Effective Inpatient and Outpatient Models of Treatment for Adolescents With Substance Use Disorders

2018 ◽  
pp. 760-786
Author(s):  
Marianne Pugatch ◽  
John R. Knight ◽  
Sarah Copelas ◽  
Tatiana Buynitsky ◽  
J. Wesley Boyd
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Needs ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Treatment Research ◽  
Day Hospitals ◽  
Therapeutic Schools ◽  
Outpatient Settings

This chapter provides an overview of the physical, psychological, and brain development of the adolescent, establishing the need for treatment tailored to their unique developmental needs. It also defines the goals and phases of treatment, describes the continuum of care and contextualizes the body of effectiveness treatment research. The chapter reviews the evidence based literature on inpatient and outpatient settings including short-term detoxification, acute and long-term residential care, sober houses, therapeutic schools, day hospitals, intensive outpatient as well as outpatient approaches. Overall, studies indicate that treatment in youth has small to moderate effects. The chapter concludes with recommendations for what professionals and parents should look for in treatment programs for adolescent clients and discusses future research and policy recommendations.

Dams: Effects of Hydrological Infrastructure on Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Andrew Dillon ◽  
Ram Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Distributional Impacts

Hydrological investments, particularly irrigation dams, have multiple potential benefits for economic development. Dams also have financial, environmental, and distributional impacts that can affect their benefits and costs. This article reviews the evidence on the impact of dams on economic development, focusing on the levels and variability of agricultural productivity, and its effect on poverty, health, electricity generation, and flood control. We also review the evidence on irrigation efficiency and collective action of dam maintenance. Throughout the discussion, we highlight the empirical challenges that restrict the body of causally interpretable impact estimates and areas in which the evidence is particularly thin. We conclude with a discussion of emerging issues pertaining to the long-term sustainability of dams’ impacts and suggest directions for future research.

scholarly journals Characterizing long-term wear and tear of ion-selective pH sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kito Ohmura ◽  
Christian M. Thürlimann ◽  
Marco Kipf ◽  
Juan Pablo Carbajal ◽  
Kris Villez
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Fault Detection And Identification ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Treatment Research

Abstract Today, the development and testing of methods for fault detection and identification in wastewater treatment research relies on two important assumptions: (i) that sensor faults appear at distinct times in different sensors and (ii) that any given sensor will function near-perfectly for a significant amount of time following installation. In this work, we show that such assumptions are unrealistic, at least for sensors built around an ion-selective measurement principle. Indeed, long-term exposure of sensors to treated wastewater shows that sensors exhibit fault symptoms that appear simultaneously and with similar intensity. Consequently, this suggests that future research should be reoriented towards methods that do not rely on the assumptions mentioned above. This study also provides the first empirically validated sensor fault model for wastewater treatment simulation, which is useful for effective benchmarking of both fault detection and identification methods and advanced control strategies. Finally, we evaluate the value of redundancy for remote sensor validation in decentralized wastewater treatment systems.

scholarly journals The self’s choice: Priming attentional focus on bodily self promotes loss frequency bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Sebri ◽  
Stefano Triberti ◽  
Gabriella Pravettoni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Multiple Conditions

AbstractWhen attention is focused on self representation(s), the ability to evaluate one’s internal sensations is enhanced, according to previous research by Ainley and colleagues (Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1231–1238, 2013). Self-representations are usually distinguished between bodily and narrative. Both bodily and narrative representations improve decision-making processes, in that the consideration of alternatives is informed by sensations experienced deep inside the body (e.g., anxiety) as suggest by the literature (Noël, Brevers & Bechara in Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 179,  2013). The objective of the present study is to analyze the decision-making process in multiple conditions of stimulated self-representations. Participants played the Iowa Gambling Task three times (a baseline without stimuli and two randomly ordered stimulations to prime bodily and narrative self-representations). While no significant differences emerged regarding advantageous choices, participants showed loss frequency bias in the condition with bodily-self representation priming. Two interpretations are proposed: bodily-self focus acted as a distractor diminishing participants’ commitment to long term outcomes or enhanced interoception promoted aversion to losses. Directions are given for future research and clinical implications.

scholarly journals Is long-bout sedentary behaviour associated with long-term glucose levels 3 months after acute ischaemic stroke? A prospective observational cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e037475
Author(s):  
Katinka Nordheim Alme ◽  
Anne-Brita Knapskog ◽  
Halvor Næss ◽  
Mala Naik ◽  
Mona Beyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Link Type

Background and purposeSedentary behaviour is a risk factor for vascular disease and stroke patients are more sedentary than their age-matched peers. The association with glucose levels, as a potential mediator, is unclear, and we have investigated the association between long-bout sedentary behaviour and long-term glucose levels in stroke survivors.MethodsThis study uses data from the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke study, a multicentre cohort study. The patients were recruited at hospital admission for acute stroke, and the follow-up was done at the outpatient clinic. Sedentary behaviour—being in a sitting or reclining position—was registered 3 months after stroke using position transition data from the body-worn sensor activPAL attached to the unaffected thigh. A MATLAB script was developed to extract activity data from 08:00 to 10:00 for 4 days and to categorise the data into four bout-length categories. The primary outcome was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), analysed at 3 months. Regression models were used to analyse the association between HbA1c and sedentary behaviour in the whole population and stratified based on a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM). Age, body mass index and the use of antidiabetic drugs were added as covariates into the models.ResultsFrom a total of 815 included patients, 379 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this study. We found no association between time in sedentary behaviour and HbA1c in the whole stroke population. We found time in sedentary behaviour in bouts of ≥90 min to be associated with a higher HbA1c in patients with DM.ConclusionLong-bout sedentary time is associated with a higher HbA1c in patients with DM 3 months after ischaemic stroke. Future research should investigate the benefit of breaking up sedentary time as a secondary preventive measure.Trial registration numberNCT02650531, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02650531

Abstract 134: Does Low-Level Cumulative Lead Play a Role in Resistant-Hypertension?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Zheutlin ◽  
Howard Hu ◽  
Marc Weisskopf ◽  
David Sparrow ◽  
Pantel Vokonas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Lead Levels

Purpose: Deposition of lead into bone offers a better method over conventional blood lead measurement to discern long-term lead exposure and its insidious accumulation within the body. Bone lead deposition has been identified as an independent risk factor for hypertension (HTN). Yet, little is known how bone lead as a risk factor for HTN can be translated into clinical utility. We examined the association between bone lead levels and resistant-HTN. Methods: All subjects were males, participating in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS) with an age variation of 48-93 years old. Participants were included if there was complete data on HTN (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and anti-HTN medication), lead (blood, bone-patella, bone-tibia), as well as demographic and confounding variables. Cases of resistant-HTN were identified by meeting criteria for a) inadequate SBP (≥140 mmHg) or DBP (≥90 mmHg) on 3 medications or b) requiring ≥ 4 medications for blood pressure control. Resistant-HTN was categorized as a dichotomous variable, based upon meeting the noted criteria, while tibia and patella bone lead were treated as continuous variables. The data was analyzed using a binomial logistic regression, accounting for demographic and confounding variables. Results: Of the 871 total study participants, 111 cases of resistant-HTN (12.7%) were identified. Amongst the cases of resistant-HTN, the mean tibia and patella lead levels were 23.1 μg/g and 31.5 μg/g, respectively. Both mean levels were higher than those among the participants without resistant-HTN (21.5 μg/g and 30.9 μg/g, respectively). Tibia lead levels demonstrated a significant association with resistant-HTN (OR=1.27 (95% CI, 1.01-1.59) per one IQR increase in tibia lead (15μg/g), p=0.04) after adjusting for age, BMI, cigarette pack-year burden, income, education, and ethnicity. A weak, non-significant association was observed between patella lead and resistant-HTN (OR = 1.16 (95% CI, 0.92-1.46) per one IQR increase in patella lead (21μg/g), p=0.21). Conclusion: Lead has been long-studied for its effect on blood pressure. Yet, lead has not previously been assessed for the role it plays in clinical outcomes. Difficulty in attaining goal blood pressure may be influenced by environmental exposures. Our study demonstrates an increased association between tibia lead and resistant-HTN status, with an OR of 1.27 per one IQR increase in tibia lead. Tibia lead represents a novel risk factor for resistant-HTN. Future research should consider screening and mitigation strategies for populations with resistant-HTN exposed to long-term low-levels of lead.

scholarly journals Literature Study: The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy on Reducing Anxiety in Chronic Kidney Failure Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
Eka Agustin ◽  
◽  
Dian Hudiyawati
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible decline in kidney function that results in the decreased ability of the body to retain fluids and electrolytes. Treatment methods in end-stage kidney disease are long-term treatment with hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. Hemodialysis therapy in the long term can cause anxiety. Aromatherapy can assist patients in coping with anxiety. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of aromatherapy in reducing anxiety in patients with hemodialysis. Articles were obtained through online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. There are seven articles obtained after going through data screening and will be identified for critical review. The findings show that inhalation aromatherapy was effective in reducing anxiety levels among hemodialysis patients. Inhaled aromatherapy affects the central nervous system and has a balancing effect on the cerebral cortex and nerves in the brain. Inhaled aroma compounds will interact quickly through the central nervous system and olfactory nerves and then stimulate the nerves in the brain under the balance of the cerebral cortex to produce the release of the hormone melatonin, serotonin, which can cause a feeling of relaxation or sedative. Future research should include a variety of aromatherapy variants that can be used based on patient preferences, as well as an assessment of possible side effects.

scholarly journals Guidelines for Robotic Flexible Endoscopy at the Time of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onaizah Onaizah ◽  
Zaneta Koszowska ◽  
Conchubhair Winters ◽  
Venkatamaran Subramanian ◽  
David Jayne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Flexible Endoscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Aerosol Generation ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures

Flexible endoscopy involves the insertion of a long narrow flexible tube into the body for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, flexible endoscopy plays a major role in cancer screening, surveillance, and treatment programs. As a result of gas insufflation during the procedure, both upper and lower GI endoscopy procedures have been classified as aerosol generating by the guidelines issued by the respective societies during the COVID-19 pandemic—although no quantifiable data on aerosol generation currently exists. Due to the risk of COVID-19 transmission to healthcare workers, most societies halted non-emergency and diagnostic procedures during the lockdown. The long-term implications of stoppage in cancer diagnoses and treatment is predicted to lead to a large increase in preventable deaths. Robotics may play a major role in this field by allowing healthcare operators to control the flexible endoscope from a safe distance and pave a path for protecting healthcare workers through minimizing the risk of virus transmission without reducing diagnostic and therapeutic capacities. This review focuses on the needs and challenges associated with the design of robotic flexible endoscopes for use during a pandemic. The authors propose that a few minor changes to existing platforms or considerations for platforms in development could lead to significant benefits for use during infection control scenarios.

scholarly journals The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Janice Wang ◽  
Line Ahm Mielby ◽  
Jonas Yde Junge ◽  
Anne Sjoerup Bertelsen ◽  
Ulla Kidmose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Food Colour ◽  
Flavour Perception ◽  
Health Need ◽  
New Framework

When it comes to eating and drinking, multiple factors from diverse sensory modalities have been shown to influence multisensory flavour perception and liking. These factors have heretofore been strictly divided into either those that are intrinsic to the food itself (e.g., food colour, aroma, texture), or those that are extrinsic to it (e.g., related to the packaging, receptacle or external environment). Given the obvious public health need for sugar reduction, the present review aims to compare the relative influences of product-intrinsic and product-extrinsic factors on the perception of sweetness. Evidence of intrinsic and extrinsic sensory influences on sweetness are reviewed. Thereafter, we take a cognitive neuroscience perspective and evaluate how differences may occur in the way that food-intrinsic and extrinsic information become integrated with sweetness perception. Based on recent neuroscientific evidence, we propose a new framework of multisensory flavour integration focusing not on the food-intrinsic/extrinsic divide, but rather on whether the sensory information is perceived to originate from within or outside the body. This framework leads to a discussion on the combinability of intrinsic and extrinsic influences, where we refer to some existing examples and address potential theoretical limitations. To conclude, we provide recommendations to those in the food industry and propose directions for future research relating to the need for long-term studies and understanding of individual differences.

Physical and Psychological Benefits of Written Emotional Expression

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Kállay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Expressive Writing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. The last several decades have witnessed a substantial increase in the number of individuals suffering from both diagnosable and subsyndromal mental health problems. Consequently, the development of cost-effective treatment methods, accessible to large populations suffering from different forms of mental health problems, became imperative. A very promising intervention is the method of expressive writing (EW), which may be used in both clinically diagnosable cases and subthreshold symptomatology. This method, in which people express their feelings and thoughts related to stressful situations in writing, has been found to improve participants’ long-term psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social functioning. Based on a thorough analysis and synthesis of the published literature (also including most recent meta-analyses), the present paper presents the expressive writing method, its short- and long-term, intra-and interpersonal effects, different situations and conditions in which it has been proven to be effective, the most important mechanisms implied in the process of recovery, advantages, disadvantages, and possible pitfalls of the method, as well as variants of the original technique and future research directions.

Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

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