Economy and exchange

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boban Tripković
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trade And Exchange

The economics of past societies has traditionally been one of the most important topics of scientific archaeology. On one hand, economic activities are related to fundamental human survival and have always been part of the daily routine of an individual or small family group. On the other, the study of past economies is inevitably associated with the broad historical context in which archaeology as a discipline originated and further developed. For that reason, this chapter combines theoretical perspectives that include a wide range of economies, from domestic to political, traditional to modern, gift economies to commodity economy. The chapter consists of four parts: it reviews the historical development of economic archaeology, relates economic development to social complexity, discusses the categories and classes of items that have been produced and used in different cultural contexts, and explores distribution, namely the trade and exchange activities in which goods become gifts and commodities.

scholarly journals Citizens without Nations: A Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Maarten Prak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Urban Citizenship ◽  
Urban Contexts

AbstractIn Citizens without Nations, I argued that national histories have overlooked a large and significant range of citizenship practices that can be found in towns and cities across the pre-modern world. These practices related to local politics (elections, consultations), to economic activities (guilds), to social policies (poor relief), and to military defence (civic militias). This rejoinder addresses three issues raised by critics Jack Goldstone, Katherine Lynch, and R. Bin Wong in relation to my book on urban citizenship in Europe, Asia, and the Americas: ideas, including religion, nations, and economic growth. All three have a lot to do with the implications of global comparisons. Ideas and nations have taken distinct forms in the various world regions. Foregrounding them makes comparisons more difficult. Urban contexts, on the other hand, can be more easily compared. Economic development was introduced in the book as a benchmark to see if and how citizenship arrangements might have impacted prosperity. The economic numbers are, however, still fragile for the pre-industrial era. Therefore, they will have to be supplemented with qualitative studies, which are slowly but surely emerging also outside Europe.

scholarly journals Europe’s Migration Experience and Its Effects on Economic Inequality

2021 ◽  
pp. 486-515
Author(s):  
Martin Guzi ◽  
Martin Kahanec ◽  
Magdalena M. Ulceluse
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Past Half

This chapter provides the historical context for the past half-century in Europe, focusing specifically on the link between migration and economic development and inequality. The literature review suggests that there are several channels through which migration affects economic inequality between countries in one or the other direction, and it may decrease inequality within countries. The net effects are an open empirical question and are likely to depend on the institutional and policy context, sources and destinations of migration, and its type. The authors undertake an empirical analysis and find that immigration has contributed to reducing inequality within the 25 European Union (EU) countries over the 2003–2017 period. As the EU has attracted mostly high-skilled immigrants throughout this period, the authors’ results are consistent with the ameliorating effect of high-skilled migration on within-country inequality, as predicted by theory.

scholarly journals PELUANG PENANAMAN MODAL ASING DALAM PENINGKATAN PEREKONOMIAN NEGARA PASCA PANDEMI COVID 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Besse Tenriabeng Mursyid
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government

In terms of the economic development of a nation it cannot be separated from economic activities that are stable in a country, on the other hand it is undeniable that now the world is struggling against the Covid-19 pandemic which is known together with all countries is intensively making movements aimed at Minimizing the spread of the corona virus, recorded based on data from the Google news site related to the development of Covid-19 cases throughout the country, the total cases worldwide were recorded at 50,794,593 with cases of patients dying as many as 1,262,199 Various policies were created by the government in order to attract the attention of foreign investors to enter Indonesia to invest, one of which is the open door policy to improve the country's economy after the Covid-19 pandemic in the future

Conceptualizing U.S. Community Economic Development: Evidence from New York City

2020 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2092907
Author(s):  
Jason S. Spicer ◽  
Evan Casper-Futterman
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
New York City ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Community Economic Development ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strategic Action Field ◽  
Practical Sense

Building from the “Progressive Cities” era toolkit, advocates of community economic development (CED) today deploy a wide range of new and well-established strategies. How can planners make theoretical and practical sense of these varying tactics? Using New York as a case and sociological strategic action field theory as a framing device, we find evidence of three distinct CED logics: exactive/concessionary, localist, and transformative/democratic. We differentiate these logics based on their relationship to neoliberalism and globalization, forces which have shaped CED’s historical development. Awareness of these ideal-type logics may assist planners and CED actors in selecting and coordinating contextually appropriate strategies.

scholarly journals A Study on Role of Women in Economic Development in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
G Angala Eswari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The One ◽  
Active Contribution

Empowering women is a critical issue in developing nations. Even though women are an integral part of any society, yet their involvement in decision making by the use of their active contribution in economic activities is shallow. Women empowerment and economic development are interlinked, where on the one hand, development alone can play a significant role in driving down inequality between women and men while on the other hand empowering women can benefit development. This paper explores the role of women in the workforce for the economic development of the country in different States.

scholarly journals Hybrid Contract According to Sharia Economic Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Ijang Jamaludin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sharia Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Legal Consequences

Sharia law is charged with guiding how to conduct economic activities in order to be safe and happy to the afterlife. Sharia economic activities especially in sharia financial institutions are increasingly varied following the global economic development, the innovation of Sharia Financial Institution products become a necessity. Single agreement as the core of a transaction is not able to accommodate the increasingly complex needs of transactions, the presence of hybrid contact as a transformation of the contract leads to the development of LKS on the one hand and generate a spicy criticism related to its validity on the other side. This paper through literature approach trying to analyze hybrid contact in terms of ijtihad methodology related to the theory used madhab Hanafi in view the legal consequences. The result that the Hybrid contract is al-mukharij min al-mazaiq / hilah as a way out as well as the benefit to avoid the practice of usury, and resulted in legal consequences as a contract.

Die Ökonomie des Zwischenlandes.

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (183) ◽  
pp. 289-305
Author(s):  
Angela Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Security Control ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Migration Politics ◽  
European Migration

The following article is based on my fieldwork in Morocco and represents anthropological data collected amongst undocumented sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco. They want to enter Europe in search for a better life for themselves and to provide financial support for their families. Due to heavy border security control and repression, they find themselves trapped at the gates of Europe, where they are trying to survive by engaging in various economic activities in the informal sector. The article begins with an overview of the European migration politics in Africa and the geopolitical and historical context of Morocco, in light of the externalization of European border control. I will then analyze the various economic sectors, in which sub-Saharan migrations are active, as well as smuggling networks, informal camps and remittances, on which they largely depend due to the exclusion from the national job market.

THE PARTICULAR STRUCTURAL TRAITS OF THE MIGRATION CATHOLIC COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTHERN VIETNAM

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Loc Duc Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Religious Organization ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Kinship Structure ◽  
Structural Traits

The Vietnamese Catholic community is not only a religious community but also a traditional village with relationships based on kinship and/or sharing the same residential area, similar economic activities, and religious activities. In this essay, we are interested in examining migrating Catholic communities which were shaped and reshaped within the historical context of Viet Nam war in 1954. They were established after the migration of millions of Catholics from Northern to Southern Viet Nam immediately after Geneva Agreement in 1954. Therefore, by examining the particular structural traits of the emigration Catholic Communities we attempt to reconstruct the reproducing process of village structure based on the communities’ triple structure: kinship structure, governmental structure and religious organization.

2D Color-Intensity Representation of Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge Measurements

2020 ◽  
pp. 1192-1198
Author(s):  
M.S. Mohammad ◽  
Tibebe Tesfaye ◽  
Kim Ki-Seong
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thickness Gauge ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Digital Readout ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Ultrasonic Thickness

Ultrasonic thickness gauges are easy to operate and reliable, and can be used to measure a wide range of thicknesses and inspect all engineering materials. Supplementing the simple ultrasonic thickness gauges that present results in either a digital readout or as an A-scan with systems that enable correlating the measured values to their positions on the inspected surface to produce a two-dimensional (2D) thickness representation can extend their benefits and provide a cost-effective alternative to expensive advanced C-scan machines. In previous work, the authors introduced a system for the positioning and mapping of the values measured by the ultrasonic thickness gauges and flaw detectors (Tesfaye et al. 2019). The system is an alternative to the systems that use mechanical scanners, encoders, and sophisticated UT machines. It used a camera to record the probe’s movement and a projected laser grid obtained by a laser pattern generator to locate the probe on the inspected surface. In this paper, a novel system is proposed to be applied to flat surfaces, in addition to overcoming the other limitations posed due to the use of the laser projection. The proposed system uses two video cameras, one to monitor the probe’s movement on the inspected surface and the other to capture the corresponding digital readout of the thickness gauge. The acquired images of the probe’s position and thickness gauge readout are processed to plot the measured data in a 2D color-coded map. The system is meant to be simpler and more effective than the previous development.

Eurasian "Theory of Economy Management" as an Organic Part of the Russian Economic School

2003 ◽  
pp. 95-110
Author(s):  
M. Voeykov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Organic Part ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Enterprise Activity

The original version of "the theory of economy management", developed in the 1920s by Russian economists-emigrants who called themselves "Eurasians" (N. Trubetskoy, P. Savitskiy, etc.) is analyzed in the article. They considered this theory to be the basis of the original Russia's way of economic development. The Eurasian theory of economy management focuses on two sides of enterprise activity: managerial as well as social and moral. The Eurasians accepted the Soviet economy with the large share of state regulation as the initial step of development. On the other hand they paid much attention to the private sector activity. Eurasians developed a theoretical model of the mixed economy which can be attributed as the Russian economic school.

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