scholarly journals Complex nouns of common type in the Erzia and Hungarian languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Tatiana P. Ariskina

Introduction. Word building is used to form integral complex words on the basis of two or more simple ones. The initial base can be a group of equal lexical units or a phrase. There are many derivational types of composites, the study of which allows us to trace what trends are manifested in the modern word building system of the language. Topical comparative research in this area contributes to the replenishment of the theoretical base and makes a significant contribution to teaching methods. Within the framework of this article, the following tasks are solved: to establish derivational connections of complex words, to classify composites in the Erzia and Hungarian languages, to identify ways of word formation of complex nouns and the degree of their productivity, to carry out a comparative analysis of derivational formants in Erzia and Hungarian. Materials and Methods. The material for the research was bilingual dictionaries: Erzia-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. The author used a descriptive method, methods of synchronous analysis, formal semantic and component analysis, historical-comparative and comparative-comparative methods, as well as quantitative analysis. Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis of a continuous sampling from the dictionaries, it was found that the share of compound nouns with a compositional connection in both languages is within 20% of the total number of compound nouns. This means that the creation of composites is less productive than the formation of words with a subordinate link. In most cases, the first component in the examples under consideration is a noun, the history of which can be easily traced, in particular by derivational suffixes. In rare cases, the components of a compound word have lost their meaning. Conclusion. The intensity of the use of word building methods in the modern Erzia and Hungarian languages allow the production of words with a complex structure. The increase of the interest in comparative research indicate the need to study this phenomenon from a historical-comparative standpoint.

Author(s):  
Tatiana P. Ariskina

Introduction. Compounding is one of the leading ways to update vocabulary. A compound word is the result of combining two or more meanings at the lexical-semantic, word-formation, syntactic levels, which determines versatile approaches to its study, including comparative-historical. The purpose of the research is a comparative historical study of compound adjectives of the Erzya and Hungarian languages. It can be achieved by considering the formation patterns of compound adjectives; analysis of compound adjectives in Erzya and Hungarian; identifying the types of relationships between the components of a compound word; statistical calculations. Materials and Methods. The material for analysis was formed by the method of continuous sampling from bilingual dictionaries: Erzya-Russian and Hungarian-Russian. It used the methods for determining the genetic affiliation of language data, establishing a system of correspondences and anomalies in the compared languages; spatial localization of linguistic phenomena. Research and Discussion. Compounding in the Erzya and Hungarian languages are divided into two large groups: 1) formed on the basis of a compositional connection and 2) created on the basis of a subordinate connection between components. As the study showed, complex adjectives of the subordinate type in the Erzya language are few in number, while in the Hungarian language they constitute the majority. This group includes words with the first part – an adjective, a noun, a numeral. Compound adjectives of a compositional type, prevailing in the Erzya language, can be formed as a result of the merger of two proper adjectives, two derived adjectives, repetition of derived adjectives. In the Hungarian language, the share of complex adjectives of the compositional type is small. Among them there are the ones paired and formed by the type of twin words. Conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the formation of complex adjectives in the Hungarian and Erzya languages is an active process.


Author(s):  
Nataliia V. Zinukova ◽  

In this article the features of Business English discourse thesaurus have been analyzed. Knowledge of institutional Business English discourse, which is a sign of translators� activity, is one of the mandatory qualification characteristics of the translator�s language personality in general and the interpreter in particular. Taking into account the specifics of the translator�s professional activity, the peculiarities of Business English discourse thesaurus, including words in their direct nominative meaning, and words with terminological meaning, are determined as well as the features of word-forming model (affixation, word-formation, conversion, reduction, synonymy), frequently used phraseological units that carry certain information about national peculiarities of the worldview of native speakers; metaphorical units and emphatic constructions. Based on the continuous sampling method (to identify lexical units of institutional Business English discourse for further analysis), the method of dictionary definitions (to study the semantics of lexical units), contrastive method (to establish common and distinctive features for translation) and descriptive method (to identify and systematization of features and difficulties of translation of lexical units of Business English discourse) the features of functioning of Business English discourse thesaurus are analyzed. The peculiarities of business discourse include stability and standardization due to the scope of its application between people, institutions and states. Since business discourse is characterized by strict accuracy, objectivity, specificity, conciseness, lack of imagery and emotionality, the choice of language means for it will be determined by the same features, because in the business style, the content should exclude ambiguity and the possibility of ambiguity. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, business discourse in general is characterized by a number of common features, in particular: brevity, compactness of presentation, economical use of language; standard arrangement of material, often mandatory to use the inherent cliches of this style; extensive use of terminology, nomenclature names, the presence of a special layer of vocabulary and phraseology, the introduction of complex words and abbreviations. One main characteristic feature of the lexical composition of business discourse are terms. In addition to terms, there are common and special kinds of vocabulary (words and phrases that do not have the property of the term to identify concepts and objects in a particular field, but used exclusively in this field of communication) at the lexical level in each of the types of institutional Business English discourse. Special vocabulary can include both word-derived words and a number of commonly used words that function in the fixed phrases, thus being considered specialized. Another feature of Business English discourse, manifested at the morphological level, is the wordformation model of business language based on business terminology, which reveals four main ways of morphological word formation: affixation, word formation, conversion, abbreviations (lexical and graphic) and synonymy as a semantic phenomenon. Business English discourse, both oral and written, is characterized by a fairly high degree of idiomaticity, which really is a difficulty for translators working in the foreign economic field. Linguistic material of modern Business English discourse, which distinguishes it from other types of discourses, are precedent metaphors (precedent names, precedent utterances, precedent texts, precedent phenomena). They add a lively and figurative character to the business language, not depriving business discourse of accuracy, but increasing its pragmatic influence, due to their authenticity and high associative potential. In Business English oral discourse emphatic constructions (emphasis often occurs in the form of an inversion or emphatic construction with the previous It) are widely used to emphasize and give an emotionally expressive character to the utterance. Inversion can be conveyed syntactically (sentence reconstruction) and lexically (using various reinforcing words, such as �only�, �very�, �enough�, �too much�), grammatical constructions with It, which stands at the beginning of the sentence, constructions with the so-called Condensed Relative with the relative pronoun what in contracted subject or additional sentences. The most common cases are the presence in sentences of negative emphatic constructions with �no� before nouns. It is established that the success of each specific situation of intercultural business communication directly depends on the translator�s ability to correctly interpret the meaning of expression in the process of his professional activity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
T. P. Ariskina ◽  

Introduction: at present the oldest and most productive way of word formation – stem-composition in agglutinative languages – lies in the basis of the processes of formation of the grammatical system. Therefore, the study of new words, created in this way, is a relevant topic. It is especially important to pay attention to historical and comparative stemcomposition, which can serve as a good basis for expanding theoretical knowledge and activation of typological research in word formation. Objective: based on the methods of statistical analysis, to identify common and different features in the ways of formation of compound nouns based on the subordinate connection in the Erzya and Hungarian languages. Research materials: bilingual dictionaries: Erzya-Russian (edited by B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova M. V. Mosin) and Hungarian-Russian by L. Gáldi and P. Uzonyi.,Results and novelty of the research: in the Erzya and Hungarian languages, the formation of compound nouns on the basis of a subordinate connection is a productive way of word formation. Determinatives (or composites) are formed by attaching the main form of a defining noun to a defined noun. They are classified according to belonging of the first component to a part of speech. The largest group is compound words with the first noun component. It is productive to use an adjective as the first component of the name. A group of words, where the first component is a participle, an adverb, or a numeral name is small. In the Erzya language, there are few compound nouns consisting of three components, whereas in the Hungarian language it is a large group. In the process of word formation, morphological changes can be observed. The scientific novelty of the research is the detailed analysis of compound nouns based on the base of a subordinate connection in the Erzya and Hungarian languages on the material of dictionaries: Erzyan-ruzon valks = Erzya-Russian dictionary, Magyar-orosz szótár = Hungarian-Russian dictionary.


Author(s):  
Римма Хатиповна Каримова ◽  
Оксана Анатольевна Хабибуллина

Введение. Рассмотрены немецкие сложные существительные с компонентом Katze / Kater, а также прилагательные и глаголы с указанным компонентом, большое количество которых подтверждает продуктивность немецкого словосложения. Цель ‒ определить особенности семантики зоонима Katze в составе сложных слов, выявить структурный состав и тематические группы сложных слов с названным компонентом, что также даст представление о словообразовательных особенностях языка. Материал и методы. Центром значения исследуемых тематических групп сложных слов является зооним Katze / Kater. В подтверждение неоспоримой продуктивности словосложения в немецком языке в качестве материала для исследования было отобрано 172 сложных существительных с компонентом Katze и семь лексических единиц с компонентом Kater, из них 152 слова, в которых данный компонент является определительным словом, и 20 слов, где данный компонент ‒ определяющее слово. Кроме того, к этой группе слов примыкают прилагательные с указанным компонентом (17 слов) и три глагола. Номинационными признаками исследуемых сложных слов выступают метафорический и метонимический перенос, главной особенностью таких наименований является их смысловая двуплановость, т. е. «игра» переносного и буквального значений слова. Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, насколько активно компонент Katze / Kater выступает в качестве компонента немецких сложных слов. По своей структуре отобранные для исследования лексемы можно распределить на семь тематических групп, а по значению – на девять. Теоретическая значимость определяется результатами решения поставленной задачи. Исследование вносит вклад в развитие теории словообразования и семантики. Практическая ценность заключается в возможности использования результатов исследования при разработке лекционных курсов и семинарских занятий по лексикологии и истории немецкого языка, теории перевода. Заключение. Тематические группы сложных слов с компонентом Katze / Kater выражают непосредственное отношение к экстралингвистической реальности. Introduction. The article deals with the German compound nouns with the Katze / Kater component as well as adjectives and verbs with the component, a large number of which confirm the productivity of the German word composition. The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of the semantics of the zoonym Katze in the composition of compound words, to identify the structural composition and thematic groups of compound words with the named component, which also gives an idea of the derivational features of the language. Material and methods. It is necessary to classify the vocabulary composition of the language to facilitate the study of it. The zoonym Katze / Kater is the center of meaning of the thematic groups of compound words studied by us. To confirm the undeniable productivity of word composition in the German language, there were selected 172 compound nouns with the Katze component and seven lexical units with the Kater component as material, this component is a definitive word of the 152 words where together with the 20 words with this component is viewed as a defining word. In addition to this group of words, adjectives with the indicated component (17 words) and 3 verbs are studied. Metaphorical and metonymic transfer are the nominal features of the studied compound words; the main feature of such names is their semantic bi-planarity, i.e. «Game» of figurative and literal meanings of the word. Results and discussion. The article shows how active the Katze / Kater is as a component of German compound words. According to their structure, the lexemes selected for the study can be divided into 7 thematic groups, and into 9 according to their meaning. The theoretical significance is determined by the results of solving the problem. The research contributes to the development of the theory of word formation and semantics. The practical value of the research is determined by the possibility of using the research results in the development of lecture courses and seminars on Lexicology and History of the German language, Translation theory. Conclusion. Thus, the results of the study confirmed the authors’ assumption that thematic groups of compound words with the Katze / Kater component express a direct relationship to extralinguistic reality.


Author(s):  
Нинель Васильевна Малышева ◽  
Игорь Альбертович Данилов

В данной статье проведен этнолингвистический анализ 53 наименований ягодных растений в якутском языке с целью определения их способов образования. Языковой материал был взят из различных лексикографических источников, в том числе ботанических словарей. Эмпирической базой исследования послужили также полевые и экспедиционные наблюдения, диалектные записи и материалы, собранные авторами с 2017 г. в различных районах Республики Саха (Якутия). С целью определения лексического значения корней анализируемых наименований приведены семантические описания лексем из «Большого толкового словаря якутского языка», «Словаря якутского языка» Э. К. Пекарского. Для выявления способов образования фитонимов использованы методы словообразовательного анализа: поиск производящей основы, выделение словообразовательного форманта, установление принципов словообразования. Также применены элементы семантического и морфологического анализа наименований, рассмотрены синтаксические конструкции сложных слов (словосочетаний). Непроизводным лексическим единицам даны этимологические характеристики, в некоторых случаях приведены параллели из других языков. Заимствованные названия ягодных растений проанализированы с точки зрения фонетических изменений, такой же принцип анализа использован относительно диалектных единиц, перешедших в литературную норму. Кроме того, некоторые якутские основы и рефлексы в других родственных языках сравнены в фоноструктурном аспекте. Путем описательного метода даны биологические характеристики растений, также приведены объяснения географическим особенностям мест произрастания исследуемых ягодных растений. Установлено, что основным способом номинации фитонимов, обозначающих наименования ягодных растений в якутском языке, является номинация по признаку, в основе которой лежит ряд мотивационных характеристик. Удалось выяснить, что данный принцип основывается на ассоциативной метафоризации, которая раскрывает отношение якутов к живой природе и отражает особенность мировоззрения народа саха. Наличие заимствований из русского языка объясняется общей территорией проживания якутов и русских. Фитонимы монгольского и тунгусо-маньчжурского происхождения свидетельствует о тесных языковых контактах якутов с монгольскими племенами и тунгусо-маньчжурскими народами, в частности эвенками. In this article, an ethnolinguistic analysis of 53 names of berry plants in the Yakut language was carried out to determine their methods of formation. Language material was taken by their various lexicographic sources, including botanical dictionaries. The empirical basis of the study was also field and expeditionary observations, dialect records and materials collected by the authors since 2017 in various regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). To determine the lexical value of the roots of the analyzed names, semantic descriptions of lexemes are given from the «Great Thick Dictionary of the Yakut Language» and the «Dictionary of the Yakut Language» by E. K. Pekarskiy. Methods of word-formation analysis are used to identify methods of phytonym formation: search of producing base, extraction of word-formation formant, the establishment of word formation principles. Elements of semantic and morphological analysis of nominations are also used, syntax constructions of complex words (phrases) are considered. Non-derivative lexical units are given etymological characteristics, in some cases, parallels from other languages are given. Borrowed names of berry plants are analyzed in terms of phonetic changes, the same principle of analysis is used relative to dialect units that have converted to the literary norm. Besides, some Yakut bases and reflexes in other related languages are compared in the phonostructural aspect. Biological characteristics of plants are given through descriptive method, as well as explanations of geographical peculiarities of places of growth of studied berry plants are given. It has been established that the main method of nomination of phytonyms, which denote names of berry plants in the Yakut language, his nomination based on several motivational characteristics. It was possible to find out that this principle is based on associative metaphorization, which reveals the attitude of Yakuts to wildlife and reflects the characteristics of the world view of the Sakha people. The availability of borrowing from the Russian language is explained by the general territory of residence of Yakuts and Russians. Phytonyms of Mongolian and Tunguso-Manchurian origins indicate close linguistic contacts of Yakuts with Mongolian tribes and Tunguso-Manchurian peoples, particularly Evens.


Author(s):  
Martin Maiden ◽  
Adina Dragomirescu ◽  
Gabriela Pană Dindelegan ◽  
Oana Uță Bărbulescu ◽  
Rodica Zafiu

How are affixes structured and segmented? What is the range of diminutive and augmentative suffixes? What suffixes are ethnic and agentive in Romanian? How do suffixes mark distinctions of sex? What suffixes mark abstract nouns, adjectives, and verbs? What are the prefixes of Romanian? What is the nature of Romanian prefixoids and suffixoids? How are compound nouns, adjectives, and verbs formed? What is the morphological history of numerals?


2021 ◽  
pp. 100-125
Author(s):  
Liudmila Fomina

The article explores the names of the astronomic objects, used by the scientists, who translated and edited the Ostroh Bible of 1580/1581, and those equivalents, which were represented by the translator of the Ostroh Bible to Ukrainian, Father Raphael (Roman Turkonyak). The article consists of the introduction, where the history of cosmonymy studies in Slavic and non-Slavic linguistic literature is discussed, and five sections, devoted to the history of the Ostroh Bible’s creation, to the separate names (dennitsa, mazurot, vlasozhelische, kruzhiliye); the article is completed by the conclusions. The aim of the article is the search of the primary nominations, to which the Ostroh Bible cosmonyms refer, the study of the ways of their translation by the ancient Slavic translators and the representation of the equivalents in the latest Ukrainian translation by the archimandrite, Father Raphael. The main methods of research are historical-comparative and comparative-historical. The result of the research: astronominations of the Ostroh Bible are rooted in the translations by the first teachers of the Slavs, brothers Cyril and Methodius, or the translators from their close circle. Conclusions  Cosmonymy as onomastic discipline has not been sufficiently elaborated and needs the theoretical conceptualization in the context of the achievements in the modern linguistics. Not enough attention is paid to the study of astronominations in the Biblical codes in different languages. The hypothesis has been proved that cosmonyms vlasozhelischi and kruzhiliye in the Ostroh Bible are the semantic hebraisms, and that the name vlasozhelischi is a modification of the combination of two lexical units: vlasy “Pleiads” and *zhelischi – nominations of the Great Bear with conveying the Judaic perspective of the constellation as a funeral procession. The Ukrainian translator uses the wide spectrum of names: Greek Pleiads, Orion, Espera “night Venus”, Slavism dennitsa, Hebraism mazurot, and word combinations rannya zorya, rannya zvizda, vechirnya zorya. If the ancient translators turned not only to Greek, but also to Ancient Hebrew primary source in the process of word formation, Father Raphael saw his main task in conveying astronomic names of the protograph – the Ostroh Bible – as precisely as possible.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Anna S. Migunova

The semantic category “locality” is a common phenomenon in various languages and has various means of expression. The article deals with derivational means of expressing the category of locality on the material of the long-range Erzya and Finnish languages. The article draws particular interest to the suffix way of word formation as one of the most common and productive in Erzya and Finnish languages. The research material is the lexical units of the Erzya and Finnish languages containing word-formation suffixes with the meaning of locality. It employs the descriptive method and the method of comparative analysis. The analysis of language material was carried out by continuous sampling of texts of artistic works. As a result of a comparative analysis, it reveals word-formation suffixes that convey the semantics of locality, including the so-called affixoids and semi-affixes, distinguished in Erzya. The study allows to identify both more and less productive suffixes in each of the considered languages.


2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Tatiana S. Minaeva ◽  
Sergey S. Gulyaev

Introduction. The organization of transport links and the bridge building in cities located on the banks of wide rivers has always been one of the most important tasks of the local administration. The study of the history of bridge building allows not only to trace the process of modernization of different regions of the country, but also to help in solving similar problems of our time. Nevertheless, the history of Russian bridge building is poorly studied. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics and features of the organization of bridge building in big cities of the European North of Russia as a way to solve one of the problems of urban infrastructure in the early XX century. Materials and Methods. The sources for this study are the documents of the State archive of the Arkhangelsk region, published documents on the history of Vologda, articles in the local periodicals of the early XX century. The analysis of the studied problem used a systematic approach, the method of economic analysis, historical and historical-comparative methods. Results and Discussion. The building of permanent bridges was a need for the development of Arkhangelsk and Vologda. In Vologda the two wooden bridges were built in the middle of XIX century on city funds and in the future these bridges were repaired or rebuilt. The Arkhangelsk city authorities did not hurry to solve a problem of city infrastructure by own efforts and a long time they used the floating bridge. The lack of experience in the building of large bridges and the desire to save money led to the rapid destruction of the first permanent bridge in Arkhangelsk. Conclusion. The Development of trade and industry in cities of the European North of Russia, such as Arkhangelsk and Vologda, led to the expansion of their territory and the emergence over time, the so-called third parts of the cities. Despite the comparable size of the population of the districts located across the river, the process of connecting them with bridges to the rest of the city went at different rates, which depended on the attitude of the local administration to the problem of urban infrastructure.


2020 ◽  
pp. 290-293
Author(s):  
E. V. Sharygina (Novikova) ◽  
V. I. Novikov

Malygina’s book portrays Andrey Platonov in the context of the literary period in which he was active. Malygina also summarizes the history of the journal Krasnaya Nov, the Krug Publishers, and the Pereval Group. While depicted as particularly close to Pilnyak due to his expressionist tendencies, Platonov, however, remained faithful to the utopian ideal of ‘proletarian literature’ and reserved tongue-incheek comments for Soviet literary aristocrats. Although a fi   ce critic of Soviet reality, Platonov cherished his own ‘Soviet project’ – he envisaged a truly revolutionary, progressive ideal of a genuinely democratic nature. The literary period in question is shown to have a complex structure, unyielding to ideological abstractions.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document