The Feeding Network of Aplysia

2017 ◽  
pp. 400-422
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Cropper ◽  
Jian Jing ◽  
Klaudiusz R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Afferent Activation ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Activation Phase

This review focuses on the neural control of feeding in Aplysia. Its purpose is to highlight distinctive features of the behavior and to describe their neural basis. In a number of molluscs, food is grasped by a radula that protracts, retracts, and hyperretracts. In Aplysia, however, hyperretraction can require afferent activation. Phase-dependent regulation of sensorimotor transmission occurs in this context. Aplysia also open and close the radula, generating egestive as well as ingestive responses. Thus, the feeding network multitasks. It has a modular organization, and behaviors are constructed by combinations of behavior-specific and behavior-independent neurons. When feeding is initially triggered in Aplysia, responses are poorly defined. Motor activity is not properly configured unless responses are repeatedly induced and modulatory neurotransmitters are released from inputs to the central patter generator (CPG). Persistent effects of modulation have interesting consequences for task switching.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR ABOUT NUTRITION BALANCE WITH NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF STUDENT IN POLTEKKES KEMENKES BENGKULU IN 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Thesa Frovela
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Nutrition Balance ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Nutritional Balance

The health and nutritional status of pregnant women determined at teenager and adult during a eligible woman, so everyone must have knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about nutrition so that they don’t have mistakes in food selection. The purpose of this observation is determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about nutritional balance with the nutritional status of students in Poltekkes Kemenkes Bengkulu in 2020. The design of this observation is obsevational cross-sectional design conducted in January in Poltekkes Kemenkes Bengkulu with a population of 640 people and a sample of 60 people. The statistical analysis used the pearson correlation test. The results showed that the average knowledge about balanced nutrition was good enough, the average attitude about balanced nutrition was good, the average behavior about balanced nutrition was good and the average nutritional status of female students was in the normal category. There is a relationship between knowledge about nutritional balance with nutritional status of student (r = 0.324), there is a relationship between attitudes about nutritional balance with nutritional status of student (r = 0.373), and there is a relationship between behavior about nutritional balance with nutritional status of student (r = 0.343). It is expected that students can improve their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about nutritional balance.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Pendidikan Kesehatan melalui Media Permainan Ludo terhadap Peningkatan Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Perilaku Siswa Sekolah Dasar dalam Pencegahan Adiksi Video Game

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Ana Puspita Indah ◽  
Indria Laksmi Gamayanti ◽  
Rendra Widyatama
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Video Game ◽  
School Students ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Interactive Lectures ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Effectiveness of video game addiction prevention using ludo game for elementary school studentsPurposeThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ‘Ludo game’ for increasing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of elementary school students concerning video-game addiction.MethodsThe research was a quasi-experimental study with pre and post tests and a control group design. The subjects were 99 elementary school students who were divided into treatment groups (two groups of intervention) and a control group. The data were collected using a questionnaire of knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Data analysis used paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance level of 95% (p <0.05). ResultsThe characteristics of the study subjects in all three groups before the intervention were normally distributed. Paired t-test results showed that the ludo game and interactive lectures can improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. However, there was no significant difference of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors through Ludo compared to health education through interactive lectures in health education delivery. ConclusionLudo game and interactive lectures together can effectively improve the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of elementary school students. Health education through ludo games was no more effective than the interactive lecture methods in increasing the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of students on the prevention of video-game addictions. 

scholarly journals Control without Controllers: Toward a Distributed Neuroscience of Executive Control

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1684-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Eisenreich ◽  
Rei Akaishi ◽  
Benjamin Y. Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Control Modules ◽  
Organizing Principles

Executive control refers to the regulation of cognition and behavior by mental processes and is a hallmark of higher cognition. Most approaches to understanding its mechanisms begin with the assumption that our brains have anatomically segregated and functionally specialized control modules. The modular approach is intuitive: Control is conceptually distinct from basic mental processing, so an organization that reifies that distinction makes sense. An alternative approach sees executive control as self-organizing principles of a distributed organization. In distributed systems, control and controlled processes are colocalized within large numbers of dispersed computational agents. Control then is often an emergent consequence of simple rules governing the interaction between agents. Because these systems are unfamiliar and unintuitive, here we review several well-understood examples of distributed control systems, group living insects and social animals, and emphasize their parallels with neural systems. We then reexamine the cognitive neuroscience literature on executive control for evidence that its neural control systems may be distributed.

Neural Control of Swimming in Nudipleura Molluscs

2017 ◽  
pp. 438-450
Author(s):  
Paul S. Katz ◽  
Akira Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Swimming Behavior ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Tritonia Diomedea ◽  
Pleurobranchaea Californica ◽  
Sea Slugs ◽  
Pattern Generators

This article compares the neural basis for swimming in sea slugs belonging to the Nudipleura clade of molluscs. There are two primary forms of swimming. One, dorsal/ventral (DV) body flexions, is typified by Tritonia diomedea and Pleurobranchaea californica. Although Tritonia and Pleurobranchaea evolved DV swimming independently, there are at least two homologous neurons in the central pattern generators (CPGs) underlying DV swimming in these species. Furthermore, both species have serotonergic neuromodulation of synaptic strength intrinsic to their CPGs. The other form of swimming is with alternating left/right (LR) body flexions. Melibe and Dendronotus belong to a clade of species that all swim with LR body flexions. Although the swimming behavior is homologous, their swim CPGs differ in both cellular composition and in the details of the neural mechanisms. Thus, similar behaviors have independently evolved through parallel use of homologous neurons, and homologous behaviors can be produced by different neural mechanisms.

Attitudes, Knowledge, and Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Rhoda Olkin
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Attitudes Toward Disability ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
Explicit Bias ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter is a review of the relevant literature on effecting changes in attitudes and behaviors toward people with disabilities. It begins with a discussion of the goals of the book and the activities in the book. There is discussion of the relationship between attitudes and behaviors, and whether a change in one is followed by a change in the other. The core research about the bases of attitudes toward disability and attitude change is reviewed. The move in the past few decades from attention to implicit bias to focus on explicit bias is highlighted. The rationale for not using simulation exercises is provided, as well as the social underpinnings of the activities.

Entering a Brave New World

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Arild Aspelund ◽  
Øyvind Bjørgum ◽  
Erik Andreas Saether
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Born Global ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Entry Strategies ◽  
Brave New World ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Environmental Motivation

This chapter investigates key motivations, drivers, and barriers for firms that are seeking to enter new international supply chains for renewable energy. Offshore wind (OW) is a born global industry with a fully internationalized supply chain from inception. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach by first doing 11 case studies of Norwegian industrial companies entering OW and secondly by conducting an online survey targeting the whole population of Norwegian firms in OW. The study finds that new green industries' distinctive features, managerial motivation, and industry relatedness shape a firm's entry strategies and behavior. Risk and uncertainty, complexity and turbulence, high transaction costs and disadvantages of scale postpone industry entry from established actors. The study finds that environmental motivation tops the list of motivations for managers to enter, but financial motivation is the strongest of perceived market performance. Finally, the study finds that market relatedness is more critical than technological relatedness.

Resituating cognitive mechanisms within heterarchical networks controlling physiology and behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 620-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Production Mechanisms

Cognitive science has traditionally focused on mechanisms involved in high-level reasoning and problem-solving processes. Such mechanisms are often treated as autonomous from but controlling underlying physiological processes. I offer a different perspective on cognition which starts with the basic production mechanisms through which organisms construct and repair themselves and navigate their environments and then I develop a framework for conceptualizing how cognitive control mechanisms form a heterarchical network that regulates production mechanisms. Many of these control mechanisms perform cognitive tasks such as evaluating circumstances and making decisions. Cognitive control mechanisms are present in individual cells, but in metazoans, intracellular control is supplemented by a nervous system in which a multitude of neural control mechanisms are organized heterarchically. On this perspective, high-level cognitive mechanisms are not autonomous, but are elements in larger heterarchical networks. This has implications for future directions in cognitive science research.

scholarly journals Neural basis for hand muscle synergies in the primate spinal cord

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (32) ◽  
pp. 8643-8648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Takei ◽  
Joachim Confais ◽  
Saeka Tomatsu ◽  
Tomomichi Oya ◽  
Kazuhiko Seki
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Hand Functions ◽  
Hand Muscle

Grasping is a highly complex movement that requires the coordination of multiple hand joints and muscles. Muscle synergies have been proposed to be the functional building blocks that coordinate such complex motor behaviors, but little is known about how they are implemented in the central nervous system. Here we demonstrate that premotor interneurons (PreM-INs) in the primate cervical spinal cord underlie the spatiotemporal patterns of hand muscle synergies during a voluntary grasping task. Using spike-triggered averaging of hand muscle activity, we found that the muscle fields of PreM-INs were not uniformly distributed across hand muscles but rather distributed as clusters corresponding to muscle synergies. Moreover, although individual PreM-INs have divergent activation patterns, the population activity of PreM-INs reflects the temporal activation of muscle synergies. These findings demonstrate that spinal PreM-INs underlie the muscle coordination required for voluntary hand movements in primates. Given the evolution of neural control of primate hand functions, we suggest that spinal premotor circuits provide the fundamental coordination of multiple joints and muscles upon which more fractionated control is achieved by superimposed, phylogenetically newer, pathways.

Time-Variant Pleasure Travel Motivations and Behaviors

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
IpKin Anthony Wong ◽  
Rob Law ◽  
Xinyuan (Roy) Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Travel Motivation ◽  
Travel Motivations ◽  
Static View ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Over Time

This exploratory study challenges the predominant static view of travel motivation by providing new insights into the link between travel motivations and behaviors. It assesses when and how tourist travel motives change over time. It further explores the mediating role of travel involvement and the moderating role of economic performance using the time-variant travel motivational framework as a longitudinal, multilevel model. This study advances the literature by demonstrating that travel motivations and their effects on tourist travel involvement and behaviors vary over time, and that such a variation can be explained by the changes in economic conditions. In essence, this study sheds light on the traditional view of travel motivation and builds a dynamic multilevel model of pleasure travel motivation and behavior.

scholarly journals Assessment of Dietary Intake and Food and Nutrition Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Collegiate Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1286-1286
Author(s):  
Leslie Redmond ◽  
Amanda Walch ◽  
Emily Thompson ◽  
Oksana Deyneka ◽  
Kimmy Laboca
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Objectives Proper nutrition is essential to athletic performance, yet many collegiate athletes fail to obtain adequate energy and nutrients to meet recommendations. Additionally, athletes’ healthy eating intentions do not always align with their actual dietary behaviors. The objective of this study is to assess the dietary intakes and the food and nutrition related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KAB) of collegiate athletes at the University of [blinded]. Methods For this cross-sectional analysis, athletes will be recruited via email (goal sample size of n = 40) to complete a web-based survey consisting of demographic information, food and nutrition related KAB, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FFQ will be modified from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Food Questionnaire and ask about foods, beverages, and supplements consumed in the last 30 days. The KAB questions will focus on food and nutrition related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The knowledge portion will consist of the validated Abridged Nutrition for Sport Questionnaire. The attitude and behavior sections will consist of questions created by a Dietetics and Nutrition (DN) graduate student, assessed by current DN faculty for content validity, and pilot-tested in a sub-sample of collegiate athletes at another institution. Survey respondents will have the option to receive a $5 discount code for use at the [blinded] Campus Store and/or be entered to win one of three test packages from the Human Performance Lab (HPL) at [blinded]. The test package will include one BOD POD test and one VO2max test. Data will be analyzed to assess the dietary intakes and the food and nutrition related KAB. Results N/A (study protocol). Conclusions Assessing the dietary intakes and the food and nutrition related KAB of collegiate athletes at [blinded] will help to inform the development of future nutrition education materials and programs. We also hope to strengthen interprofessional ties between the DN Department and [binded] Athletics and to establish a partnership for future opportunities for collaboration that will contribute to student and athlete success. Funding Sources Round 2, FY20 [blinded] Faculty Development Grant.

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