Causation in Biology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Okasha
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Related Issue ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Teleological Explanation ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ultimate Causation

This article is organized into four sections. The first section gives a brief historical survey of the contributions made by biologists to the understanding of causality. The second section looks at the role of causal concepts in the theory of evolution. The third section discusses Mayr's distinction between proximate and ultimate causation, and the related issue of teleological explanation. The fourth section looks at causation in genetics, with special reference to the nature–nurture problem.

How to Deal with Inequality: What Policymakers Should Know

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Montek S. Ahluwalia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Corrective Action ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Center Stage ◽  
Emerging Market Countries ◽  
Select Group

High and rising levels of inequality have become a hot topic of discussion in both industrialized and developing countries in recent years. In this article, the author focuses on four different aspects. The first section provides a brief commentary on how inequality has moved to the center stage and different elements that drove this process in industrialized and developing countries. The second section presents an assessment of the available data that suggest what has happened to income distribution in a select group of industrialized and developing countries. The third section discusses some of the determinants of income distribution, which we need to understand if we want to reduce the degree of inequality. The fourth section discusses the scope for corrective action in this area with special reference to emerging market countries.

Sources Of Law and Legal Method in Comparative Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 875-901
Author(s):  
Stefan Vogenauer
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
P Sources

Sources of law serve to separate the province of law from the realm of non-law. Only propositions that are derived from a valid source of law are genuinely legal propositions. This article outlines the role of sources of law and legal method in the study of comparative law. The second section explains why these topics have been central to comparative legal scholarship from its very beginnings. The third section attempts to clarify their ambit for the purposes of comparative study, and identifies the pitfalls lurking for the comparative lawyer who wants to determine another system’s sources of law and the methodological approach prevailing there. The fourth section gives an overview of the most important comparative studies specifically dedicated to these matters. The fifth section maps out some areas which merit further research.

Communication, Consumers, and Citizens

2012 ◽  
Vol 644 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhavan V. Shah ◽  
Lewis A. Friedland ◽  
Chris Wells ◽  
Young Mie Kim ◽  
Hernando Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Group Level ◽  
Political Consumerism ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Occupy Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Socially Situated

The year 2011 was defined by the intersection of politics and economics: the Wisconsin protests, the Occupy Movement, anti-austerity demonstrations, the Buffett Rule, and so on. These events drew attention to the role of politics in the erosion of labor power, the rise of inequality, and the excesses of overconsumption. Moving beyond periodic and dutiful action directed at an increasingly unresponsive government, citizens tested the boundaries of what we consider civic engagement by embracing personalized forms of “lifestyle politics” enacted in everyday life and often directed at the market. These issues are the focus of this volume, which we divide into four sections. The first section attempts both to situate consumption in politics as a contemporary phenomenon and to view it through a wider historical lens. The second section advances the notion of sustainable citizenship at the individual/group level and the societal/institutional level, and understands consumption as socially situated and structured. Extending this thinking, the third section explores various forms of conscious consumption and relates them to emerging modes of activism and engagement. The fourth section questions assumptions about the effectiveness of the citizen-consumer and the underlying value of political consumerism and conscious consumption. We conclude by distilling six core themes from this collection for future work.

scholarly journals Servants or Masters? Linguistic Aids in Legal Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Paulina Konca
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ordinary Meaning ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Law

This paper presents the role of some intrinsic sources in legal interpretation. Some of linguistic aids follow from provisions of the law and other from the commonly accepted ruling practice or views expressed in literature. The position of those aids was verified through the analysis of case-law, literature, and provisions of law. The first section and second section focus on the priority of plain meaning rule and intrinsic sources in legal interpretation which is strongly emphasized in legal literature, case-law and the interpretative provisions of many countries. Next, it presents how certain linguistic tools work in case law practice, what problems they can cause and what problems they can solve. The third point addresses the use of dictionaries as tools of linguistic interpretation. The fourth section explores the role of selected interpretative canons often found in legal regulations and case law practice: ordinary meaning canon, gender/number canon, ejusdem generis canon, presumption of consistent usage and prefatory-materials canon. It is concluded that the priority of a linguistic interpretation is not absolute and can never be understood as its exclusivity. Linguistic tools are not in themselves determinants of correct meaning. In order to make a correct interpretation, it is necessary not to be guided, by indications labelled as objective, sometimes artificially imposed, but by the intention of the legislator, which such tools may discover and should only be used for that purpose. 

scholarly journals Planning implementation of method of observation in social sciences

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ilić
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research Plan ◽  
Selection Of

The paper deals with the problems while planning the application of method of observation as the primary method for data collection. These include determining the objectives, theoretical and operational elaboration of the research plan and collection of initial evidence from other sources of data that can be used to successfully plan research mainly based on observation. In the first section of the paper it is pointed to the unjustified overemphasis of differences between participatory and non-participatory forms of observation in its planning. The second section shows the possibility of its application to other sources and methods of data collection when planning observations. Special attention is paid to the role of interview and sequential analysis. In the third section, the issues of preparing data analysis in the planning of observation are specifically discussed. The fourth section shows the specificity of the planning of observation, depending on the nature of the data. We also considered the concretization of the plan of observation, including the selection of size, location and time for performing monitoring and positioning one or more observers. The fifth section briefly points to some suggestions about training observers. The concluding section of the paper deals with planning during the observations, with emphasis on grounded theory.

Entry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leading Role

This chapter analyses the major developments during AMISOM’s first two years before the withdrawal of the Ethiopian troops from Mogadishu. The first section discusses the initial deployment challenges facing AMISOM and the problems presented by operating in Ethiopia’s shadow. The second section explains Burundi’s arrival as AMISOM’s second troop-contributing country, while the third analyses some of the ways in which AMISOM came to be seen by many local Somalis as a proxy force for nefarious foreign agendas. The fourth section then discusses the 2008 Djibouti peace process as the route by which Ethiopia managed to withdraw its forces. The fifth section discusses the opportunities and challenges presented by the withdrawal of Ethiopian forces in January 2009, while the final section examines what this meant for AMISOM being left alone to take on the leading role of protecting Somalia’s transitional government from al-Shabaab.

History, Identity, and the Present

2020 ◽  
pp. 251-290
Author(s):  
Donald Bloxham
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Difficulty ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Past Action ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

part 4 History, Identity, and the Present Part 4 considers the role of historical consciousness in shaping present-day identity. It is critical of prejudicial ‘Identity History’ while enjoining historians to embrace their roles in historical arguments pertaining to identity. The first section clarifies what falls outside the definition of ‘Identity History’, noting that much excellent scholarship pertains to identity and even serves identity goals without being prejudicial. The second section highlights where historians working on identity matters are likely to fall into conceptual difficulty. Is the relationship between past ‘them’ and present ‘us’ a matter of identity or difference or a bit of both? Identity History is inconsistent here, with different attitudes taken depending on whether that past behaviour was good or bad by present lights. There are consequences for the historian’s engagement with past rights and wrongs, harms and benefits, because claims on these matters constitute stakes in the identity game whose winner gets to decide what is desirable in the here and now. The third section develops such themes and distinguishes between more and less appropriate idioms for characterizing the relationship between contemporary polities and groups on one hand and the deeds of relevant ‘forebears’ on the other hand. It is a mistake to talk of contemporary guilt, or for that matter virtue, in light of what one’s predecessors did, but the language of shame or pride may be appropriate. The fourth section addresses the material legacies of past action, considering matters of compensation and redistribution. The concluding section returns to broader principles.

15Disability Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 282-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Quirici
Keyword(s):  
Disability Studies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Current Direction ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Critical Disability Studies ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Political Obligations ◽  
The Third

Abstract This chapter reviews three books published in 2018 centering on disability and resistance. It is organized into five sections. The first, ‘Resistance, Disability, and Democracy’, summarizes debates about the political obligations of disability studies, and outlines how disability justice is replacing the former emphasis on rights. The second section, ‘Academic Perspectives’, reviews the provocative collection Manifestos for the Future of Critical Disability Studies, volume 1, identifying areas of contention and raising questions about the field’s current direction. The third section, ‘Activist Perspectives’, reviews Alice Wong’s collection Resistance and Hope: Essays by Disabled People. The fourth section, ‘Beyond Identity’, reviews Robert McRuer’s Crip Times: Disability, Globalization, and Resistance. The concluding section, ‘An Abbreviated Manifesto’, asserts the vital role of disability justice in establishing alternatives to neoliberalism, resisting tyranny, and achieving democracy.

STRUGGLE OF NON-REGIONAL ACTORS FOR ITS INFLUENCES IN CENTRAL ASIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Yu. V. MOROZOV ◽  
◽  
A. R. NEUSTRROEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
American Policy

In modern conditions, Central Asia has begun to play an increasing role for non-regional actors, who are increasingly competing for a key role in this region. The first section of the article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of Central Asia and its problems. The second section analyzes American policy and strategy in the region. The third section examines China's interests and policies in Central Asia. The fourth section is devoted to the significance of the region for Russia's national interests. Conclusions concerning the role of Central Asia for the United States, China, and Russia are presented.

Traditional and Culture-Specific Parenting of Prosociality in US Latino/as

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-266
Author(s):  
Gustavo Carlo ◽  
L. Diego Conejo Bolanos
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prosocial Development ◽  
Developmental Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Related Stress

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research on parenting and moral development in US Latino/a populations, including acculturation and enculturation, ethnic identity, and exposure and responses to discrimination and culture-related stress experiences. First, we briefly review traditional theories on the influence of parents in children’s prosocial development. Second, broad ecological and developmental theories that speak to the role of culture-related processes are covered. The third section presents a brief history of US Latino/as and highlights cultural values and characteristics relevant to understand the role of parents in US Latino/a children’s prosocial development. The fourth section presents an integrative cultural stress-based model of US Latino prosocial development and summarizes supporting research. Finally, the authors identify gaps in the existing literature and directions for future research.

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