Disability Rights at a Crossroads

2018 ◽  
pp. 352-391
Author(s):  
Sanjay Jain
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mental Disability ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Constitutional Discourse

The primary objective of this chapter is to advance claim for the recognition of new category in public law, physical and mental disability. While making the phenomenon of public law exclusion of persons with disability a structural issue, it argues for the inclusion of persons with disability in constitutional discourse and recognition of physical and mental disability as one of the distinct fields of public law. The crux of the arguments advanced in this chapter is the emphasis on physical and mental disability as a legitimate difference and variation in the human body rather than a deviation from the mainstream Anthropos.

The Sound of Constitutional Silence

City, State ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 17-50
Author(s):  
Ran Hirschl
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Comparative Constitutional Law ◽  
Spatial Governance ◽  
Constitutional Discourse

This chapter examines four introductory dimensions of the political and constitutional discourse around cities. The first is the tremendous interest in cities throughout much of the human sciences as contrasted with the silence of public law in general, and of comparative constitutional law in particular. Next, the chapter takes a look at the dominant statist stance embedded in constitutional law, in particular as it addresses sovereignty and spatial governance of the polity. A brief account of what national constitutions actually say about cities, and more significantly what they do not is then given. Finally, the chapter turns to the tendency in political discourse on collective identity to understand the “local” almost exclusively at the national or regional levels, rather than distinguishing urban interests from those of the state. Taken together, the four angles of city constitutional (non)status examined here highlight the bewildering silence of contemporary constitutional discourse with respect to cities and urbanization, as well as the strong statist outlook embedded in national constitutional orders, effectively rendering the metropolis a constitutionally non-tenable entity.

Judy Heumann and the Disability Rights Movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Lea
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Individuals With Disabilities ◽  
Disability Rights Movement

The disability rights movement focuses on guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities to individuals with disabilities. Though people with disabilities advocated for improved conditions and government help as far back as the early 20th century, the movement really began in earnest in the 1970s following the lead of the civil rights revolution. Disability activists called for the explicit protection of individuals with disabilities through changes in public law.  Their efforts, helped foster the creation of federal laws (particularly the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act- ADA) that specifically addressed discrimination on the basis of disability and required institutions to provide appropriate accommodations. Through understanding how ableism influenced medical, legal, and educational institutions, a greater understanding of life for citizens prior to the ADA can be formed. This paper focuses on how an individual court case was used to hold these institutions accountable for continued exclusion of people with disabilities and set the stage for the disability rights movement moving forward.

Rationality, Diagnosis, and Patient Autonomy in Psychiatry

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Craigie ◽  
Lisa Bortolotti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Mental Disability ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
The Relationship

In this chapter, our focus is the role played by notions of rationality in the diagnosis of mental disorders, and in the practice of overriding patient autonomy in psychiatry. We describe and evaluate different hypotheses concerning the relationship between rationality and diagnosis, raising questions about what features underpin psychiatric categories. These questions reinforce widely held concerns about the use of diagnosis as a justification for overriding autonomy, which have motivated a shift to mental incapacity as an alternative justification. However, this approach too has recently been criticized from a mental disability rights perspective. Our analysis of the relationship between mental capacity and rationality is used to illuminate these concerns, and to investigate further the relationship between rationality and psychiatric diagnosis.

scholarly journals Swallowing in Patients with Mental Disability - Analysis of 189 Swallowing Video Endoscopies

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 025-030
Author(s):  
Sulene Pirana ◽  
Marcela Oliveira ◽  
Fabiana Pissini ◽  
Raíssa Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Mental Disability ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Severe Dysphagia ◽  
Degree Of Disability

Introduction Feeding, swallowing and breathing are fundamental activities for the survival and well-being of humans; these functions are performed by the most complex neuromuscular unit of the human body, which, when altered, may raise morbidity and mortality rates. Objective To evaluate deglutition in patients with mental disability in order to determine the incidence and the severity of dysphagia. Methods A total of 189 institutionalized adult patients with mental disability were analyzed using a 3.2 mm flexible fiberscope (Machida, Japan 1995). The following food consistencies were tested: pasty, thickened liquid and liquid. Results Among the total of 189 patients, 101 (53.4%) were female aged between 14 and 55 years old. Most of them 120 (63.5%) had profound mental deficiency, 58 (30.7%) had severe mental deficiency, 9 (4.8%) had moderate mental deficiency, and 2 (1.1%) had mild mental deficiency. Gender and the degree of mental deficiency did not influence significantly the degree of dysphagia. Age, degree of disability and interaction between age groups and degrees of disability influenced significantly the degree of dysphagia. Younger patients are more likely to present more severe dysphagia. Stabilization occurs between 31 and 40 years of age, and above this age, a greater chance of less severe dysphagia, because the increase in the degree of mental deficiency decreases the probability of more severe dysphagia. Conclusion The population that mostly presented severe dysphagia was characterized by being mostly female, with profound mental deficiency, with an average age of 36.7 years. There was no relationship between gender and the degree of mental disability concerning the degree of dysphagia.

ESTIMATION OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HUMAN BODY DIMENSIONS FROM FEW EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Bertrand ◽  
Ivan Kojadinovic ◽  
Wafa Skalli ◽  
David Mitton
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Linear Statistical Models ◽  
Internal Body

Purpose. The primary objective of the study was to determine a way to obtain subject-specific body dimensions. The aim was then to develop linear statistical models for estimating human body geometry from a small number of body measurements. Methods. Internal (bone dimensions) and external (body) measurements were collected on 64 healthy adults representative of three morphotypes. Simple and multiple linear regression models between external and internal body dimensions were then obtained and assessed. Results. The statistical analysis provided 184 anthropometrical models which allow estimation of subject-specific external and internal data from 10 external dimensions that can be easily measured on any subject. Among them, 62 models had a 2SEE (i.e. twice the Standard Error of Estimate) lower than 10%. Conclusion. This study proposes a non-invasive approach to estimate both external and internal body dimensions.

Microstructural comparison of synthetic bioceramics with natural bioceramics

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Shulin Wen ◽  
Jingwei Feng ◽  
A. Krajewski ◽  
A. Ravaglioli
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Laboratory Furnace ◽  
Chinese Adult ◽  
Human Enamel ◽  
Biological Compatibility ◽  
Synthetic Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Synthetic Work

Hydroxyapatite bioceramics has attracted many material scientists as it is the main constituent of the bone and the teeth in human body. The synthesis of the bioceramics has been performed for years. Nowadays, the synthetic work is not only focused on the hydroapatite but also on the fluorapatite and chlorapatite bioceramics since later materials have also biological compatibility with human tissues; and they may also be very promising for clinic purpose. However, in comparison of the synthetic bioceramics with natural one on microstructure, a great differences were observed according to our previous results. We have investigated these differences further in this work since they are very important to appraise the synthetic bioceramics for their clinic application.The synthetic hydroxyapatite and chlorapatite were prepared according to A. Krajewski and A. Ravaglioli and their recent work. The briquettes from different hydroxyapatite or chlorapatite powders were fired in a laboratory furnace at the temperature of 900-1300°C. The samples of human enamel selected for the comparison with synthetic bioceramics were from Chinese adult teeth.

Electron Microscopic Characterization and Quantitation of Air Borne Particulate Matter with Special Emphasis on Asbestos

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 356-357
Author(s):  
Peter K. Mueller ◽  
Glenn R. Smith ◽  
Leslie M Carpenter ◽  
Ronald L. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Cellulose Ester ◽  
Main Concept ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

At the present time the primary objective of the electron microscopy group of the Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory is the development of a method suitable for use in establishing an air quality standard for asbestos in ambient air and for use in its surveillance. The main concept and thrust of our approach for the development of this method is to obtain a true picture of fiber occurrence as a function of particle size and asbestos type utilizing light and electron microscopy.We have now available an electron micrographic atlas of all asbestos types including selected area diffraction patterns and examples of fibers isolated from air samples. Several alternative approaches for measuring asbestos in ambient air have been developed and/or evaluated. Our experiences in this regard will be described. The most promising method involves: 1) taking air samples on cellulose ester membrane filters with a nominal pore size of 0.8 micron; 2) ashing in a low temperature oxygen plasma for several hours;

Ultrasturcture of cerebellar cells and neuropil in rats subjected to partial global cerebral ischemia

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
R.V.W. Dimlich ◽  
M.H. Biros
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Forebrain Ischemia ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Cerebellar Cells

Although a previous study in this laboratory determined that Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum did not appear to be damaged following 30 min of forebrain ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion, it was suggested that an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and/or polysomes had occurred in these cells. The primary objective of the present study was to morphometrically determine whether or not this increase had occurred. In addition, since there is substantial evidence that glial cells may be affected by ischemia earlier than other cell types, glial cells also were examined. To ascertain possible effects on other cerebellar components, granule cells and neuropil near Purkinje cells as well as neuropil in the molecular layer also were evaluated in this investigation.

Study on erythrocytes by SEM photogrammetry (SEMP) technique

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-725
Author(s):  
Tong Wensheng ◽  
Lu Lianhuang ◽  
Zhang Zhijun
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Blood Disease ◽  
Computation Technique ◽  
Important Basis

This is a combined study of two diffirent branches, photogrammetry and morphology of blood cells. The three dimensional quantitative analysis of erythrocytes using SEMP technique, electron computation technique and photogrammetry theory has made it possible to push the study of mophology of blood cells from LM, TEM, SEM to a higher stage, that of SEM P. A new path has been broken for deeply study of morphology of blood cells.In medical view, the abnormality of the quality and quantity of erythrocytes is one of the important changes of blood disease. It shows the abnormal blood—making function of the human body. Therefore, the study of the change of shape on erythrocytes is the indispensable and important basis of reference in the clinical diagnosis and research of blood disease.The erythrocytes of one normal person, three PNH Patients and one AA patient were used in this experiment. This research determines the following items: Height;Length of two axes (long and short), ratio; Crevice in depth and width of cell membrane; Circumference of erythrocytes; Isoline map of erythrocytes; Section map of erythrocytes.

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