The Slave as System

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-257
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Black Atlantic ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
System P ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter concentrates on the relationship between eighteenth-century political economic theory and chattel slavery in the Americas. It begins by explaining how British, French, and American economic theorists asserted the inefficiency of slave labor even as the institution was sustained within the global market. This orthodox belief in the incompatibility between the free market and the legalization of slavery was crucial both to abolitionism and economic liberalism, inoculating capitalism from the moral degradations of slaveholding and slave trading. A very different economic argument emerges in the narratives of Black Atlantic authors who construct their life stories as “it-narratives,” precisely designed to reveal the mutualism between the global capital economy and the slave trade. The chapter provides close readings of the narratives of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Venture Smith, and Boyrereau Brinch, emphasizing their work as economic treatises and not autobiography.

Neoliberalism

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Moral Virtue ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Political Economic

Neoliberalism as a political economic philosophy emerged from a long history of over fifty years of debate within a transnational “thought collective” of scholars, think tank researchers, business and political leaders, and journalists most notably associated with the Mont Pèlerin Society (see Mirowski and Plehwe 2015 under Historical Works). Over time, their deliberations resulted in principles and associated policy instruments designed to produce and protect a stable global market. Key tenets of neoliberalism include an emphasis on competition, free trade, flexible labor, the reorganization of the state based on techno-managerial approaches to governance, the privatization of state enterprises, the legal protection of property rights, and the moral virtue of self-governance based in individual freedom and “choice.” These principles crystallized in the “free-market revolution” of the 1980s that followed the global macroeconomic crises of the late 1970s. Neoliberal doctrines were embraced and enshrined in Ronald Reagan’s and Margaret Thatcher’s national policies and in “Washington Consensus” development strategies, which the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank introduced worldwide. The “triumph of global capitalism” after the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the Soviet Union in 1991 further fueled the global circulation and influence of market fundamentalist principles, policies, and projects as well as the anthropological study of these transformations. The concept of neoliberalism has been ubiquitous in anthropological research for nearly thirty years. This bibliography, then, is necessarily selective, presenting only a sampling of work representing central approaches and key topics found in this literature. What is most evident, perhaps, across this vast body of work is the absence of a single definition of or referent for neoliberalism as well as a lack of consensus on what an “anthropology of neoliberalism” might entail. The term neoliberal often appears in anthropological work, not as an object of analysis, but rather as a label marking a historical period (i.e., the neoliberal era). As an object of study, neoliberalism can variously refer to an ideology, policy, or form of governance that elevates the role of the market in relation to the state in political economic processes and approaches to reform. The concept “neoliberalization” captures the dynamic and unfinished nature of neoliberal projects. Given controversies over the concept’s analytic value as well as conflicting ideological assessments of neoliberal reforms, some anthropologists avoid the concept altogether, using terms such as late capitalism or advanced capitalism in analyzing similar phenomena.

LIBERALISM WITHOUT HUMANISM: MICHEL FOUCAULT AND THE FREE-MARKET CREED, 1976–1979

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL C. BEHRENT
Keyword(s):  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Sufficient Cause ◽  
The Relationship

This article challenges conventional readings of Michel Foucault by examining his fascination with neoliberalism in the late 1970s. Foucault did not critique neoliberalism during this period; rather, he strategically endorsed it. The necessary cause for this approval lies in the broader rehabilitation of economic liberalism in France during the 1970s. The sufficient cause lies in Foucault's own intellectual development: drawing on his long-standing critique of the state as a model for conceptualizing power, Foucault concluded, during the 1970s, that economic liberalism, rather than “discipline,” was modernity's paradigmatic power form. Moreover, this article seeks to clarify the relationship between Foucault's philosophical antihumanism and his assessment of liberalism. Rather than arguing (as others have) that Foucault's antihumanism precluded a positive appraisal of liberalism, or that the apparent reorientation of his politics in a more liberal direction in the late 1970s entailed a partial retreat from antihumanism, this article contends that Foucault's brief, strategic, and contingent endorsement of liberalism was possible precisely because he saw no incompatibility between antihumanism and liberalism—but only liberalism of the economic variety. Economic liberalism alone, and not its political iteration, was compatible with the philosophical antihumanism that is the hallmark of Foucault's thought.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II AND MIDHAT PASHA (NOVEMBER 1876-FEBRUARY 1877)‎‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 408-427
Author(s):  
Seenaa Jasim Mohammed Seenaa Jasim AL TAEE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire witnessed ‎attempts to reform the political, economic, military, and social systems ‎according to the European style. Reforms emerged clearly in the ‎nineteenth century, resulting in a conflict between opponents and ‎supporters of reform. Among the manifestations of that dispute was ‎between Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who opposes reform, and Midhat Pasha, ‎who supports reforms. The research was divided into an introduction, a ‎conclusion, and three axes. The first axis dealt with the starting of the ‎development of views between Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Midhat Pasha. ‎As for the second one, it was the role of Midhat Pasha during the reign of ‎Sultan Abdul Hamid II. While the third axis discussed the political ‎position of Midhat Pasha after he was appointed as the (Grand Vizier). ‎The research came out with a set of important conclusions‎‎‎‎. Keywords: The Ottoman Empire, the politician, Medhat Pasha, Sultan Abdul Hamid.

scholarly journals A Ilustração portuguesa e a Missão dos Padres Matemáticos na América * The portuguese Illustration and Mission of Mathematicians Priests in America

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
SEZINANDO LUIZ MENEZES ◽  
GISELLE RODRIGUES ◽  
CÉLIO JUVENAL COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Cultural Transformations ◽  
Norbert Elias ◽  
French Court ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a relação entre a Missão dos Padres Matemáticos, expedição organizada pela Coroa portuguesa na primeira metade do século XVIII para realizar estudos sobre os territórios portugueses na América, e o desenvolvimento de uma cultura ilustrada em Portugal, pois, segundo nosso entendimento, a “missão” se relaciona às transformações culturais vividas em Portugal naquele período. Nesta análise partimos do pressuposto teórico de que as ações humanas, apesar de expressarem uma individualidade, correspondem a um determinado contexto social, político, econômico e cultural. Isso significa que o pensamento e comportamento humano associam-se a uma “configuração” – conceito aplicado por Norbert Elias, na obra <em>A sociedade de corte</em> (2001), para estudar a sociedade da corte francesa entre os séculos XVII e XVIII.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Ilustração – Fronteiras Americanas – Mineração – Padres Matemáticos.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This paper is intended to analyze the relationship between the Mission of the Mathematicians Priest expedition organized by the Portuguese crown in the first half of the eighteenth century to conduct studies on the Portuguese territories in America, and the development of an illustrated culture in Portugal. According to our understanding, the "mission" is connected to cultural transformations in Portugal at that time. In this analysis we set of theory premise that human actions, although expressing individuality, correspond to a particular, political, economic and cultural context. This means that human thought and behavior associated to a "configuration" - concept applied by Norbert Elias, <em>The society in the work of cutting</em> (2001), to study the society of the French court between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Illustration – American Borders – Mining – Mathematical Priests.</p>

The Gallic Singularity and the Royal Mistress

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-66
Author(s):  
Christine Adams
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Marie Antoinette ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Realm

The relationship of the French king and royal mistress, complementary but unequal, embodied the Gallic singularity; the royal mistress exercised a civilizing manner and the soft power of women on the king’s behalf. However, both her contemporaries and nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians were uncomfortable with the mistress’s political power. Furthermore, paradoxical attitudes about French womanhood have led to analyses of her role that are often contradictory. Royal mistresses have simultaneously been celebrated for their civilizing effect in the realm of culture, chided for their frivolous expenditures on clothing and jewelry, and excoriated for their dangerous meddling in politics. Their increasing visibility in the political realm by the eighteenth century led many to blame Louis XV’s mistresses—along with Queen Marie-Antoinette, who exercised a similar influence over her husband, Louis XVI—for the degradation and eventual fall of the monarchy. This article reexamines the historiography of the royal mistress.

Research and approaches to the integration processes in the European Union

2017 ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Alexander Motsyk
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Groups ◽  
Integration Levels

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends of integration processes. We studied the methodological principles and approaches to the study of the integration of subjects. Specifically analyzed integration levels: individual, regional, domestic, interstate, global. Also, isolated and characterized various forms of integration: political, economic, informational, cultural and others. We analyzed the integration process as a result of the relationship, cooperation, convergence and integration into a single unit of any parts, components countries, their economies, social and political structures, cultural, social and political groups, ethnic groups, political parties, movements and organizations. It is proved that integration has several levels of development. Interaction at the level of enterprises and organizations (first level) – directly to producers of goods and services. The integration of the economies of the main links of different countries is complemented by the interaction at the country level (the second level). The third level of development of integration processes – interaction at the level of parties and organizations, social groups and individuals from different countries – can be defined as a social and political one. Fourth level – is the level of the actual integration group as an economic community, with its characteristics and peculiarities. It was noted that today is used by political science approaches to the study of integration. It is important to the following principles: federalism, functionalism, communicative approach, and others. Keywords: Integration, levels, approaches, studies, European integration, politics, economics, features

The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume II

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Protestant Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Degree Of Acceptance ◽  
Missionary Societies ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
British State ◽  
The Relationship

This volume charts the development of protestant Dissent between the passing of the Toleration Act (1689) and the repealing of the Test and Corporation Acts (1828). The long eighteenth century was a period in which Dissenters slowly moved from a position of being a persecuted minority to achieving a degree of acceptance and, eventually, full political rights. The first part of the volume considers the history of various Dissenting traditions inside England. There are separate chapters devoted to Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, and Quakers—the denominations that traced their history before this period—and also to Methodists, who emerged as one of the denominations of ‘New Dissent’ during the eighteenth century. The second part explores the ways in which these traditions developed outside England. It considers the complexities of being a Dissenter in Wales and Ireland, where the state church was Episcopalian, as well as in Scotland, where it was Presbyterian. It also looks at the development of Dissent across the Atlantic, where the relationship between Church and state was rather more loose. The third part is devoted to revivalist movements and their impact, with a particular emphasis on the importance of missionary societies for spreading protestant Christianity from the late eighteenth century onwards. The fourth part looks at Dissenters’ relationship to the British state and their involvement in campaigns to abolish the slave trade. The final part discusses how Dissenters lived: the theology they developed and their attitudes towards Scripture; the importance of both sermons and singing; their involvement in education and print culture; and the ways in which they expressed their faith materially through their buildings.

Clausewitz and the Eighteenth-Century Context of Partisan Warfare

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle Scheipers
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Small Wars ◽  
System P ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Partisan Warfare

Clausewitz was an ardent analyst of partisan warfare. In 1810 and 1811, he lectured at the Berlin Kriegsschule, the war academy, on the subject of small wars. Clausewitz’s lectures focused on the tactical nature of small wars. However, the eighteenth-century context was by no means irrelevant for Clausewitz’s further intellectual development. On the contrary, he extrapolated from his analysis of the tactical nature of small wars their strategic potential, as well as their exemplary nature for the study of war as such. The partisan, in Clausewitz’s eyes, possessed exemplary qualities in that he acted autonomously and, in doing so, had to draw upon all his human faculties. As such, he was the paradigmatic antagonist to the regular soldier who displayed a ‘cog mentality’ fostered by the Frederickian military system.

Three Salient Issues of the New Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Griller
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
National Courts ◽  
System P ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
Dispute Settlement System ◽  
The Relationship

The author argues that the mega-regionals are incorporating WTO standards on the removal of technical barriers to trade (TBT), but do not go much further. Consequently, domestic policies on consumer or environmental protection are inevitably affected. However, in this regard, the mega-regionals would not result in a substantive change. By contrast, the relationship between the removal of TBT and investment protection standards is qualified as poorly balanced, unclear, and creating fresh problems. This includes the possibility that damages might be awarded even in cases where the party to the agreement has correctly used its ‘right to regulate’. Moreover, a critical account of the investor-state dispute settlement system foreseen is offered. It is presented as unnecessarily complex, and creating unbalanced advantages for investors. The better alternative would be integrating national courts into the system.

scholarly journals Novel hydrogen chemisorption properties of amorphous ceramic compounds consisting of p-block elements: exploring Lewis acid-base Al–N pair site formed in-situ within polymer-derived silicon-aluminum-nitrogen-based system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Tada ◽  
Norifumi Asakuma ◽  
Shiori Ando ◽  
Toru Asaka ◽  
Yusuke Daiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Hydrogen Chemisorption ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Polymer Derived Ceramics ◽  
System P ◽  
Ceramic Compounds ◽  
The Relationship

This paper reports on the relationship between the H2 chemisorption properties and reversible structural reorientation of the possible active site around Al formed in-situ within polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) based on...

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