Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis
One of the bases of historical linguistics is the uniformitarian principle: knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present. This leads us to the methodological principle of using the present to explain the past. This chapter presents a sociolinguistic-typological perspective which investigates the extent to which it is possible to produce sociolinguistic explanations for linguistic structures. Insofar as the characteristics of individual languages are due to the nature of the human language faculty, there cannot be any questioning of the uniformitarian principle. But what if some of the characteristics of individual languages are due to social factors? Then the common faculty of the human mind will produce different types of structure in different societies at different moments in history. So the linguistic present might not altogether be like the linguistic past; and the methodology of using-the-present-to-explain-the-past could be less useful the further back in time we go.