Conclusions
Since the first edition of this book we have made significant advances in understanding how climate change is affecting the ecology and evolution of birds. We also have much better tools and databases for future research at a global scale. Forecasting the projected population size and distribution of species has also improved and is rapidly becoming more rigorous. Nonetheless, there are still several outstanding issues with current research on the effects of climate change on birds. One of the most important is that research is compartmentalized into specific topics (e.g. phenology or modelling) and one part of the annual cycle (e.g. breeding or migration). We believe that more collaborative teams are needed to examine the entire annual cycle of species and how it relates to population size. Luckily, there are some excellent examples of this new approach which gives us some optimism for dealing with an uncertain future.