Risk Factors of Stuttering

Abstract Background Stuttering is a multifactorial and complex disorder that results from the influence of many factors, which include genetic predisposition, motor speech skills, linguistic skills and cognitive, emotional and environmental factors. A wide range of possible risk factors has been proposed in the literature, including age; gender; type and manner of onset; duration of the disfluency; type of disfluency; associated communicative and qualitative factors; physical and emotional stress; family history of stuttering; personal, familial and social reaction; and family attitudes. Objectives The aim of this work is to study the different risk factors of stuttering in children in order to understand more about its nature, etiology and to help to decrease its incidence if possible. Patients and Methods For this purpose; 96 patients complained from stuttering were evaluated. All data were collected after completing the assessment of patients and their parents. They were 60 (62.5%) male patients and 36 (37.5%) female patients, they showed a statistically significant difference. The age of the patients ranged from 4 to 18 years with mean ± SD of 7.75 ± 4.78 years. The age of onset of the studied patients ranged from 3 to 12 years with mean ± SD of 4.25 ± 2.31 years. Most of the patients were resident in rural areas; 64 patients (66.67%), while the urban resident was 32 patients (33.33%), they were statistically significant. Results The present study showed the etiology of stuttering in the studied patients. The most prominent cause was the developmental stuttering (86.45%) followed by neurological stuttering (13.55%). The dysfluency distribution of the studied patients. The most prominent was the Syllables and words repetition 65 (67.7%) of patients followed by IPDs 22 (22.9%) of the patients, 6 (6.25%) of the patients had prolongation and 3 (3.125%) of the patients had tonic blocks. Our study observed that family history of stuttering was found in 54 (56.25%) of patients, consanguinity was found in 30 (31.25%) of the patients, first degree relatives was found in 15 (15.625%) of the patients and second-degree relatives was present in 6 (6.25%) of the patients. Conclusion The data of the present study concluded that the presence of stuttering or defects in speech quality and communication. Risk factors include multifactorial dynamic pathways that include: positive family history, being male (as boys are more likely than girls to keep stuttering), the onset (as children who start to stutter before age 3½ are more likely to outgrow it than children who start to stutter at an older age), the amount of time that it's lasted.

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Prevalence of Psoriasis Vulgaris and Its Associated Risk Factors in Pakistan

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i43b32585 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 390-395

Author(s):

Syeda Ujala Sohail ◽

Nasima Iqbal ◽

Ashok Kumar ◽

Sarwath Fatimee ◽

Ayesha Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Standard Deviation ◽

Family History ◽

Psoriasis Vulgaris ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Strong Association ◽

Positive Family History ◽

P Value ◽

History Of ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Aim: To find out the prevalence of psoriasis vulgaris and its associated risk factors. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Rawalpindi Leprosy Hospital during January 2019 to December 2019. Methodology: The diagnosed cases of Psoriasis Vulgaris (PsV) were included in the study. All the patients were investigated on the basis of an in depth Performa. The Performa include all the relevant clinical and family history of the patient along with the personal details. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. All the numerical variables were presented as mean with standard deviation while categorical data as frequency and percentages. The association of risk factors with the Psoriasis was calculated by using the Chi-square test. p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Mean age with standard deviation of patients was 34.7±14. Most of the diagnosed patients were male and below 40 years of age, only 4.2% cases were having positive family history of Psoriasis and found significant correlation. The frequency of onset of symptoms in adolescent was more as compared to childhood i.e. 95.3% and 4.7% respectively. Majority of psoriasis cases (65.3%) were from non-smoker group and having strong association with smoking. The frequency of arthritis among psoriasis patients was 23.7% and majority of the patients, who developed arthritis were those having age <40 year and were suffering from psoriasis since 5-10 years. Conclusion: Current study concluded that Psoriasis vulgar is having higher prevalence rate among male and below 40 years of age group. The results also suggested a strong association of severity of psoriasis with certain risk factors including family history, age of onset of symptoms, smoking and arthritis.

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Risk factors for developing epilepsy in children with cerebral pals

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kmj2021-421 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 421-427

Author(s):

A K Mammadbayli ◽

M R Taghiyeva

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Family History ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Main Group ◽

Neonatal Seizures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Epilepsy

Aim. To identify the most important risk factors affecting the development of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Methods. The study included 160 cerebral palsy patients with and without epilepsy who received treatment at the Baku Children's Neurological Hospital. The patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted of 110 (68.7%) patients with cerebral palsy and epilepsy, and the second group consisted of 50 (31.3%) patients with cerebral palsy. The age of children ranged from 1 to 14 years. Statistical data processing was performed by using the SPSS software version 16.0. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical measurements. T-test for independent groups was used for comparison between groups of continuous measurements. Binary logistic regression was used for determining the risk factors. In all tests, the level of statistical significance was set at p 0.05. Results. There was no significant difference in age and gender distribution between groups (p=0.492 and p=0.818, respectively). 10 (9.1%) children in the main group had a positive family history of epilepsy (odds ratio 8.08, p=0.028). Neonatal seizures were observed in 25 (22.7%) children in the main group and 3 (6%) children in the control group (odds ratio 4.4, p=0.010). The presence of infection during pregnancy in the mother was found in both the main (39.1%) and control (20%) groups (odds ratio 2.6, p=0.018). Level IV of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was the most frequent among patients with epilepsy (odds ratio 12.8; p=0.035). The incidence rate of epilepsy among cerebral palsy patients was 68.7%. The mean age of onset of seizures was 19.226.6 months. The most frequent epileptic seizures (55.5%) occurred in spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Conclusion. The presence of a positive family history of epilepsy, neonatal seizures, maternal infection during pregnancy and severe GMFCS level were identified as factors for the development of epilepsy in patients with cerebral palsy; premature birth, presence of hypoxic-ischemic injury, low birth weight, consanguineous marriage, multiple pregnancies, or gender were not identified as risk factors for the development of epilepsy in children.

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Comparison of Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Parturients With and Without a Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1696947 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (11) ◽

pp. 647-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Inês Carolina Siqueira Freitas ◽

Micheli Cristiane Hintz ◽

Larissa Chaiane Orth ◽

Tamara Gonçalves da Rosa ◽

Betine Moehlecke Iser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Previous History ◽

Diabetes Diagnosis ◽

Fetal Outcomes ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

Abstract Objective The present study aims to compare the maternal and fetal outcomes of parturients with and without a gestational diabetes diagnosis. Methods A case-control study including parturients with (cases) and without (control) a gestational diabetes diagnosis, who delivered at a teaching hospital in Southern Brazil, between May and August 2018. Primary and secondary data were used. Bivariate analysis and a backward conditional multivariate logistic regression were used to make comparisons between cases and controls, which were expressed by odds ratio (OR), with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and a statistical significance level of 5%. Results The cases (n = 47) were more likely to be 35 years old or older compared with the controls (n = 93) (p < 0.001). The cases had 2.56 times greater chance of being overweight (p = 0.014), and a 2.57 times greater chance of having a positive family history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference regarding weight gain, presence of a previous history of gestational diabetes, height, or delivery route. The mean weight at birth was significantly higher in the infants of mothers diagnosed with diabetes (p = 0.01). There was a 4.7 times greater chance of macrosomia (p < 0.001) and a 5.4 times greater chance of neonatal hypoglycemia (p = 0.01) in the infants of mothers with gestational diabetes. Conclusion Therefore, maternal age, family history of type 2 diabetes, obesity and pregestational overweightness are important associated factors for a higher chance of developing gestational diabetes.

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Study of risk factors and its correlation with constraint induced movement therapy for atherosclerosis in patients of coronary artery disease and their offspring

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20200656 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 446

Author(s):

Venugopal Margekar ◽

Shweta Thakur ◽

O. P. Jatav ◽

Pankaj Yadav

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Control Group ◽

Medical College ◽

Constraint Induced Movement Therapy ◽

Group Data ◽

History Of ◽

Artery Disease

Background: A significant percent of cardiovascular event occurs without well-known modifiable risk. A new tool for early identification for atherosclerosis is required for early intervention. Aims and objectives of the study was to study the risk factors for CAD and its correlation with CIMT.Methods: One hundred and forty subjects were studied for the risk factors of CAD in Department of Medicine of G.R. Medical College, Gwalior from 2012 to 2013. Out of 140 subjects, 100 were patients having CAD and 40 age matched subjects were included as control group. Data was also recorded from their offspring. High resolution B mode ultrasonography was performed to assess CIMT of carotid arteries. The maximum CIMT of any one side of carotid artery was taken for study.Results: CAD was more prevalent among males (78%). Majority of the offspring of cases had age between 28-42 years and majority were male (73%). Most common risk factors for CAD was dyslipidemia (48%), hypertension (24%), diabetes (12%) and smoking (21%), whereas in offspring’s of CAD patients, dyslipidemia was seen in 28%, hypertension in 3%, diabetes and tobacco smoking in 12% and 24% respectively. The CIMT of CAD patients was significantly increased with increasing the number of risk factors and the same pattern was also seen in controls. The CIMT of asymptomatic offspring’s having positive family history was significantly more than the asymptomatic offspring without positive family history of CAD.Conclusions: CIMT measurements can be used as a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis as it has showed a direct link with number of risk factors of CAD.

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Identification of Coronary Risk Factors Among Urban and Rural Malaysian Youths and Their Possible Underlying Causes

10.21203/rs.3.rs-514827/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Noor Shafina Mohd Nor ◽

Yung-An Chua ◽

Suraya Abdul Razak ◽

Zaliha Ismail ◽

Hapizah Mohd Nawawi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Later Life ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Coronary Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Risk ◽

History Of

Abstract Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early identification of the coronary risk factors (CRF) among youths assists in determining the high-risk group to develop CAD in later life. In view of the modernised lifestyle, both urban and rural residing youths are thought to be equally exposed to various CRF. This study aimed to describe the common CRF including obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking and family history of premature CAD in Malaysian youths residing in urban and rural areas. Methods: We recruited 942 Malaysian subjects aged 15–24 years old [(males=257, and urban=555 vs rural=387, (mean age + SD = 20.5 + 2.1 years)] from the community health screening programmes organised in both rural and urban regions throughout Malaysia. Medical history and standardised anthropometric measurements were recorded. Laboratory investigations were obtained for fasting serum lipid profiles and plasma glucose levels. Results: Youths in the rural were more overweight and obese (49.4% vs 42.7%, p<0.044) and have higher family history of hyperlipidaemia (16.3% vs 11.3%, p<0.036) than youths in the urban areas. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (2.8 vs 2.7 mmol/L) and total cholesterol (TC) (4.7 vs 4.5 mmol/L) were significantly higher in urban compared to rural youths (p<0.019 and p<0.012). Overall, more youth in this study has CRF rather than not (Has CRF = 67.0% vs No CRF = 33.0%). Significantly more rural youths have at least one CRF compared to urban youths (rural = 71.6% vs urban = 63.8%, p=0.012). Conclusion: In conclusion, rural youths have significantly higher BMI with higher family history of hyperlipidaemia compared to urban youths. However, urban youths have higher LDL-c and TC levels. Other coronary risk factors are not significantly different between urban and rural youths. CRF were significantly more prevalent among rural compared to urban youths.

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The Characteristics of Risk Factors in Chinese Young Women with Acute Coronary Syndrome

10.21203/rs.3.rs-19763/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ruifang Liu ◽

Fangxing Xu ◽

Yujie Zhou ◽

Tongku Liu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Young Women ◽

Early Onset ◽

Young Female ◽

Cardiac Insufficiency ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gynecological Diseases ◽

History Of

Abstract Background In recent years, the prevalence rate of ACS in Chinese young women has been increasing significantly, becoming the main cause of death in young female. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and difference of risk factors in Chinese young women with ACS and to provide references for ACS prevention and treatment. Methods A 1:1 case-control study was conducted to evaluate risk factors of 415 young female patients with ACS (ACS group) who underwent PCI treatment and 415 young female cases without ACS (control group) who were hospitalized and confirmed by coronary angiography to exclude coronary heart disease from January 2010 to August 2016. The average age of the cases in the two groups was respectively (40.77±4.02) years-old and (40.57±4.01) years-old (P> 0.05). Results The risk factors in ACS group were overweight (64.10%), hypertension (49.88%), hyperlipidemia (35.66%), diabetes (23.37%), depression or anxiety disorder (16.62%), gynecological diseases (16.39%), Hyperuricemia (15.18%), family history of early onset coronary heart disease (14.94%), hyperhomocysteinemia (11.33%), hypothyroidism(14.96%), hypercholesterolemia (8.43%) and high c-reactive protein (7.47%), and were statistically significant difference (P<0.01) compared with that of control group. The average number of risk factors per case in ACS group was significantly more than that of control groups (P<0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of combined risk factors of the overweight cases compared between two groups (P<0.01). Regression analysis showed that hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, overweight（obesity）, high CRP, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gynecological diseases, depression or anxiety, cardiac insufficiency, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, oral contraceptives, family history of early onset CHD, and autoimmune diseases were independent risk factors (P<0.01). The bivariate correlation analysis between CRP level and age was r= -0.158 (P<0.01). This result showed the younger ACS patient is the higher serum CRP. Conclusion The independent risk factors of ACS in young women are hyperlipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, overweight, high CRP, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gynecological diseases, depression or anxiety, cardiac insufficiency, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, oral contraceptives, family history of early onset CHD, and autoimmune diseases. The co-existence of multiple risk factors is the main cause suffering from ACS in young women.

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Major clinical risk factors for seizures in febrile children aged 6 to 60 months.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.05.3397 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (05) ◽

pp. 891-894

Author(s):

Shahid Ishaq ◽

Ejaz Mazari ◽

Fazal ur Rehman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Febrile Seizures ◽

Study Groups ◽

Clinical Risk Factors ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Clinical Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of

Objectives: Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common type of seizures and typically transpire in children with ages from 6 to 60 months. This study was planned to find out major clinical risk factors for seizures in febrile children who were aged 6 to 60 months. A total of 100 febrile children aged 6 to 60. Study Design: Analytical Study. Setting: Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Multan. Period: From 1st April 2018 to 31st December 2018. Material & Methods: Group A had 40 children with febrile seizures while group B had 60 febrile children but without seizures. Demographic features along with family history of (H/O) epilepsy as well as family history of febrile seizure, types of seizure and infection diseases were noted and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Odds ratio was calculated for various risk factors. Chi square test was applied and P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Out of a total of 100 children, there were 54 (54.0%) male and 46 (46.0%) female. There was no statistical difference in terms of gender between the two groups (p value = 0.566). Overall, mean age of the children was 26.02 months with standard deviation of 13.4 months. There were 28 (70.0%) children who reported with simple seizures while complex seizures were found in 12 (30.0%) cases. Statistically significant difference (p value = 0.001) was seen in terms of types of infections between the two study groups. When risk of seizures for various risk factors was calculated, family H/O FS, family H/O epilepsy, and upper RTI were as 14, 7 and 3 times respectively and turned out to be the major risk factors for seizures in febrile children. Conclusions: Family H/O FS, family H/O epilepsy and upper RTIs are the major risk factors related with seizures in febrile children. Measures to prevent these risk factors can decrease the burden of FS in our population.

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Clinical, epidemiological and autoimmune associations in childhood vitiligo in Qatar

International Journal of Research in Dermatology ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20200594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 151

Author(s):

Haya Al Mannai ◽

Mohamed Allam ◽

Hassan Riad

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Thyroid Peroxidase ◽

Base Line ◽

Adult Onset ◽

Prognostic Features ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean

Background: Childhood vitiligo although clinically similar to adult onset vitiligo but it has distinct clinical, epidemiological and prognostic features compared to adult onset vitiligo.Methods: This is a retrospective study that was carried out on 85 pediatric patients up to age of 18 years old with the diagnosis of vitiligo, where the clinical and epidemiological data including clinical type of vitiligo, family history of autoimmune diseases like thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus and laboratory results including anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibodies), anti-parietal cell antibodies, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), Vitamin D and Vitamin B12 were retrieved from the files of these patients.Results: The mean age of the children affected by vitiligo was 10.4 years, the mean age of onset of vitiligo was 5.4 years, 54 (63.5%) percent were girls and 31 (36.5%) were boys. A positive family history of vitiligo was found in 44.7% of the participants, family history of DM was found in 64.7% of patients and family history of thyroid disease was found in 32.9% of the participants. The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity was found to be in 22.4% of total participants.Conclusions: Childhood vitiligo has distinct clinical features, more common family history for autoimmune diseases and thyroid autoantibodies rather than overt clinical diseases, which raise the necessity to perform a routine initial immunological and thyroid screening in children with vitiligo and to repeat them at annual bases if there were abnormal values at base line or strong family history.

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Parkinson’s disease determinants, prediction and gene–environment interactions in the UK Biobank

Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/jnnp-2020-323646 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 91 (10) ◽

pp. 1046-1054 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Benjamin Meir Jacobs ◽

Daniel Belete ◽

Jonathan Bestwick ◽

Cornelis Blauwendraat ◽

Sara Bandres-Ciga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Family History ◽

Genetic Risk ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Gene Environment ◽

History Of

ObjectiveTo systematically investigate the association of environmental risk factors and prodromal features with incident Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis and the interaction of genetic risk with these factors. To evaluate whether existing risk prediction algorithms are improved by the inclusion of genetic risk scores.MethodsWe identified individuals with an incident diagnosis of PD (n=1276) and controls (n=500 406) in UK Biobank. We determined the association of risk factors with incident PD using adjusted logistic regression models. We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRSs) using external weights and selected the best PRS from a subset of the cohort (30%). The PRS was used in a separate testing set (70%) to examine gene–environment interactions and compare predictive models for PD.ResultsStrong evidence of association (false discovery rate <0.05) was found between PD and a positive family history of PD, a positive family history of dementia, non-smoking, low alcohol consumption, depression, daytime somnolence, epilepsy and earlier menarche. Individuals with the highest 10% of PRSs had increased risk of PD (OR 3.37, 95% CI 2.41 to 4.70) compared with the lowest risk decile. A higher PRS was associated with earlier age at PD diagnosis and inclusion of the PRS in the PREDICT-PD algorithm led to a modest improvement in model performance. We found evidence of an interaction between the PRS and diabetes.InterpretationHere, we used UK Biobank data to reproduce several well-known associations with PD, to demonstrate the validity of a PRS and to demonstrate a novel gene–environment interaction, whereby the effect of diabetes on PD risk appears to depend on background genetic risk for PD.

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