Space in Ancient Times

Space ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 11-51
Author(s):  
Barbara Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

This chapter tells the story of the way in which, in ancient Greek thought, space first came to be established as an independent and unified dimension. The story begins with prephilosophical as well as philosophical understandings of space, in which spatial notions are often not clearly distinguished from time and matter. This leads to difficulties accounting for motion and change. While Plato’s Timaeus conceives of time and space for the first time as two independent magnitudes, this chapter shows that they are assumed to be different to such a degree that it is unclear how they could be related to each in an account of motion and change. The task of distinguishing time and space in a way that they can, nevertheless, be intelligibly related, is finally accomplished in Aristotle’s Physics. There, time and space are both conceived as (distinct) continua, which can be combined.

THE QUESTION OF THE PERIODIZATION OF THE GENESIS OF THE SOCIAL STATE

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Айгуль Фаридовна Чупилкина
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Social State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Time

Автор формулирует предложение для научного дискурса по поводу чрезвычайно актуального и необходимого для Российского государства феномена социального государства. Поднят вопрос единого представления о генезисе социального государства и его критериях. Исторические примеры, в которых показаны реализация и последствия социальных законов в различной государственной и общественной «почве», помогают определить место и разумное применение элементов социального государства в современной российской государственности. Жизнеспособные элементы для распределения этапов эволюции социального государства имеют аргументы различных авторов. На основании проведенного анализа четкость критериев периодизации генезиса социального государства предложено обозначить как совокупность (систему) признаков, перечисленных в настоящей статье. Сформулированная совокупность (система) признаков позволила утверждать, что зародилось социальное государство в эпоху Античной Греции. Более того, древнегреческая мысль в принципе оказала влияние на юридическое мировоззрение прошлого, настоящего и будущего. Здесь впервые использованы основные понятия теории государства и права, что на сегодняшний день является основой теоретических знаний правоведа. Уголовно-исполнительная система является социальным институтом, что обусловливает важность трактовки тематики истории и теории социального государства. The author formulates a proposal for scientific discourse, due to the unsolved, but extremely relevant and necessary for the Russian state, the phenomenon of the social state. The question of a unified idea of the genesis of the social state and its criteria is raised. Illustrative historical examples in which are the implementation and consequences of social laws help to determine the place and reasonable application of the elements of the social state in modern Russian statehood. The arguments of various authors have viable elements for the distribution of the stages of the evolution of the social state. Based on the analysis, the clarity of the criteria for the periodization of the genesis of the social state is proposed to be designated as a set (system) of the features listed in this article. The formulated set (system) of features allowed us to assert that the origins of the social state have their roots in the era of Ancient Greece. In addition, ancient Greek thought in principle influenced the legal worldview of the past, present and future. Here, for the first time, the basic concepts of the theory of state and law are used, which today is the basis of the theoretical knowledge of a jurist. The penal system is a social institution, which determines the importance of interpreting the topics of history and the theory of the social state.

scholarly journals Conception of freedom in ancient world

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Nikiforova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Human Right ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

The aim of the study is to research the correspondence and difference of ancient Greek authors FREEDOM conception. The subject of the article is the investigation of freedom category interpretation by ancient Greek writers. The object of the study is the works of ancient Greek writers, poets, philosophers, concerned with major issues of freedom conception. The academic novelty of the investigation is as follows: the most significant definitions of FREEDOM by ancient Greek authors were researched and recapped. It was examined that humans’ freedom and their cognitive activity are the significant issues of the conception determination of freedom. The term FREEDOM is different for every person that is why we cannot insist categorically that one idea is right and the other is wrong. In this case the idea of freedom disappears. Some philosophers consider that initially no Greek word ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ, no Latin LIBERTAS didn’t have philosophical meanings. Ancient Greeks believed that destiny, fate, necessity run humans. The idea of Freedom emerged in Ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks were first, who began to consider the issue of freedom both in the political and philosophic senses of the word. They tried to create the first state institutions defended human freedom. This concept had a lot of meanings in ancient times: the domination of intellect over emotions, conscience control, responsibility for actions, independency, and privilege for life, right to manipulate slaves. The idea of “being free” appeared much earlier than the conception of “freedom”. According to Homer to be free for person means to have an opportunity to live on your dear land. Particularly in Homer’s poems we are able to find the generation of the human right choice idea. Herodotus was the first scientist who formed the social meaning of the word FREEDOM. The definition of FREEDOM as philosophical term was used by sophists for the first time ever. According to Socrates FREEDOM is a self-control, physical instincts control. Plato in his turn considers that humans have a right of choice, but their freedom is not absolute. The analysis of the philosophical views and approaches concerning freedom conception in antiquity is conducted to prove that that freedom was the most significant value of ancient world. Ancient philosophers emphasized the polis freedom, internal and external freedom (stoics), freedom as self-control (Socrates), freedom as material independency (Plato), freedom as permissiveness (cynics), freedom as capacity for good. Ancient Greek and Modern Greek lexicographical sources show both analogies and differences of language objectification of FREEDOM conception. We consider appropriate to analyze these analogies and differences of various discourse’s types as the further prospective of this theme investigation.

scholarly journals PARADIGMA ITALIJANSKOG DRUŠTVA U ROMANU "CRVENI KARANFIL" ELIJA VITTORINIJA / A PARADIGM OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY IN "THE RED CARNATION" BY ELIO VITTORINI

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-304
Author(s):  
Mirza Mejdanija
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Italian Society ◽  
Original Version ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

Following 1925, Italy was facing a downright fascist dictatorship. The ruling politics imposed dictatorship starting with oaths of faithfulness to the regime, all the way to newspapers and school textbooks censorship. The first novel by Elio Vittorini, The Red Carnation, was confiscated by fascist censors, then revised and edited by a Florentine official. The edited and censored novel was published for the first time in 1948 by Mondadori publishing and the version published was not the original version the author himself no longer possessed. The novel tells a story of a local youth, Alessio Mainardi, and his initiation into adult life. He lives in a student dormitory together with other boys of his age.  He falls in love with a classmate, Giovanna, and even manages to kiss her on one occasion. As a token of her affection, Giovanna presents him with a red carnation that he keeps and holds dear. He is constantly holding onto this illusion of love and confides in his best friend, Tarquinio. The story in the novel takes place by the end of spring 1924, the days which are in Italy known for the Matteotti affair. Alessio and his friends consider themselves fascist. They attend protests against the Matteotti commemoration organised by antifascists. It is in this novel that Vittorini is trying to resort to a mythical transfiguration owing to which the narrative reality becomes fairytale-like, distant from time and space, without losing anything from its actual heaviness of the balance achieved between myth and reality. By means of a stylistic quest, Vittorini is trying to transfer history into a literary dimension in an allusive and symbolic way. He understands that his duty, as an author, is to transfer historical reality into symbols while the historical events depicted in the novel are the rise of fascism in Italy and Matteottiʼs murder. By means of fairytale imagery, myth and symbol, the author is trying to portray the reality in Italy at the time.

scholarly journals The theory on “eide” according to Nicholas of Methone

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 551-568
Author(s):  
Christos Terezis ◽  
Lydia Petridou
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
The Self ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Christian Realism ◽  
The Core ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Divine Mind ◽  
The Way

In this study, we are discussing the theory on “eide” and their relation to the “matter” according to Nicholas of Methone. This is a topic that shows the way in which God, as the supreme and only Principle, is connected to the natural world and human being. In this attempt of ours we move both historically and systemati­cally. Thus, we first point out the differences on this issue between the ancient Greek thought, which moves towards dualism, and Christianity, which accepts only monism; we then explain the monistic reconstruction of the ancient Greek ontology by the Neoplatonists. Nicholas of Methone’s views and the Christian readings of ontology constitute the core of our approaches, of which it is high­lighted that “eide” are the content of the divine Mind and that they are the good divine volitions. The question is also put in view of the unions and distinctions, since “eide” are a unified but internally differentiated whole in God. At the level of the sensible world, it is shown that “matter” is not considered independently from “eide”. The main conclusion that comes to the fore is that Nicholas of Methone makes a philosophical reading of the Christian theory on triune God’s energies, remaining consistent with Christian realism and rejecting the self-existent charac­ter of the “eide”.

scholarly journals THE HBIM ANALYSIS OF THE GEOMETRY TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUE: THE USE OF THE <i>TROMPE</i> VOLUME IN A BRICK VAULT

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Attico ◽  
A. Turrina ◽  
F. Banfi ◽  
A. Grimoldi ◽  
A. Landi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generative Models ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Final Volume ◽  
Mixed Solutions ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Way

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The construction of brick-vaulted systems between the 16th and 18th centuries is a typical mark among the noble buildings in large part of Northern Italy. Nowadays they are still a witness of a high level of constructive knowledge by workers, formalized in historical treatises and manuals supporting a literature of theories and practices known since ancient times. The way a vault is geometrically built, regardless of its typology, is not unique and it differs in treatises, according to its location in time and space. The consequence is the generation of “mixed” solutions, where the result of the final volume is achieved by the integration of different generative models and spatial solutions. The observation of cloister vaults, apparently similar to each other but built adopting different constructive techniques within a single building, Magio Grasselli Palace in Cremona, helped to understand this topic.</p>

scholarly journals Parmenides and the problem of knowing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Zaitseva
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Course Work ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

This article is based on same-named course work and appears as first part of upcoming research of Ancient Greek Philosophy. The research aim to be a reactivator of social ideas by the way of adopt antique mode of thinking. New method of working at material, trying to represent well-known text in an unusual perspective shows an urgency of this article. Metaphysical poem of Parmenides is taken as a material, so the author prevalently uses a text from the poem and looks at the structure, keywords such as The Truth, necessity, The Fate and Alethea, and a use of them. In the article a correlation between The Truth and necessity, Alethea and The Truth in Parmenides philosophy is explained for the first time. The author pays great attention to Parmenides, so the research has a primary focus on understanding the poem as a Parmenides’ creature. The article has a short biographical background of Parmenides. In this article, the author tries to motivate readers to reflect on it instead of obtruding any defined answers

scholarly journals Surrogacy: A Novelty Concept in North Macedonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
Daniela Antonovska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Compensation ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Law ◽  
First Time ◽  
Assisted Fertilization ◽  
The Way

Surrogacy has existed since ancient times. Depending on the way of creating an embryo, two types of surrogacy differ, traditional and gestational. When it comes to monetary compensation, two types of surrogacy exist, altruistic and commercialized. A lot of questions come to light such as: Is the altruistic surrogacy a humane gesture for all contracted parties? What if the mother changes her mind? Do the babies born of surrogacy mothers have rights? In North Macedonia, surrogacy was introduced for the first time in 2014 in the amended Law on Biomedicine and Assisted Fertilization. It was a novelty having in mind that in the Law of 2008 the surrogacy as a practice was outlawed. The amended law applies the term gestational mother and provides a liberal stance, but many provisions are unclear.

scholarly journals Sur la nature et l’artefact (neuf fragments tisses). Hommage a Francisco Infante

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
Michel Constantini
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
State Prize ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Wassily Kandinsky ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Relationship

This article follows our several previous studies in Russian art of the XXth century. It is dedicated to Francisco Infante-Arana (born 1943), Russian painter of Spanish origin, creator of a “new artistic language” (State Prize of the Russian Federation, 1996), author of an original theory of art developed since 1976 and named the “concept of artifact”. If the spiritual continuity between the work of Francisco Infante and that of Kazimir Malevich has already been established for a long time as a commonplace in contemporary art studies (just remember the title of a series of works by Francisco Infante, “Suprematic Games. Hommage to Malevich”, 1968, from the cycle “Spontaneous Games in Nature”), the relationship between the inventor of the concept of artifact and the founder of the abstractionism in painting, Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), has not yet been a subject of targeted research. In our current study, we propose to address this uneasy issue by returning to the origins of the philosophical thought, and namely to the speculations on the phenomena of art in their relation to the phenomena of nature. This approach seems justified insofar as the abstractionism radically challenges the very foundations of art, reposing, since ancient times, on the primacy of mimesis, and rebuild this ruined aesthetic system, paradoxically, on the principles which, having been scrutinized more closely, seem not to lack some affinity with the worldview of the first “philosophers”, so-called Presocratics. Thus, our purpose will be to raise the first elements of the Ancient Greek thought that appear at the base of the artistic creation and theoretical representations of Francisco Infante.

If Looks Could Kill

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
Karen Chan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Daily Rhythm ◽  
Significant Rate ◽  
Chinese Canadian ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

For me, rhythm means having consistency. The piece highlights my own experience with the disruption of my daily rhythm due to COVID-19. The first half shows my routine and interactions prior to COVID-19 while the second half shows my experiences in the present day. Prior to the virus, I had a day to day routine that was filled with noise. Everyday moved quickly and I established a daily rhythm. However, when COVID-19 spread, it changed everything. I felt like I didn’t have a routine anymore because I wasn’t allowed to go anywhere. Time was moving much slower and worst of all, xenophobia was growing at a significant rate. As a Chinese Canadian, this was the first time I truly felt the weight of the color of my skin. COVID-19 changed the way that I consistently assumed that the color of my skin wasn’t something that strangers would significantly care about. However, as I got on a bus, I unintentionally scared a woman simply because of my skin color. From that point, I knew that xenophobia would affect the way people perceived me everyday. The woman was scared of the virus— which in turn was scared of me—and I was scared that she would thwart her anger towards me because I am Chinese. If looks could kill, then the woman and I ironically both feared each other. Now, due to COVID-19, I am adapting to a new routine. A routine where the color of skin rings louder than any other sound.

scholarly journals The notion of ‘employer’: Towards a uniform European concept?

2021 ◽  
pp. 203195252199115
Author(s):  
Matthijs van Schadewijk
Keyword(s):  
Functional Approach ◽  
Working Relationships ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Member States ◽  
Corporate Groups ◽  
European Legislation ◽  
Contractual Approach ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Way

The growth in multilateral working relationships (e.g. agency work, chains of sub-contracting and corporate groups) is causing Member States to increasingly scrutinise their traditional, contractual approach to the notion of ‘employer’. So far, little attention has been paid to the boundaries and limits that EU law sets when defining the employer. The lack of attention may have come to an end with the recent AFMB judgment, in which the Court ruled, for the first time, that the concept of employer in a provision of EU law had to be given an autonomous and uniform interpretation throughout the EU. Starting from the AFMB judgment, the author analyses the concept of employer in EU law. The author finds that the concept of employer in EU law can be described as ‘uniform in its functionality’: in EU law, the national concept of the employer is never absolute, but the circumstances and the way in which the national concept must be set aside depend on the context and the objective of the European legislation in question. Through this functional approach, EU law partly harmonises the various national approaches to the concept of the employer. Nevertheless, a lack of specific reasoning on the part of the Court may grant the Member States considerable leeway to uphold their own views on the concept.

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