Bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Antony
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Norm ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Helen Longino ◽  
Social Prejudice ◽  
Underdetermination Of Theory

This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical reflections on bias and objectivity. Some feminists have argued that objectivity is an unachievable and thus inappropriate epistemic norm for human beings. But at the same time, these feminists have criticized philosophy for displaying masculinist bias. This complex critique faces a problem I’ve called the “Bias Paradox” and that Helen Longino calls an “Essential Tension:” how we can criticize partiality at the same time we acknowledge its ubiquity. I explain Longino’s proposed “social empiricist” solution, and contrast it with my own. I argue for a re-conception of “bias” as a normatively neutral epistemic inclination. Biases, in this sense, play a crucial constructive role in the development of human knowledge by solving the problem of underdetermination of theory by evidence. The biases we (correctly) regard as morally bad, such as social prejudice, involve the operation of neutral biases in unpropitious natural or social environments.

Naturalizing Moral Regression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Moral Progress ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Group Threat ◽  
Epistemic Practices ◽  
Harsh Conditions ◽  
Development And Evolution

This chapter proposes a theory of moral regression, arguing that inclusivist gains can be eroded not only if certain harsh biological and social conditions indicative of out-group threat actually reappear but also if significant numbers of people come to believe that such harsh conditions exist even when they do not. It argues that normal cognitive biases in conjunction with defective social-epistemic practices can cause people wrongly to believe that such harsh conditions exist, thus triggering the development and evolution of exclusivist moralities and the dismantling of inclusivist ones. Armed with detailed knowledge of the biological and social environments in which progressive moralities emerge and are sustained, as well as the conditions under which they are likely to be dismantled, human beings can take significant steps toward transforming the classic liberal faith in moral progress into a practical, empirically grounded hope.

scholarly journals ENHANCEMENT OF CREATIVITY AND INTELLIGENCE THROUGH LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Khalid Ahmed Hassan AHMED
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Knowledge Culture ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Human Device

This study aims at exploring the role of human languages in establishing solid grounds for the continuity of human creativity and intelligence. Although it is not easy to define what a language is, no one denies that language is the most essential human device that helps people to communicate and get on well with each other. This capability of communication granted language its essential role in enhancing human beings survival and transmission of human knowledge, culture and the whole material advancement and heritage. For this end the study will be a qualitative historical survey of the role of human languages in extending human bonds and relationships for the sake of survival, safety and solidarity in a wild context at the first stages of human beings presence on earth, and later in a world of advanced technology where the whole world has come to be united as if it is a small village. The study will explore some verses of the Holly Qur’an that support human creation and ability to communicate. The theoretical frame work and the related literature will be outlined and explored to support the assumption and hypotheses of this study. The importance of the study will also be stated. The study will be processed through the methodology, the procedures and the discussion that will be followed for obtaining its findings. The study will be finalized by the main obtained results and recommendations for further future studies and a summary for the whole study. Key words: Enhancement of Creatıvıty; language; Inteligence.

scholarly journals MEMBANGUN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM MASYARAKAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sri Suyanta
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Character Education ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
The Past ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
At Home

Character education is a necessity across the area, time and age. Character education is absolutely necessary not only in school, but also at home and in other social environments. It was prioritized since the past, present and future. Even today the students in character education is no longer for an early childhood but also adult and even the elderly age. Therefore character education should be designed and implemented systematically and simultaneously to help the students understand the human behavioral values which are associated with someoneself, fellow human beings, the environment and his or her Lord. Character education can be reached through three stages, namely socialization of the introduction, internalization, application in life.

scholarly journals Experience and Mathematical Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Gaeta
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Common View ◽  
Abstract Entities ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Main Tenet ◽  
Previous Learning

According to a very common view, the main tenet of empiricism is the conviction that all human knowledge derives from sensory experience. But classic philosophers representing empiricism hold that mathematical knowledge is a priori. Mill intended to demonstrate that the laws of arithmetic and geometry have inductive origins. But Frege and others authors showed that Mill’s arguments were wrong. Benacerraf held that, since mathematical objects are abstract entities, they could not have any causal relationship with human beings, so they cannot be known by us. On the other hand, biology and psychology show that in animals and human creatures we can find innate behaviours, in accordance with the theory on natural selection. Experiments performed by Wynn and by other psychologists strongly support that very young babies can determine the results of simple arithmetical operations without any previous learning. We conclude that there are convincing reasons to accept the rationalist thesis about the a priori character of mathematical knowledge.

Overlapping Pain and Psychiatric Syndromes

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Comorbid Condition ◽  
Health Practitioner ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Hospital Administrators ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Chronic Pain Conditions

When a health practitioner is at the bedside of a patient suffering from chronic pain and a psychiatric comorbid condition, he is facing a true clinical conundrum. The comorbidity is frequent yet poorly understood, the diagnosis is difficult and the treatment that follows is less than appropriate. Pain conditions and psychiatric disorders have customarily been understood and treated as different and separate clinical entities, to the detriment of patients’ wellbeing. Fathoming the overlapping pain and psychiatric disorders is in the interest of everyone involved in healthcare, including doctors, nurses, pain specialists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychologists, hospital administrators, and health policymakers. There is a wide overlap of chronic pain conditions and psychiatric disorders. Pain and psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in the population, yet it is poorly understood. The societal burden of mental illness and pain is enormous; it could approach one trillion dollars annually in the USA. Compounding to the economic burden, are the liability related to stigma, shame, bias, discrimination, health disparities, inequities in care, and health injustice. Recent scientific and technological developments in digital medicine, artificial intelligence, pharmacogenetics, genetics, epigenetics, and neuroscience promise beneficial quality changes to medical care and education. The pain medicine and psychiatry of the future will consider patients as human beings embedded in their physical and social environments. This book provides a glimpse in that direction.

Mill on the Liberty of Thought and Discussion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Christopher Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Harm Principle ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Strong Connection ◽  
The World ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
The Way ◽  
The Harm Principle

This chapter discuses Chapter Two of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, ‘On the Liberty of Thought and Discussion’, which is the best-known defence of free speech in the philosophical canon. It suggests that Mill’s argument in chapter two of On Liberty is a distinctively epistemic argument, and one which relies on a specific conception of man’s cognitive nature and the character of human knowledge. There is a strong connection between Mill’s Freedom of Discussion Principle and the way in which human beings come to know the world. The chapter then identifies what Mill means to rule out by his argument—what, in short, freedom of discussion is freedom from—and what he means to rule in. It also considers the relation between the Freedom of Discussion Principle and its better known sibling, the Harm Principle, and the conditions under which these principles are applicable.

FROM IRONY TO ENIGMA: DISCOVERING DOUBLE IGNORANCE AND SOCRATES’ DIVINE KNOWLEDGE

Méthexis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
DANIELLE A. LAYNE
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Divine Knowledge ◽  
Nuanced Understanding

To dismiss the problems of Socratic moral intellectualism as well as Socratic irony (with respect to his claims of ignorance) in the following we shall first discuss how there are different forms of not-knowing in the Platonic dialogues. By referencing various passages throughout Plato’s entire corpus we shall see that like his nuanced understanding of knowledge, Plato also delineated between kinds of ignorance with only one denying virtue and the good life to individuals. This will prove that Socrates does not associate with a reprehensible state when he claims ignorance and thus there is no need to appeal to irony when he makes such avowals of not-knowing. In the second half of this essay I will also suggest that the knowledge to which Socrates appeals is not an “ironic” appeal to human knowledge, as various scholars have argued, but is a sincere appeal to divine knowledge, i.e. immediate wisdom, which all human beings possess and rely on in their daily lives. In other words, Socratic knowing is a kind of enigmatic knowing which must be understood as a pre-theoretical, unexamined or innate wisdom. For Socrates all individuals “possess” such wisdom but in order to do the work that is “properly” human, i.e. the work allowing for virtue, one must enigmatically marry this “knowledge” with recognized ignorance.

The Need to Fathom Overlapping Pain and Psychiatric Syndromes

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Mario Incayawar
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Digital Medicine ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Chronic Pain Conditions

There is a wide overlap of chronic pain conditions and psychiatric disorders. Pain and psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in the population, yet it is poorly understood, research is scarce, the diagnosis is challenging, and the treatment that follows is often less than appropriate. Pain conditions and psychiatric disorders have customarily been understood and treated as different and separate clinical entities, to the detriment of patients’ well-being. The societal burden of mental illness and pain is enormous; it could approach $1 trillion annually in the United States. There are very limited data on the epidemiology and scope of the overlap between mental disorders and chronic pain. Compounding to the economic burden are the liability related to stigma, shame, bias, discrimination, health disparities, inequities in care, and health injustice. Recent scientific and technological developments in digital medicine, artificial intelligence, pharmacogenetics, genetics, epigenetics, and neuroscience promise beneficial quality changes to medical care and education. The pain medicine and psychiatry of the future will consider patients as human beings embedded in their physical and social environments. Health professionals are headed toward person-centered care and biologically individualized/personalized therapy or precision medicine.

Philosophy of the Pseudoabsolute

1998 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sergi Avaliani
Keyword(s):  
Human Person ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Great Role ◽  
The Absolute

Since human knowledge is relative, human beings consciously (or often unconsciously) dismiss the relative by creating the absolute. The absolute thus created is the psuedoabsolute which, by virtue of its human origins, is relative. However, it functions in both the practical and theoretical life of homo sapien as a genuine absolute. Hence, the psuedoabsolute is relatively absolutized by the human person. The psuedoabsolute is a dialectical unity of the absolute and relative and, as a "third reality," plays a great role in the spiritual life of humankind.

scholarly journals MANUSIA DAN SAINS DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR’AN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Oxygen Gas ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Islamic Society

Islam requires its adherents to study and develop science. Human knowledge continues to evolve with the times and the discovery of the secrets of nature. The Qur'an applies to all ages, even many things that can not be understood by man today, as many things also have begun to be understood over the course of time. All human beings have an interest in knowing the basics of natural science, because starting from the oxygen gas to breathe, the food and the necessary medicines, the environment and the natural disasters all are related to the natural sciences. Without the power of science how can humans can understand the universe to see the greatness of Allah swt. Therefore, the increase of human resources in Islamic society becomes a necessity.

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