Constructing an Interview Guide

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-99
Author(s):  
Kathleen Gerson
Keyword(s):  
Design Decisions ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Do So

Chapter 4 focuses on constructing an interview guide or questionnaire. A well-developed guide ensures that each area of interest will receive the coverage it needs and will do so for every participant in a comparable, though not necessarily identical, way. The forethought required to construct an interview guide focuses attention on what information is crucial to collect, what is useful but discretionary, and what is not relevant. Constructing an interview guide allows interviewers to impose rigor on a process that can otherwise become haphazard, while also ensuring flexibility and enhancing trust during the interview. The chapter then explains how to develop good questions and link them together to create a coherent organization that helps each participant understand the questions, follow the narrative flow, and respond in thoughtful ways as the interview proceeds. These design decisions include deciding how to word questions, how to sequence questions and their appropriate follow-ups and probes, and how to weave clusters of questions into a well-organized interview that participants find sensible and meaningful.

scholarly journals If, Why, and When Subjective Well-Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Francis Diener
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Do So

We review evidence on whether subjective well-being (SWB) can influence health, why it might do so, and what we know about the conditions where this is more or less likely to occur. This review also explores how various methodological approaches inform the study of the connections between subjective well-being and health and longevity outcomes. Our review of this growing literature indicates areas where data are substantial and where much more research is needed. We conclude that SWB can sometimes influence health, and review a number of reasons why it does so. A key open question is when it does and does not do so – in terms of populations likely to be affected, types of SWB that are most influential (including which might be harmful), and types of health and illnesses that are most likely to be affected. We also describe additional types of research that are now much needed in this burgeoning area of interest, for example, cross-cultural studies, animal research, and experimental interventions designed to raise long-term SWB and assess the effects on physical health. This research area is characterized both by potentially extremely important findings, and also by pivotal research issues and questions.

scholarly journals Dashboard design and the ‘datafied’ driving experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205395172110498
Author(s):  
Sam Hind
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Natural Speech ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Strategic Design ◽  
Vehicle Data ◽  
Do So

In this article, I consider how the redesign of vehicle dashboards has restructured car-related data processes. I do so by charting the emergence of two such processes enabled by the redesign of vehicle dashboards: firstly, the transformation of ‘geodata’ into ‘navigational data’ with the integration of voice-activated navigation systems into vehicle dashboards, and secondly, the transformation of ‘vehicle data’ into ‘driving data’ in the convergence, and customization, of dashboard features and functionality. Both transformations are enabled through strategic design decisions, persuading drivers to participate in novel practices they might otherwise not. Firstly, in that voice-activation is depicted as a seamless, unmediated interface between the normal, natural speech of a driver, and the vehicle itself. Secondly, through the strategy of control, the driver is persuaded to believe they have full(er) customizable power within, and of, Firstly, in that voice-activation is depicted as a seamless, unmediated interface between the normal, natural speech of a driver, and the vehicle itself. Secondly, through the strategy of control, the driver is persuaded to believe they have full(er) customizable power within, and of, the vehicle. The systems discussed here – a voice-activated navigation system built on the What3words platform, and a ‘widescreen’ dashboard in a range of Mercedes-Benz vehicles – are representative of broader efforts within the automotive industry to cultivate a newly ‘datafied’ driving experience.

scholarly journals Nudging und soziales Engagement: Wie kann Nudging dazu beitragen, die Spendenbereitschaft zu erhöhen?

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Adena Maja
Keyword(s):  
Social Engagement ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Status ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Do So

Zusammenfassung: Nudging hat das Potential, soziales Engagement zu erhöhen. In diesem Beitrag wird ausgehend von einigen Feldexperimenten diskutiert, wie vorgegebene Standards, Anker, Erinnerungen und weitere Methoden des Nudgings die Entscheidung, Geld für wohltätige Zwecke zu spenden, verändern können. So beeinflussen zum Beispiel nicht bindende Empfehlungen bezüglich der Spendenhöhe die Höhe der tatsächlich gespendeten Beträge. Einige Individuen entscheiden sich dann eher dafür, genau den empfohlenen und nicht einen anderen Betrag zu spenden. Dabei erhöhen einige ihre Spende, während andere sie verringern. Außerdem spenden mehr Personen, wenn die Empfehlung relativ niedrig ist, und weniger, wenn sie relativ hoch angesetzt wird. Insgesamt kann es deshalb durch eine empfohlene Spendenhöhe genauso gut zu einer Erhöhung wie zu einer Verringerung des insgesamt erzielten Spendenaufkommens kommen. Im Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass die Entscheidungen für ein bestimmtes Spendendesign nicht einfach sind und den jeweiligen Kontext berücksichtigen sollten. Zuletzt wird darauf hingewiesen, dass es keine „nudgingfreie“ Situation gibt, denn der Status quo, „nicht zu spenden“, ist auch ein Default. Summary: Nudging shows a potential to increase social engagement. The article discusses a series of large field experiments in which nudging techniques such as defaults, anchors, or reminders were implemented. The results suggest that nudging may influence donation decisions. Thus, for example, nonbinding donation recommendations change the distribution of contribution levels. More individuals choose to donate exactly the recommended amount. Some raise whereas others lower their contribution. More people donate if the recommendation is relatively low and less do so if it is relatively high. The overall effect is not clear ex ante. This and other examples show that design decisions are not simplistic and furthermore context dependent. Finally, it is demonstrated that nudging-free situations do not exist because the status quo “non-donor” is also a default.

scholarly journals The first step in Data Analysis: Transcribing and managing qualitative research data

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 006-008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Stuckey
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Spoken Text ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Dependability Analysis ◽  
Written Form ◽  
First Interview

AbstractResearchers need to take data from the spoken text (structured, unstructured, or narrative interviews) to written form for analysis. Typically this is handled through deidentifying the participants and transcribing the data, and is considered the first step in analysis. The accuracy of the transcription plays a role in determining the accuracy of the data that are analyzed and with what degree of dependability. Analysis begins after reviewing the first interview to examine whether participants are responding to the research question related to your area of interest in diabetes, or whether your interview guide needs refining. As each interview is completed, the researcher examines its content to determine what has been learned and what still needs to be discovered or needs elaboration. Moving from raw interviews to evidence-based interpretations requires preparing transcripts so they will be ready to code. Before moving directing to analysis (or coding), it is important to recognize the task of handling the qualitative research data during and after the interview. This paper describes the process of transcription and handling the qualitative data related to diabetes research.

The Cost of Cool: Typographic Style Legibility in Reading at a Glance

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben D. Sawyer ◽  
Jonathan Dobres ◽  
Nadine Chahine ◽  
Bryan Reimer
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Performance Impact ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Aesthetic Design ◽  
Electronic Displays ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Do So

When designers typographically tweak fonts to make an interface look ‘cool,’ they do so amid a rich design tradition, albeit one that is little-studied in regards to the rapid ‘at a glance’ reading afforded by many modern electronic displays. Such glanceable reading is routinely performed during human-machine interactions where accessing text competes with attention to crucial operational environments. There, adverse events of significant consequence can materialize in milliseconds. As such, the present study set out to test the lower threshold of time needed to read and process text modified with three common typographic manipulations: letter height, width, and case. Results showed significant penalties for the smaller size. Lowercase and condensed width text also decreased performance, especially when presented at a smaller size. These results have important implications for the types of design decisions commonly faced by interface professionals, and underscore the importance of typographic research into the human performance impact of seemingly “aesthetic” design decisions. The cost of “cool” design may be quite steep in high-risk contexts.

Holding replication studies to mainstream standards of evidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane T. Wegener ◽  
Leandre R. Fabrigar
Keyword(s):  
Replication Studies ◽  
Replication Research ◽  
Standards Of Evidence ◽  
Do So

AbstractReplications can make theoretical contributions, but are unlikely to do so if their findings are open to multiple interpretations (especially violations of psychometric invariance). Thus, just as studies demonstrating novel effects are often expected to empirically evaluate competing explanations, replications should be held to similar standards. Unfortunately, this is rarely done, thereby undermining the value of replication research.

Image registration with a computer driven S.T.E.M.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-99
Author(s):  
A.M.H. Schepman ◽  
J.A.P. van der Voort ◽  
J.E. Mellema
Keyword(s):  
Spot Size ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Small Computer ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Specimen Area ◽  
On Line ◽  
Minimum Distances

A Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) was coupled to a small computer. The system (see Fig. 1) has been built using a Philips EM400, equipped with a scanning attachment and a DEC PDP11/34 computer with 34K memory. The gun (Fig. 2) consists of a continuously renewed tip of radius 0.2 to 0.4 μm of a tungsten wire heated just below its melting point by a focussed laser beam (1). On-line operation procedures were developped aiming at the reduction of the amount of radiation of the specimen area of interest, while selecting the various imaging parameters and upon registration of the information content. Whereas the theoretical limiting spot size is 0.75 nm (2), routine resolution checks showed minimum distances in the order 1.2 to 1.5 nm between corresponding intensity maxima in successive scans. This value is sufficient for structural studies of regular biological material to test the performance of STEM over high resolution CTEM.

Electron Microscopy of a Herpesvirus Isolated from Marek's Disease in Duck and Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 222-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyvan Nazerian
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Chicken Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Marek's Disease ◽  
Marek’S Disease ◽  
Duck Embryo Fibroblast ◽  
Multinucleated Cells ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
And Control ◽  
Do So

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cultures inoculated with blood from Marek's disease (MD) infected birds. Cultures which contained this virus produced MD in susceptible chickens while virus negative cultures and control cultures failed to do so. This and other circumstantial evidence including similarities in properties of the virus and the MD agent implicate this virus in the etiology of MD.Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of DNA-staining intranuclear inclusion bodies in polykarocytes in infected cultures. Distinct nucleo-plasmic aggregates were also seen in sections of similar multinucleated cells examined with the electron microscope. These aggregates are probably the same as the inclusion bodies seen with the light microscope. Naked viral particles were observed in the nucleus of infected cells within or on the edges of the nucleoplasmic aggregates. These particles measured 95-100mμ, in diameter and rarely escaped into the cytoplasm or nuclear vesicles by budding through the nuclear membrane (Fig. 1). The enveloped particles (Fig. 2) formed in this manner measured 150-170mμ in diameter and always had a densely stained nucleoid. The virus in supernatant fluids consisted of naked capsids with 162 hollow, cylindrical capsomeres (Fig. 3). Enveloped particles were not seen in such preparations.

Advanced TEM sample preparation techniques for submicron Si devices

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 516-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Basham ◽  
H. L. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Small Hole ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Polished Side ◽  
Preparation Techniques

The use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to support process development of advanced microelectronic devices is often challenged by a large amount of samples submitted from wafer fabrication areas and specific-spot analysis. Improving the TEM sample preparation techniques for a fast turnaround time is critical in order to provide a timely support for customers and improve the utilization of TEM. For the specific-area sample preparation, a technique which can be easily prepared with the least amount of effort is preferred. For these reasons, we have developed several techniques which have greatly facilitated the TEM sample preparation.For specific-area analysis, the use of a copper grid with a small hole is found to be very useful. With this small-hole grid technique, TEM sample preparation can be proceeded by well-established conventional methods. The sample is first polished to the area of interest, which is then carefully positioned inside the hole. This polished side is placed against the grid by epoxy Fig. 1 is an optical image of a TEM cross-section after dimpling to light transmission.

A technique for preparing semiconductor cross sections for both TEM and SEM analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 712-713
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Klepeis ◽  
J.P. Benedict ◽  
R.M Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Polished Cross Section ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Polished Side

The ability to prepare a cross-section of a specific semiconductor structure for both SEM and TEM analysis is vital in characterizing the smaller, more complex devices that are now being designed and manufactured. In the past, a unique sample was prepared for either SEM or TEM analysis of a structure. In choosing to do SEM, valuable and unique information was lost to TEM analysis. An alternative, the SEM examination of thinned TEM samples, was frequently made difficult by topographical artifacts introduced by mechanical polishing and lengthy ion-milling. Thus, the need to produce a TEM sample from a unique,cross-sectioned SEM sample has produced this sample preparation technique.The technique is divided into an SEM and a TEM sample preparation phase. The first four steps in the SEM phase: bulk reduction, cleaning, gluing and trimming produces a reinforced sample with the area of interest in the center of the sample. This sample is then mounted on a special SEM stud. The stud is inserted into an L-shaped holder and this holder is attached to the Klepeis polisher (see figs. 1 and 2). An SEM cross-section of the sample is then prepared by mechanically polishing the sample to the area of interest using the Klepeis polisher. The polished cross-section is cleaned and the SEM stud with the attached sample, is removed from the L-shaped holder. The stud is then inserted into the ion-miller and the sample is briefly milled (less than 2 minutes) on the polished side. The sample on the stud may then be carbon coated and placed in the SEM for analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document