education, counseling, and other assistance needed. Outcome: The intervention improved compliance with mammography rates by 37% over baseline. The results are clinically significant as the cost of the promotora intervention is minimal compared to the benefits of an early-stage diagnosis. Conclusion: The implementation of this project was consistent with the research evidence supporting a promotora intervention to improve mammography rates in the Hispanic population.

Light Rail Lite or Cost-Effective Improvements to Bus Service?

2005 ◽  
Vol 1927 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Hess ◽  
Brian D. Taylor ◽  
Allison C. Yoh
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Service Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
The Cost

Bus rapid transit (BRT) is growing rapidly in popularity because it is viewed widely as an efficient and effective means to improve both transit service and patronage. This paper argues that two distinct views of BRT are emerging: ( a) BRT as a new form of high-speed, rubber-tired, rail-like rapid transit and ( b) BRT as a cost-effective way to upgrade both the quality and image of traditional fixed-route bus service. These two views carry different price tags because the cost of planning, constructing, and operating BRT depends on the complexity of new service features and on rises for BRT that offer service characteristics approaching those of light rail. This study fills a gap in the literature on the costs of BRT by examining in detail component costs–-actual costs for recently implemented services and projected costs for planned new services–-for a sample of BRT systems in North American cities. The study examined BRT costs of 14 planned and recently opened BRT systems to determine how the wide range of BRT service and technology configurations affect costs. The study found that although some of the most successful and popular new BRT systems are high-quality services operating in mixed traffic and implemented at relatively low cost, most BRT projects on the drawing boards are more elaborate, more expensive systems than many currently in service. Most new BRT projects emphasize elaborate LRT-type improvements to lines and stations in one or a few corridors rather than less splashy improvements (such as next-bus monitors, signal preemption, queue-jump lanes, and so forth) affecting more lines and modes in local transit networks. Among the 14 systems examined here, most could be characterized as light rail lite.

San Diego Field Operational Test of Smart Call Boxes: Technical Aspects

1997 ◽  
Vol 1603 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Banks ◽  
Patrick A. Powell
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Test System ◽  
Incident Detection ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Operational Test ◽  
Field Operational Test ◽  
The Cost

Smart call boxes are devices similar to those used as emergency call boxes in California. The basic call box consists of a microprocessor, a cellular transceiver, and a solar power source. The smart call box system also includes data-collection devices, call-box maintenance computers, and data recording systems at a central location. The goal of the smart call box field operational test (FOT) was to demonstrate that smart call boxes are feasible and cost-effective means of processing and transmitting data for tasks such as traffic census, incident detection, hazardous weather reporting, changeable message sign control, and video surveillance. The objective of the FOT evaluation was to determine the cost-effectiveness of smart call boxes, but because of schedule slippage the evaluation focused on only functional adequacy and capital costs. The concept for the smart call box system was found to be feasible but not necessarily optimal for the tasks involved. System integration was a major problem. Also, the number of external devices that can be attached to a single call box while maintaining the economic advantages of the system is restricted by wiring costs and limitations of the solar power supply. Test system performance was mixed. One subtest was canceled before the installation of equipment, functional systems were produced for only three of the four remaining subtests, and reliable operation was observed in only one case. In most cases, system costs will be dominated by the expense of installing wiring. Consequently, smart call boxes will be cost-effective compared with hardwire systems at many sites but may not be cost-effective compared with alternative wireless systems.

The Clogging Effect in the Process of Protein Separation by Ultrafiltration

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-237
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Batrinescu ◽  
Roxana-Elena Scutariu ◽  
Nicolae-Ionut Cristea ◽  
Ioana-Alexandra Ionescu ◽  
Gheorghe Nechifor
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Protein Separation ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Optimum Pressure ◽  
Polysulfone Membrane ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membranes ◽  
Macromolecular Protein ◽  
Flow Filtration ◽  
Made In

In this study, five ultrafiltration membranes (polysulfone, cellulose acetate and polyethe-rsulfone) were tested in the treatment of aqueous protein solutions similar to wastewater from fermentation industries. The experiments were made in tangential flow filtration. The permeate flux for the five membranes tested at the optimum pressure of 3 bar decreased due to the effect of clogging the pores by the macromolecular protein solutions. Cellulose acetate membranes showed the lowest permeate flux (Ac-Cel1=152.4 L/m2.h and Ac-Cel2=40.3 L/m2.h) which doesn�t recommend them for the ultrafiltration process of bovine serum albumin. When a polysulfone membrane was used in several cycles of protein-containing wastewater ultrafiltration, the permeate flow decreased progressively from one cycle to another due to the internal clogging of the membrane (501.6 L/m2.h up to 444.0 L/m2.h). Regarding the ultrafiltration of protein solutions with a suspended yeast content, the clogging was predominant on the membrane�s surface, which results in a decrease of the permeate flux by over 50%.

A Location Management Strategy for Satellite Internet Constellation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanmin Liu ◽  
Jie Shen ◽  
Xia Jia ◽  
Shiwei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Location Management ◽  
Database Structure ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Terrestrial Network ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Beam Switching ◽  
Traditional Strategy

Satellites are currently the most effective means to achieve seamless global coverage of the Internet. Due to the frequent beam switching caused by the high-speed movement of satellites, it is too expensive to directly apply the location management strategy in the terrestrial network to the satellite Internet constellation (SIC). To build a web browsing platform based on satellite Internet, it is necessary to display the location of satellites and terminals in real time. For this reason, this paper proposes the location management strategy of SIC. It uses the characteristics of large and periodic satellite beam coverage in a certain period of time, redesigns the location management database structure, location registration mechanism and call delivery mechanism, and analyses and simulates the bit cost of location management. The result proves that compared with the traditional strategy, this strategy greatly reduces the cost of SIC.

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Using Agro-Industrial Wastes as Co-Substrates

2017 ◽  
pp. 155-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Mohammed El Mahdi ◽  
Hamidi Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Microbial Biodegradation ◽  
Current Area ◽  
The Cost

The diversity of agro industrial wastes makes them an attractive group of organic wastes for potential use in a wide variety of industrial and biotechnological applications. The new stimulating development in this current area of research approaches in combination with the technologies of large-scale production and biotechnology engineering, agro industrial wastes will be economically successful materials of the future. Increased public awareness of issues related to hydrocarbon pollution strongly influences the development of technologies that speed up cleaning hazardous contaminants. The cost of biodegradation technology and the low bioavailability including mass transfer limitations of hydrocarbons, especially those recalcitrant components, from various mediums into the aqueous phase for effective enzyme-based microbial biodegradation still constitute major challenges. Sustainable replacement of traditional microbiological media with agroindustrial wastes as substrates for biosurfactant production holds great potential; thereby decrease numerous management problems of handling industrial waste. These organic nitrogen-rich nutrients (biostimulation) are an effective means to enhance the bioremediation process and widely available as wastes in the environment; hence, they can serve as “natural waste-to-environmental clean-up.” However, current chapter have focused on the combined use of biosurfactants and enzymes produced from renewable resources such as agro-industrial waste, through assisted biostimulation and bioaugmentation, for hydrocarbon biodegradation.

Application of Rapid Prototyping Technology on Development of Medical Equipment

2014 ◽  
Vol 1030-1032 ◽  
pp. 2326-2329
Author(s):  
Shi Jian Yang ◽  
Zhen Jie Du ◽  
Hai Hong Kang
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cad Model ◽  
3D Cad ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Laminated Object Manufacturing ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
The Cost

The prototype of a production can be manufactured directly from its 3D CAD model data by using rapid prototyping technology, and can be renewed conveniently after modifying the CAD model. In this paper, the basic principle, typical prototyping systems are introduced, and rapid prototyping methods such as selected laser sintering of powder material, fused deposition modeling of threadlike material and laminated object manufacturing are presented. An application of rapid prototyping technology on design and development of first aid kit is described in detail. It is indicated that rapid prototyping technology is an effective means to lower the cost and shorten the period of development of medical equipment.

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