Word formation in diachrony

2021 ◽  
pp. 383-473
Author(s):  
Martin Maiden ◽  
Adina Dragomirescu ◽  
Gabriela Pană Dindelegan ◽  
Oana Uță Bărbulescu ◽  
Rodica Zafiu
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
History Of

How are affixes structured and segmented? What is the range of diminutive and augmentative suffixes? What suffixes are ethnic and agentive in Romanian? How do suffixes mark distinctions of sex? What suffixes mark abstract nouns, adjectives, and verbs? What are the prefixes of Romanian? What is the nature of Romanian prefixoids and suffixoids? How are compound nouns, adjectives, and verbs formed? What is the morphological history of numerals?

scholarly journals Nationally marked neolexemes in T. Melnychuk’s poetry (structural-semantic aspect)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Folk Song ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Semantic Aspect ◽  
Individual Style

The article studies the individual authorial neologisms in T. Melnychuk’s linguistic world. A structural-semantic analysis of the neolexemes that have a national-cultural colouring is given. The main attention is paid to the examples of noun word formation as a powerful corpus of the poet’s lexical neologisms. Occasional diminutive innovations with a folk-based component in their stem are outlined. It is established that the diminutive lexemes are actively formed by the suffix formants -ат(а), -ят(к)(о, а), -оньк(о), -еньк(о), -ен(ят)(а), -ен(ятк)(о), by means of which nouns denoting the state of being not fully grown are made. The author consciously breaks word formation rules and combines the above suffixes with motivating nouns that denote lifeless thing, thus making occasional words (бриндушата, калинята, скибенята). This way the poet spiritualises his images, which is a characteristic feature of folk songs. The formation of certain lexical innovations (горенятко, снігурчата) is studied, whose derivational direction can only be defined via context. Diminutives are found in compound nouns formed by combining a numeral and a noun denoting a typical folk stylised linguistic pet form. At the level of expressive word formation, the artist forms compound words in pet forms of negatively connotated abstract nouns (трижурбонька, трилишенько etc). Juxtaposite innovations are proved to be active word formative means in the author’s linguistic world, among them hendiadys forms (казочка-перев’язочка, колисонька-висонька etc), whose specific modelling in folk song tradition is a specific feature of lullabies. It is shown that active use of ethnocultural linguistic signs, making them more structurally and semanticaly complex, their modern combination and interpretation form the main feature of T. Melnychuk’s individual style.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPOUND WORDS WITH THE KATZE COMPONENT IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Римма Хатиповна Каримова ◽  
Оксана Анатольевна Хабибуллина
Keyword(s):  
Language Translation ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
German Language ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
German Word ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
History Of

Введение. Рассмотрены немецкие сложные существительные с компонентом Katze / Kater, а также прилагательные и глаголы с указанным компонентом, большое количество которых подтверждает продуктивность немецкого словосложения. Цель ‒ определить особенности семантики зоонима Katze в составе сложных слов, выявить структурный состав и тематические группы сложных слов с названным компонентом, что также даст представление о словообразовательных особенностях языка. Материал и методы. Центром значения исследуемых тематических групп сложных слов является зооним Katze / Kater. В подтверждение неоспоримой продуктивности словосложения в немецком языке в качестве материала для исследования было отобрано 172 сложных существительных с компонентом Katze и семь лексических единиц с компонентом Kater, из них 152 слова, в которых данный компонент является определительным словом, и 20 слов, где данный компонент ‒ определяющее слово. Кроме того, к этой группе слов примыкают прилагательные с указанным компонентом (17 слов) и три глагола. Номинационными признаками исследуемых сложных слов выступают метафорический и метонимический перенос, главной особенностью таких наименований является их смысловая двуплановость, т. е. «игра» переносного и буквального значений слова. Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, насколько активно компонент Katze / Kater выступает в качестве компонента немецких сложных слов. По своей структуре отобранные для исследования лексемы можно распределить на семь тематических групп, а по значению – на девять. Теоретическая значимость определяется результатами решения поставленной задачи. Исследование вносит вклад в развитие теории словообразования и семантики. Практическая ценность заключается в возможности использования результатов исследования при разработке лекционных курсов и семинарских занятий по лексикологии и истории немецкого языка, теории перевода. Заключение. Тематические группы сложных слов с компонентом Katze / Kater выражают непосредственное отношение к экстралингвистической реальности. Introduction. The article deals with the German compound nouns with the Katze / Kater component as well as adjectives and verbs with the component, a large number of which confirm the productivity of the German word composition. The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of the semantics of the zoonym Katze in the composition of compound words, to identify the structural composition and thematic groups of compound words with the named component, which also gives an idea of the derivational features of the language. Material and methods. It is necessary to classify the vocabulary composition of the language to facilitate the study of it. The zoonym Katze / Kater is the center of meaning of the thematic groups of compound words studied by us. To confirm the undeniable productivity of word composition in the German language, there were selected 172 compound nouns with the Katze component and seven lexical units with the Kater component as material, this component is a definitive word of the 152 words where together with the 20 words with this component is viewed as a defining word. In addition to this group of words, adjectives with the indicated component (17 words) and 3 verbs are studied. Metaphorical and metonymic transfer are the nominal features of the studied compound words; the main feature of such names is their semantic bi-planarity, i.e. «Game» of figurative and literal meanings of the word. Results and discussion. The article shows how active the Katze / Kater is as a component of German compound words. According to their structure, the lexemes selected for the study can be divided into 7 thematic groups, and into 9 according to their meaning. The theoretical significance is determined by the results of solving the problem. The research contributes to the development of the theory of word formation and semantics. The practical value of the research is determined by the possibility of using the research results in the development of lecture courses and seminars on Lexicology and History of the German language, Translation theory. Conclusion. Thus, the results of the study confirmed the authors’ assumption that thematic groups of compound words with the Katze / Kater component express a direct relationship to extralinguistic reality.

scholarly journals Complex nouns of common type in the Erzia and Hungarian languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Tatiana P. Ariskina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Descriptive Method

Introduction. Word building is used to form integral complex words on the basis of two or more simple ones. The initial base can be a group of equal lexical units or a phrase. There are many derivational types of composites, the study of which allows us to trace what trends are manifested in the modern word building system of the language. Topical comparative research in this area contributes to the replenishment of the theoretical base and makes a significant contribution to teaching methods. Within the framework of this article, the following tasks are solved: to establish derivational connections of complex words, to classify composites in the Erzia and Hungarian languages, to identify ways of word formation of complex nouns and the degree of their productivity, to carry out a comparative analysis of derivational formants in Erzia and Hungarian. Materials and Methods. The material for the research was bilingual dictionaries: Erzia-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. The author used a descriptive method, methods of synchronous analysis, formal semantic and component analysis, historical-comparative and comparative-comparative methods, as well as quantitative analysis. Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis of a continuous sampling from the dictionaries, it was found that the share of compound nouns with a compositional connection in both languages is within 20% of the total number of compound nouns. This means that the creation of composites is less productive than the formation of words with a subordinate link. In most cases, the first component in the examples under consideration is a noun, the history of which can be easily traced, in particular by derivational suffixes. In rare cases, the components of a compound word have lost their meaning. Conclusion. The intensity of the use of word building methods in the modern Erzia and Hungarian languages allow the production of words with a complex structure. The increase of the interest in comparative research indicate the need to study this phenomenon from a historical-comparative standpoint.

Vorlesung und Hörsaal als Symptomwörter für Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschen Sprache

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-595
Author(s):  
Wolf Peter Klein
Keyword(s):  
Academic Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Lecture Hall ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Corpus Linguistic ◽  
Epochal Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
German Standard ◽  
The One

Abstract The article starts with the etymology of the words Vorlesung („lecture“) and Hörsaal (“lecture hall”). On the one hand, it turns out that the two expressions are deeply anchored in the history of the old Latin scientific language. They transmit Latin structures and perspectives in German neologisms. On the other hand, the two words arose exactly at the time when the sciences were moving from Latin to German, thus distancing themselves from the traditional forms of Latin scholarship. In this light, they exemplify an epochal change in the history of the German language, but at the same time they represent a great European continuity. Against this background, the two words can be interpreted as symptomatic words associated with the Enlightenment’s confident outlook on the future relationship between science and society. Further corpus linguistic surveys also show how productively the two words appear in word formation processes. In particular, these surveys show by way of example that and how German standard language has benefited from the emergence of German academic language.

LEXICOGRAPHICAL PORTRAIT OF THE LEXEME «POGRYAZNUT’» (X - XVII CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Е.Ю. Долгова
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Russian Language

Статья посвящена описанию глагола «погрязнуть» по лексикографическим источникам, фиксирующим словарный состав русского языка X - XVII вв. В работе используется метод лингвистического портретирования, позволяющий объединить данные этимологических и исторических словарей и увидеть динамику развития семантического, словообразовательного, сочетаемостного и стилистического потенциала языковой единицы в диахронии. В статье подробно изложены материалы этимологических и исторических словарей русского языка, приведены и описаны многочисленные варианты употребления имперфектива грязнуть и перфектива погрязнуть, зафиксированные в словарях, содержащих лексику древнерусского и старорусского периодов: гр#зъти, гр#зhти, гр#зити, гр#знqти, погрязати - погр#зти, погр#зити, погр#знqти. Установлено, что в древнерусском языке глагол гр#зноути (гр`t#знuти) имел прямое номинативное значение «погружаться, тонуть» и редко употреблялся в памятниках письменности. Многозначным и наиболее частотным был положительный, результативный член глагольной видовой пары перфектив погрязнуть (погр#зноути). В статье приведены все лексико-семантические варианты глагола и примеры словоупотреблений, зафиксированные в словарях, отражающих лексику X - XVII веков. В статье приведены синонимы и многочисленные дериваты глагола погрязнуть , в том числе рассмотрена семантика абстрактных существительных, образованных от глагола погрязнуть ( погрязение, погрязнение, погрязновение ) и отражающих влияние церковнославянского языка на книжно-письменный литературный язык древнерусского и старорусского периодов. Лексикографический портрет лексемы погрязнуть проявляет неоднозначность в трактовке некоторых значений в разные исторические периоды. Проведенный анализ позволяет сравнить значения лексемы, увидеть их отличительные особенности и сделать вывод о существовании самостоятельных стереотипных образов, существующих в сознании носителей языка в X - XVII веках. The article is devoted to the description of the verb "to wallow" from lexicographic sources that fix the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. The method of linguistic portraiture is used to combine data from etymological and historical dictionaries and see the dynamics of the development of the semantic, word-formation and stylistic potential of the language unit in the diachrony. The article details the materials of etymological and historical dictionaries of the Russian language, presents and describes numerous variants of the use of an imperfective “gryaznut’” and a perfective “pogryaznut’”, recorded in dictionaries containing the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. It has been established that in the ancient Russian language, the imperfective “gryaznut’” had a direct nominative meaning of "dive, sink" and was rarely used in monuments of writing. The multi-valued and most frequency used was the positive, effective perfective “pogryaznut’”. The article presents all lexical and semantic variants of the verb and examples of word usage recorded in dictionaries that reflect the vocabulary of the X - XVII centuries. The article presents synonyms and numerous derivatives of the verb, including the semantics of abstract nouns formed from the verb “pogryaznut’” and reflecting the influence of the Church Slavonic language on the book-written literary language of the old Russian period. The lexicographic portrait of the lexeme “pogryaznut’” shows ambiguity in the interpretation of certain meanings in different historical periods. The analysis allows us to compare the meanings of the lexeme, see their distinctive features and conclude that there are independent stereotypical images that exist in the minds of native speakers in the X - XVII centuries.

scholarly journals COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Svitlana Korol
Keyword(s):  
Component Composition ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Regular Growth ◽  
German Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN OIKONYMS MOTIVATED BY PLANT NAMES: STRUCTURAL, WORD-FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Maksym Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Plant Names ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Current List

The article analyzes structural, word-formation and morphological peculiarities of Ukrainian oikonyms motivated by plant names. The conducted research of fixed in the «History of Cities and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR» and «Administrative and Territorial System of Ukraine» for 2019 (current list of Ukrainian oikonyms) confirmed the opinion of many linguists that the most productive way of creating names of settlements is the suffixation, on the other hand, far fewer units are formed with the help of compounding and prefixation. The following groups were distinguished on the basis of the analysis of oikonym-phrases formed from plant names: oikonym-phrase in which the noun is motivated by the plant name and the adjective indicates colour; oikonym-phrases in which one of the components is in the most cases an adjective motivated by plant name, and the main noun is one of the types of landscape, etc. We have considered some interesting oikonym-phrases which occur in all regions of Ukraine, for example, с. Кисла Дубина, с. Красні Лози, с. Мокра Рокитна etc. Some of the names of settlements have been significantly influenced by the Russian language, especially at the morphological level.

scholarly journals Turkisms in one of the early Russian translations of the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Sokolov ◽  
◽  
Irina A. Malysheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Italian Translation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Made In

The article considers Turkic borrowings in the Russian language at the beginning of the 18th century. The material of the study was a translation of the 17th century treatise “The History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire” written by the English diplomat Paul Ricaut and translated into a number of European languages. The Russian translation was done by P.A.Tolstoy from the Italian version in 1702–1714 and published as “The Turkish Monarchy” in 1741. The study presents the methods of phonetic (orthographic) and morphological adaptation of Turkisms by comparing a typographical manuscript for typesetting with edits (made in 1725) and the printed text. The article aims at comparing the usage of borrowings with their forms in the Italian version of the treatise and in the Polish translation since the latter, apparently, was used in the process of typographical editing of the Russian text. A number ofdistorted forms of Turkisms that appeared in the Russian “Monarchy” as a result of the mechanical transfer of typos from the Italian translation were revealed. It has been established that the translation of compound nouns identified in the Turkic languages as izafet constructions was mainly a copying of their forms from the Italian translation. Most of the Turkisms in “The Turkish Monarchy” are exoticisms, but likely relevant for the Russian reader of the 18th century. Hence, the principles of including exoticisms in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century” require clarification because a number of Turkisms denoting confessional concepts in modern Russian are part of active vocabulary.

Dal’s dictionary in Russian lessons and extracurricular activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
M. A. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Search Method ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Extracurricular Activity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Teaching Activities ◽  
History Of

The paper explores the potential for use of "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V. I. Dal in Russian lessons and extracurricular activities, including preparation of research project tasks. To achieve the objectives of the study, a literature review of sources (research, educational and methodological, official), observation, search method, comparative analysis, empirical data analysis, and modelling were employed in the research. A system of tasks designed with the help of Dal’s works is presented; such exercises can be used not only in vocabulary learning, but also while studying the history of the language and its word formation, syntax, punctuation, orthography. Moreover, these tasks facilitate the formation of research skills in extracurricular activity. In addition, it is suggested that Dal’s Dictionary be utilised in science teaching. The paper presents a variety of teaching activities such as lexical commentary, data collection, language warm-up exercises, analysis, imitation, entertaining tasks. It is concluded that V. I. Dal’s Dictionary has enormous potential for the formation of modern learners’ important competences. 

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