scholarly journals M30. THE ASSOCIATION OF PEER-REPORTED BULLYING AND SOCIAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS WITH PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN CHILDHOOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S145-S146
Author(s):  
Lisa Steenkamp ◽  
Henning Tiemeier ◽  
Koen Bolhuis ◽  
Manon Hillegers ◽  
Steven A Kushner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Peer Rejection ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Teacher Report ◽  
Bullying Perpetration ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prospective Association ◽  
Peer Report

Abstract Background Psychotic experiences (PEs) are common in childhood and predictive of poor mental health outcomes, including psychosis, depression, and suicidal behavior. Prior studies indicate that bullying involvement and peer relationship difficulties may be linked to increased risk of PEs. However, most studies relied on self-report measures, while an approach including peer-report measures provides a more valid and comprehensive assessment of bullying and social relationships. This study aimed (1) to examine the prospective association of bullying perpetration and victimization with PEs in childhood, using a peer-nomination method complemented by ratings from mothers and teachers; (2) to investigate the prospective association between children’s social positions within classroom peer networks and PEs in childhood. Methods This study was embedded in the population-based Generation R Study, a birth cohort from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Peer-reported bullying as well as peer rejection, peer acceptance, and prosocial behavior were obtained using dyadic peer nominations in classrooms, victimization was reported by the child itself (n=925, age=7.5). Bullying involvement was additionally assessed by teacher-reported questionnaire (n=1565, age=7.2) and mother-reported questionnaire (n=3276, age=8.1). Using network analysis, we constructed classroom peer networks for peer rejection, peer acceptance, and prosocial behavior and estimated children’s social positions within each network (i.e., degree centrality, closeness centrality and reciprocity). PEs were assessed at age 10 years with a self-report questionnaire. All analyses were adjusted for relevant potential confounders, including age, sex, ethnicity, and maternal education. Results After adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, higher bullying perpetration and higher victimization scores at 7–8 years were associated with increased risk of PEs at age 10 years for peer/self-report, teacher report, and mother report (bullying perpetration – peer report: OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.05–1.43, p=0.010, teacher report: OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.97–1.14, p=0.15, and mother report: OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.19, p=0.005; victimization – self report: OR=1.16, 95% CI 1.01–1.34, p=0.036, teacher report: OR=1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.25, p=0.023, and mother report: OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.10–1.27, p<0.001). Unfavorable positions within the peer rejection network were associated with increased risk of PEs (OR degree centrality=1.25, 95% CI 1.07–1.45, p FDR-corrected =0.036). After correction for multiple testing, there were no significant associations between social positions and PEs within the peer acceptance and the prosocial behavior networks. Discussion This is the first study to demonstrate that peer-reported bullying and peer rejection are associated with increased risk of PEs in childhood. Our findings extend current knowledge of self-perceptions in the context of psychosis vulnerability by offering unique insight into peer perceptions of bullying and social relationships. The consistent findings across child, mother, and teacher ratings provide important support for the role of bullying victimization and perpetration in the development of PEs. In addition, our findings showed that children with negative peer perceptions, i.e., children who are rejected by their peers, were at increased risk of PEs. School-based interventions aimed at preventing and eliminating bullying and social exclusion may help to prevent the development of PEs, and, hence, prevent the onset of severe mental health outcomes.

Predicting differentiated developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior: A 12-year longitudinal study of children facing early risks and vulnerabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 016502542093563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinxin Shi ◽  
Idean Ettekal ◽  
Jeffrey Liew ◽  
Steven Woltering
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Peer Rejection ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Stable Class

The current study examined the heterogeneity in the development of school-based prosocial behavior from Grades 1 to 12 and the role of multiple early childhood antecedents in predicting heterogeneous developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior in a sample of 784 children facing early risks and vulnerabilities (predominantly from low-income families and academically at risk; 52.6% male). In alignment with the risk and resilience framework, antecedents consisted of risk and protective factors from both individual (i.e., ego-resilient personality, behavior problems, intelligence, academic performance, gender, and ethnicity) and contextual domains (i.e., maternal support and responsiveness, family socioeconomic adversity, teacher–child warmth and conflict, and peer acceptance and rejection). We identified four distinct prosocial trajectories including a high-stable (52.5%), high-desisting (15%), moderate-increasing (20.6%), and low-stable class (11.9%). Results revealed that the low-stable, high-desisting, and moderate-increasing classes were associated with lower ego resiliency, higher behavior problems, lower teacher–child warmth, higher teacher–child conflict, and peer rejection in early childhood, compared to the high-stable group. Boys and African Americans were more likely to be in the low-stable, high-desisting, and moderate-increasing classes. Individual characteristics such as ego-resilient personality and contextual influences such as teacher–child warmth served as common protective antecedents. Interestingly, teacher–child conflict served as a unique predictor for the high-desisting class, and behavior problems and peer rejection served as unique predictors for the low-stable class.

Self-Report, Peer-Report, and Teacher-Report Measures of Childhood Depression: An Analysis by Item

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Crowley ◽  
Frances F. Worchel ◽  
Michael J. Ash
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Depression ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Teacher Report ◽  
Peer Report

scholarly journals Vínculos familiares e inclusión social. Variables predictoras de la conducta prosocial en la infancia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M. Tur-Porcar ◽  
Anna Doménech ◽  
Vicenta Mestre
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Parental Attachment ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Peer Rejection ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Emotional Instability

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosocial behavior and family environment variables (attachment to the mother and father and abandonment by the mother and father), personal variables (emotional instability, aggression, and coping strategies), and variables that relate to the immediate social environment (peer acceptance and rejection). This study also examined the predictors of prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is a personal protective factor that encourages positive relationships between peers and promotes personal and social adjustment behaviors (Mikolajewski, Chavarria, Moltisanti, Hart &amp; Taylor, 2014). A study with a sample of 1,447 children (50.4% male and 49.6% female) aged between 7 and 12 years (<em>M</em> = 9.27; <em>SD</em> = 1.36) was conducted. The results confirmed the positive relationships between prosocial behavior and parental attachment, functional coping, and peer acceptance. The results also confirmed the negative relationships between prosocial behavior and abandonment by the parents, emotional instability, aggression, dysfunctional coping, and peer rejection. The positive predictor variables for prosocial behavior were attachment to the mother, functional coping, and expectations of peer acceptance. The negative predictor variables for prosocial behavior were emotional instability, physical and verbal aggression, and expectations of peer rejection. The findings have educational implications, which are discussed herein.

scholarly journals Prosocial behavior relates to the rate and timing of cortical thinning from adolescence to young adulthood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Ferschmann ◽  
Nandita Vijayakumar ◽  
Håkon Grydeland ◽  
Knut Overbye ◽  
Donatas Sederevicius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties

Prosocial behavior, or voluntary actions that intentionally benefit others, relate to desirable developmental outcomes such as peer acceptance, while lack of prosocial behavior has been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mapping the biological foundations of prosociality may thus aid our understanding of both normal and abnormal development, yet how prosociality relates to cortical development is largely unknown. Here, relations between prosociality, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (self-report), and changes in thickness across the cortical mantle were examined using mixed-effects models. The sample consisted of 169 healthy individuals (92 females) aged 12-26 with repeated MRI from up to 3 time points, at approximately 3-year intervals (301 scans). In regions associated with social cognition and behavioral control, higher prosociality was associated with greater cortical thinning during early-to-middle adolescence, followed by attenuation of this process during the transition to young adulthood. Comparatively, lower prosociality was related to initially slower thinning, followed by comparatively protracted thinning into the mid-twenties. This study showed that prosocial behavior is associated with regional development of cortical thickness in adolescence and young adulthood. The results suggest that the rate of thinning in these regions, as well as its timing, may be factors related to prosocial behavior.

A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists' Approaches to Assessing Social Communication Disorders in Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Kristen Izaryk ◽  
Robin Edge ◽  
Dawn Lechwar
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Teacher Report ◽  
Formal Assessment ◽  
Language Sampling ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Social Communication Disorders

Purpose The purpose of this article is to explore and describe the approaches and specific assessment tools that speech-language pathologists are currently using to assess social communication disorders (SCDs) in children, in relation to current best practices. Method Ninety-four speech-language pathologists completed an online survey asking them to identify which of the following approaches they use to assess children with SCD: parent/teacher report, naturalistic observation, formal assessment, language sample analysis, interviews, semistructured tasks, and peer/self-report. Participants were also asked to identify specific assessment tools they use within each approach. Results Participants most commonly assess SCDs by combining interviews, naturalistic observation, language sampling, parent/teacher report, and formal assessment. Semistructured tasks and peer/self-report tools were less frequently utilized. Several established parent/teacher report and formal assessment tools were commonly identified for assessing SCDs. Most participants use an informal approach for interviews, language sampling, and naturalistic observations in their SCD assessment process. Conclusions Generally, participants follow best practices for assessing SCDs by combining several different approaches. Some considerations for future assessment are identified, including the use of established protocols in the place of informal approaches in order to make the assessment of SCDs more systematic. Future directions for research are discussed.

Ethical Issues Relevant to the Assessment of Suicide Risk in Nonclinical Research Settings

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Wilson ◽  
Bruce K. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Genetic Features ◽  
Conducting Research

Background: Our laboratory recently confronted this issue while conducting research with undergraduate students at the University of Waterloo (UW). Although our main objective was to examine cognitive and genetic features of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), the study protocol also entailed the completion of various self-report measures to identify participants deemed at increased risk for suicide. Aims and Methods: This paper seeks to review and discuss the relevant ethical guidelines and legislation that bear upon a psychologist’s obligation to further assess and intervene when research participants reveal that they are at increased risk for suicide. Results and Conclusions: In the current paper we argue that psychologists are ethically impelled to assess and appropriately intervene in cases of suicide risk, even when such risk is revealed within a research context. We also discuss how any such obligation may potentially be modulated by the research participant’s expectations of the role of a psychologist, within such a context. Although the focus of the current paper is on the ethical obligations of psychologists, specifically those practicing within Canada, the relevance of this paper extends to all regulated health professionals conducting research in nonclinical settings.

In Search of the Prosocial Personality

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Wertag ◽  
Denis Bratko
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Prosocial behavior is intended to benefit others rather than oneself and is positively linked to personality traits such as Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility, and usually negatively to the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). However, a significant proportion of the research in this area is conducted solely on self-report measures of prosocial behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosociality and the basic (i.e., HEXACO) and dark personality traits, comparing their contribution in predicting both self-reported prosociality and prosocial behavior. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that the Dark Triad traits explain prosociality and prosocial behavior above and beyond the HEXACO traits, emphasizing the importance of the Dark Triad in the personality space.

scholarly journals Mental health of undocumented migrants and migrants undergoing regularization in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Fakhoury ◽  
Claudine Burton-Jeangros ◽  
Liala Consoli ◽  
Aline Duvoisin ◽  
Delphine Courvoisier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background Undocumented migrants live and work in precarious conditions. Few studies have explored the mental health consequences of such environment. The objective of this study is to describe the mental health of migrants at different stages of a regularization program. Methods This cross-sectional study included migrants undocumented or in the process of regularization. We screened for symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance using validated tools. We created a composite outcome of altered mental health including these components plus self-report of a recent diagnosis of mental health condition by a health professional. Results We enrolled 456 participants of whom 246 (53.9%) were undocumented. They were predominantly women (71.9%) with a median age of 43.3 (interquartile range: 15.5) years, from Latin America (63.6%) or Asia (20.2%) who had lived in Switzerland for 12 (IQR: 7) years. Overall, 57.2% presented symptoms of altered mental health. Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance were 36% (95% confidence interval: 31.6–40.6%), 45.4% (95% CI: 40.8–50.1%) and 23% (95% CI: 19.2–27.2), respectively. Younger age (adjusted odd ratio: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–0.9 for each additional decade), social isolation (aOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.4–4.2), exposure to abuse (aOR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1–3.5), financial instability (aOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.7) and multi-morbidity (aOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.7–6.5) were associated with increased risk of having altered mental health while being in the early stages of the process of regularization had no effect (aOR: 1.3: 95% CI: 0.8–2.2). Conclusions This study highlights the need for multi-pronged social and health interventions addressing the various domains of undocumented migrants living difficulties as complement to legal status regularization policies. Protection against unfair working conditions and abuse, access to adequate housing, promoting social integration and preventive interventions to tackle the early occurrence of chronic diseases may all contribute to reduce the burden of altered mental health in this group. More research is needed to assess the long-term impact of legal status regularization on mental health.

Patterns of Social Relationships and Psychological Well-being among the Elderly

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Takahashi ◽  
Junko Tamura ◽  
Makiko Tokoro
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Type Method

On the premise that social relationships among elderly adults differ in terms of the most significant, dominant figure, this study aimed to examine: (1) whether there were qualitative differences in supportive functions between family-dominant and friend-dominant affective relationships, and (2) whether “lone wolves”, who were deficient in human resources, had difficulties in maintaining their well-being. A total of 148 Japanese, over the age of 65, both living in communities and in institutions were individually interviewed about their social relationships using a self-report type method, the Picture Affective Relationships test, and their well-being was assessed using Depression, Self-esteem, Life satisfaction, and Subjective health scales. Results showed that there were no differences in psychological well-being between family-dominant and friend-dominant participants, but those who lacked affective figures had lower scores in subjective well-being than did their family-dominant and friend-dominant counterparts. The generalisation of these findings to other cultures is discussed.

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