Variable Bedding, Planting, Harvesting and Transportation Costs Impact Optimal Economic Management Regimes

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Borders ◽  
W. Dale Greene ◽  
Michael L. Clutter
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Transportation Costs ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
Bare Land Value ◽  
Economic Considerations

Abstract Stand management decisions should be based on economic considerations for profit-oriented organizations and individuals. Maximization of bare land value is an appropriate criterion to use for such decisions. It is argued that planting, bedding, harvesting, and transportation costs vary by stand density and should therefore be incorporated into the decision-making process as variable costs on industrial lands. It is shown that not allowing for such variable costs leads to less than optimal decisions concerning planting density and rotation age. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):38-43.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Lophodermium Needle Cast on The Growth of Scots Pine and Implications for Financial Outcomes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Āris Jansons ◽  
Pauls Zeltiņš ◽  
Jānis Donis ◽  
Una Neimane
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Needle Cast ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Negative Effect

In Northern Europe, climate change may facilitate the prevalence of Scots pine, yet also promote the spread of pathogens attacking this species. A common biotic risk for Scots pine in nurseries and young stands is Lophodermium needle cast, primarily caused by Lophodermium seditiosum, which negatively affects the survival and growth of saplings. Reduced tree growth has been observed several years after damage by Lophodermium needle cast. However, for decision-making in protection or resistance breeding, an estimate of financial loss is important. Thus, the study aimed to assess the long-term influence of Lophodermium needle cast on the growth and financial value of Scots pine stands. The effect of needle cast damage during the sixth growing season on growth at the age of 17 years was evaluated in a control-crossed Scots pine progeny trial, and the results indicated a significantly negative effect on the height and diameter of the trees. A significant family effect also existed on the severity of the needle cast damage. Long-term simulations indicated that severely damaged Scots pines had a reduced equivalent annual annuity (EAA) of almost 100% at the final harvest. More intensive early management to reduce stand density could partly compensate for losses caused by needle cast. A higher EAA for the most resistant group of trees regardless of the stand management scenarios suggests an economically justified potential for improved resistance. Strong negative (−0.62 to −0.70) correlations of height and survival with the proportion of severely affected trees at the family mean level implies that resistant genotypes can be selected along with improved growth in progeny trials, which are affected by needle cast.

On the economics of optimal timber production in boreal Scots pine stands

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 719-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Tahvonen ◽  
Sampo Pihlainen ◽  
Sami Niinimäki
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Pattern Search ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Volume Yield

This study analyzes the optimal management of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands by applying recent developments in numerical optimization methods and forest production ecology. Our approach integrates a process-based, stand-level growth model and a detailed economic description of stand management. The variables optimized include the initial stand density, the number, timing, type, and intensity of thinnings, and the rotation period. A generalized pattern search is used to maximize the present value of net timber revenue over an infinite time horizon. The model adopts quality pricing, which takes branch size and quality into account, to differentiate among five different timber assortments. The analysis also covers five different site types. The results demonstrate the necessity of optimizing all of the management variables simultaneously. Given a low interest rate, optimized thinning significantly increases the rotation period, volume yield, and economic outcome. At higher interest rates, optimal rotation may be shortest under the least fertile growth conditions. The inclusion of a detailed price structure reveals that previous results concerning sensitivity to timber price and the relationship between maximum sustainable yield and economic solutions do not hold true in models that provide a more realistic description of forest management.

Governing for Health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fran Baum
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiscal Health ◽  
For Profit ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Public Decision

Governing for Health makes the argument that it is vital that governments and international agencies govern in the interests of protecting the environment and promoting human health and equity. A healthy society results from the organized efforts of every sector in society to promote health in all activities. The book examines how this can be done in the fiscal, health service, education, urban planning, environment, and local government sectors. It also promotes the crucial role of civil society in advocating for the health of people and the environment. The importance of the work of each sector to health is described, and the ways in which that work can be made more health promoting are examined. Each chapter contains practical examples of changes that can be made if governing for health is privileged. A key message of the book is that in the last decades economic considerations have come to dominate public decision-making so that governing for profit has been the single-minded aim of governments. The book argues passionately that new priorities are required that see all sectors governing for the needs of people and the environment rather than for short-term profits. The book also contains a chapter directed to politicians, suggesting a manifesto for well-being. It concludes by distilling the messages of the book into six central messages for governing for health, and ends with a plea that hope and courage should dominate decision-making.

scholarly journals Growth, Biomass Production and Root Development of Chinese fir in Relation to Initial Planting Density

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taimoor Farooq ◽  
Wenjing Wu ◽  
Mulualem Tigabu ◽  
Xiangqing Ma ◽  
Zongming He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
High Density ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Intermediate Density

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) is a commercially valuable timber species that is widely planted in southern China and accounts for 6.1% of the global plantation forests. However, appropriate planting density that ensures high plantation productivity is largely unexplored in this species. The aim of the study was to examine tree growth, biomass production, and its allocation among different organs in relation to initial planting density, and to examine whether planting density has an impact on root development. Mortality, diameter at breast height and tree-height of all trees were determined and measured in wider (2.36 × 2.36 m), intermediate (1.83 × 1.83 m) and narrow (1.44 × 1.44 m) spacing with stand density of 1450 trees ha−1, 2460 trees ha−1 and 3950 trees ha−1, respectively. In each stand, three plots of 20 × 20 m at a distance of 500 m were delineated as the sampling unit. Biomass was determined by destructive sampling of trees in each stand and developing allometric equations. Root morphological traits and their spatial distribution were also determined by carefully excavating the root systems. The results showed an increase in diameter of trees with decreasing stand density while tree height was independent of stand density. Biomass production of individual trees was significantly (p < 0.05) less in high-density stand (32.35 ± 2.98 kg tree−1) compared to low-density stand (44.72 ± 4.96 kg tree−1) and intermediate-density stand (61.35 ± 4.78 kg tree−1) while stand biomass production differed significantly in the order of intermediate (67.63 ± 5.14 t ha−1) > high (57.08 ± 3.13 t ha−1) > low (27.39 ± 3.42 t ha−1) stand density. Both average root length and root volume were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the high-density stand than stands with low and intermediate density. Analysis of spatial distribution of root systems revealed no overlap between roots of neighboring trees in the competition zone in low-density stand, a subtle overlap in the intermediate density stand and larger overlap in the high-density stand. It can be concluded that better growth and biomass production in intermediate density stand could be explained by better root structural development coupled with minimal competition with understory vegetation and between trees; thus intermediate stand density can be optimal for sustaining long-term productivity and may reduce the management cost in the early phase of the plantation.

scholarly journals MAIN DIRECTIONS IN THE PUBLISHING AND POLYGRAPHIC COMPLEX

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Gutkevych ◽  
Lina Shenderivska
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Social Mission ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
High Level

The article reveals the main issues related to the management of publishing and printing companies in the current conditions of economic development. The enterprises of the publishing and printing complex are considered as objects of investment. The basic functions of management, such as planning, organization, motivation, analysis, control are defined. Modern enterprises, which meet the needs of consumers and meet their economic interests, along with the classic tasks perform a number of socially significant functions that do not provide direct capitalization, but become a prerequisite for competitiveness. Thus, the implementation of social projects requires additional costs and is not for profit, adherence to the principles of green economy does not always have an economic benefit for the company, but requires investment. In this way, the management of enterprises becomes more open, externally oriented, and the focus shifts from the economic purpose of functioning to the social mission of the business entity. This fully corresponds to the enterprises of the publishing and printing industry, which is not a priority sector of the national economy, but is attractive to investors as one that is associated with the formation, use, development of intellectual capital. We analyzed the general management methods used in publishing and printing companies, the results of which established a number of features. Economic management methods are more developed in medium-sized enterprises, which in their work are guided by the provisions on bonuses. The payment of bonuses in small businesses is unsystematic due to the unstable amount of funding, and depends on the decision of the head of the distribution of funds between different areas of development, which negatively affects the motivation to work. At the same time, to increase the level of social protection of workers, printing companies are introducing an hourly form of wages for workers, which helps to stabilize wages in underemployment. To ensure the competitiveness of printing production, it is advisable to ensure the efficiency of production by improving operational and calendar planning, the use of parallel or combined cycle, automation of orders, improving quality control in preparation for printing, development of logistics capacity, focus on high level of services.

scholarly journals PLANT DENSITY AND FIELD GERMINATION OF WINTER TRITICALE DEPENDING ON VARIETY AND NORMAL SEEDING SEEDS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
Леонид Шашкаров ◽  
Leonid Shashkarov ◽  
Светлана Толстова ◽  
Svetlana Tolstova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Field Germination ◽  
Plant Stand

The article deals with the issues of plant density and field germination of winter triticale on gray forest soils of the southeastern part of the Volga-Vyatka zone depending on the variety and seeding rates. The question of establishing the optimum density of sowing, the area of food for grain crops served as the object of study by many researchers. The urgency of the issue of creating optimal sowing density is explained by the fact that the factors that determine the magnitude of the yield are constantly changing. The plant stand density and field germination of winter triticale are significantly influenced by the weather conditions formed during the growing season of winter triticale plants. With an increase in seeding rates, the plant stand density and seeding rate increases, respectively, is important for the formation of a given density of productive stalks. In production, these elements of technology are often underestimated and often unjustifiably overestimate the seeding rate, which is absolutely unnecessary, since the really possible yield is achieved at an optimal seeding rate with minimal seed consumption. The winter triticale seeding rates, both in Russia and in the world as a whole varies from 2 to 8 million viable seeds per hectare. The urgency of the issue of creating optimal sowing density is explained by the fact that the factors that determine the magnitude of the yield are constantly changing. Until now, there is no consensus on the dependence of planting density on the degree of fertility. Some researchers believe that nutrient-rich soil requires less seed for maximum yield. Under these conditions, the plants develop better, they bush more, the maximum yield can be obtained with a lower seeding rate. The opposite opinion that it is necessary to sow thicker on rich soils has become widespread, especially in recent years. Advocates of the bottom conclusion explain their point of view by the fact that fertile soil has a greater supply of food and moisture, therefore, more plants can be grown on the same area, which means that the seeding rate should be increased [1,2.3,4.5,6,7]. Research results indicate that winter triticale with increasing seeding rates increases plant density and field germination of winter triticale plants.

scholarly journals Effect of Rotation Age and Thinning Regime on Visual and Structural Lumber Grades of Douglas-Fir Logs

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Eini Lowell ◽  
Eric Turnblom ◽  
Jeff Comnick ◽  
CL Huang
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grade Yield ◽  
Structural Lumber ◽  
Lumber Grade

Douglas-fir, the most important timber species in the Pacific Northwest, US (PNW), has high stiffness and strength. Growing it in plantations on short rotations since the 1980s has led to concerns about the impact of juvenile/mature wood proportion on wood properties. Lumber recovered from four sites in a thinning trial in the PNW was analyzed for relationships between thinning regime and lumber grade yield. Linear mixed-effects models were developed for understanding how rotation age and thinning affect the lumber grade yield. Log small-end diameter was overall the most important for describing the presence of an appearance grade, generally exhibiting an indirect relationship with the lower quality grades. Stand Quadratic Mean Diameter (QMD) was found to be the next most uniformly important predictor, its influence (positive or negative) depending on the lumber grade. For quantity within a grade, as log small-end diameter increased, the quantity of the highest grade increased, while decreasing the quantity of the lower grades differentially. Other tree and stand attributes were of varying importance among grades, including stand density, tree height, and stand slope, but logically depicted the tradeoffs or rebalancing among the grades as the tree and stand characteristics change. Structural lumber grade presence was described best by acoustic wave flight time, log position (decreasing presence in upper logs), and an increasing presence with rotation age. A smaller set of variables proved useful for describing quantity within a structural grade. Forest managers can use these results in planning to best capture value in harvesting, allowing them to direct raw materials (logs) to appropriate manufacturing facilities given market demand.

ĐÁNH GIÁ THỰC TRẠNG SẢN XUẤT TỎI TẠI LÝ SƠN, QUẢNG NGÃI / EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION SITUATION OF GARLIC IN LY SON, QUANG NGAI

2015 ◽  
Vol 108 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Đình Thi ◽  
Võ Trí Thời
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Study Results ◽  
True State ◽  
Technical Measures

Tóm tắt. Thương hiệu tỏi Lý Sơn ngày càng được quảng bá rộng rãi trên thị trường cả nước và trở thành cây đặc sản của huyện đảo Lý Sơn. Nghiên cứu của chúng tôi được tiến hành nhằm đánh giá đúng thực trạng, phát hiện những hạn chế, tạo cơ sở cho việc đề xuất các giải pháp hữu hiệu thúc đẩy phát triển sản xuất tỏi Lý Sơn bền vững. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy: 1) Khi được đầu tư và chăm sóc tốt, năng suất tỏi có thể đạt 6,5 tấn/ha và cho lợi nhuận 81,5 triệu đồng/ha, tuy nhiên năng suất và hiệu quả kinh tế giữa các nhóm hộ có sự chênh lệch lớn; 2) Giống tỏi do người dân tự để hoặc mua lại từ những hộ khác, đặc biệt tỷ lệ hộ để giống tỏi không qua chọn lọc cao ở nhóm hộ trung bình và nghèo đã ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng và năng suất tỏi đồng thời gây nguy cơ phân ly thoái hóa giống tỏi quý này; 3) Lượng bón phân hóa học ở nhóm hộ khá và trung bình cao hơn nhiều so với khuyến cáo, tạo nguy cơ ô nhiễm nguồn nước ở đảo Lý Sơn; 4) Đã xuất hiện các đối tượng sâu bệnh hại tỏi như: Mốc sương, vàng lá, thối rễ, bọ trĩ, vẽ bùa, sâu xanh, giòi đục lá-thân-củ nhưng chỉ mới ở mức gây hại thấp và trung bình; 5) Các biện pháp kỹ thuật sản xuất tỏi như: Thời vụ và mật độ gieo trồng, số lần bón phân, phun thuốc BVTV phòng trừ sâu bệnh, số lần tưới, thu hoạch đã được áp dụng theo quy trình ở nhóm hộ khá và trung bình nhưng chưa được áp dụng tốt ở nhóm hộ nghèo. Từ khóa: Tỏi Lý Sơn, kỹ thuật canh tác, giống, sâu bệnh hại, năng suất và lợi nhuận.Abstract. Ly Son garlic brand more widely advertised on national markets and specialty crops become Ly Son island district. Our study was conducted to assess the true state detection limits, creating the basis for proposing effective measures to promote the development of Ly Son garlic production sustainable. The study results was showed that: 1) When investment and good care, garlic can yield was 6.5 tons/ha and for profit 81.5 million vnd/ha, but yield and economic efficiency health between socioeconomic groups have significant differences; 2) garlic varieties by local people to or acquired from other households, particularly the proportion of households without garlic to the same high selectivity in medium and poor households has affected the quality and yield of garlic at the same time cause risk of degenerative dissociation same quarter garlic; 3) The amount of chemical fertilizer in groups rather average and much higher than recommended, creating the risk of groundwater pollution in Ly Son Island; 4) Has objects appear garlic pests such as blight, gold leaf, root rot, thrips, drawing charms, green worms, maggots perforated leaf-tubers-bulbs, but only at low and moderate damage ; 5) The technical measures such as garlic production: Seasonal and planting density, frequency of fertilizing, pesticide spraying pest prevention, the watering, harvesting has been applied in the process in good households and medium but not applied well in poor households. Key words: Ly Son garlic, cultivation, varieties, pests, yield and profitability.

A stand density management diagram for balsam fir in New Brunswick

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Penner ◽  
D E Swift ◽  
R. Gagnon ◽  
J. Brissette
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Quadratic Mean Diameter ◽  
Stand Density Management

A stand management density diagram (SDMD) is presented for balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests in New Brunswick. The SDMD incorporates a maximum size density line, as well as quadratic mean diameter and top height isolines. Several mortality functions are evaluated. The resultant SDMD should be a useful tool for projecting early stand development and determining the timing and intensity of thinnings. Key words: Acadian Forest Region, mortality curves

scholarly journals „Ein Backofen voller Liebe“ – Luthers Rede von Gott im Kontext (früh)kapitalistischer Zivilisation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gottfried Orth
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Alternative Version ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Critical Perspectives

Martin Luther’s writings contain a waelth of economic analyses and perspectives on the beginning capitalist changes in the economy and society of his time. In this case, his economic considerations did not pertain to areas of ethics or ethics in the area of economics, but explitely theological analyses and perspectives, ones that originated from the First Commandment: they are about god or false gods, the god of the Christian faith or the mammon of the emerging „for profit“ economy. With this, Luther takes up the Jesuanic alternative version of god or mammon emphasized in the New Testament. The author outlines Luther’s deliberations and, in the context of the „Radicalizing Reformation“ project, further calls for contemporary critical perspectives on capitalism as well as conceptions of god in the vein of and in line with Luther’s theology, which can support current faith orientations in the engagement with economic and social developments.

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