scholarly journals A review of dengue diagnostics and implications for surveillance and control

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Raafat ◽  
Stuart D Blacksell ◽  
Richard J Maude
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Dengue Diagnostics ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control

Abstract Dengue is the world’s most common arboviral infection, with almost 4 billion people estimated to be living at risk of dengue infection. A recently introduced vaccine is currently recommended only for seropositive individuals in a restricted age range determined by transmission intensity. With no effective dengue vaccine for the general population or any antiviral therapy, dengue control continues to rely heavily on vector control measures. Early and accurate diagnosis is important for guiding appropriate management and for disease surveillance to guide prompt dengue control interventions. However, major uncertainties exist in dengue diagnosis and this has important implications for all three. Dengue can be diagnosed clinically against predefined lists of signs and symptoms and by detection of dengue-specific antibodies, non-structural 1 antigen or viral RNA by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. All of these methods have their limitations. This review aims to describe and quantify the advantages, uncertainties and variability of the various diagnostic methods used for dengue and discuss their implications and applications for dengue surveillance and control.

scholarly journals Variations of Glossina sp. and trypanosome species frequency within different habitats in a sleeping sickness focus, Gabon

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Ornella Mbang Nguema ◽  
Marielle Bouyou Akotet ◽  
Jacques Mavoungou ◽  
Denise Patricia Mawili Mboumba
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Degraded Forest ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Ecological Sites ◽  
Trypanosoma Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
And Control

Introduction: Knowledge of the infectious status of the Glossina is an indicator of risk of resurgence of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). Environmental conditions have an impact on the density and diversity of both vector and Trypanosoma. The aim of the study was to determine the diversity and the infection rate of Glossina as well as the diversity of trypanosome species within habitats of an old HAT focus, in Gabon. Methodology: Glossina were captured in September 2012 in three ecological sites. Vavoua traps were installed for twelve days. All captured flies were identified. Glossina were selected for trypanosome identification by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: 1178 Glossina were captured: 55.8% in degraded forest, 28.9% in flood area and 15.4% in secondary forest. Glossina fusca congolensis (37%) and G.palpalis palpalis (36.4%) were the most abundant vector species. G. fusca congolensis was predominant in secondary forest and in flood area, while in degraded forest, it was G.palpalis palpalis. Trypanosoma infection rate was 30.7%, 42% in secondary forest, 32% in degraded forest and 18% in flood area. Trypanosoma congolense savannah was the main species detected (18.7%) followed by T.brucei brucei (10.7%) and T. brucei gambiense (4%). T. congolense savannah type was predominant in the secondary forest and in degraded forest (66.7% versus 55.5%). Conclusion: Glossina density and trypanosome infection rate varied according to the habitat within HAT focus. The density of tsetse was the highest in degraded forest while the infection rate was highest in secondary forest. Continuous disease surveillance and control measures are needed.

Accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect Schistosoma mansoni – infected individuals from an endemic area with low parasite loads

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (10) ◽  
pp. 1140-1148
Author(s):  
Fernanda do Carmo Magalhães ◽  
Samira Diniz Resende ◽  
Carolina Senra ◽  
Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽  
Martin Johannes Enk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Schistosomiasis ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractDue to the efforts to control schistosomiasis transmission in tropical countries, a large proportion of individuals from endemic areas present low parasite loads, which hinders diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis by the Kato-Katz (KK) method. Therefore, the development of more sensitive diagnostic methods is essential for efficient control measures. The aim was to evaluate the accuracy of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect Schistosoma mansoni DNA in fecal samples of individuals with low parasite loads. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in a rural community (n = 257) in Brazil. POC-CCA® was performed in urine and feces were used for RT-PCR. In addition, fecal exams were completed by 18 KK slides, saline gradient and Helmintex techniques. The combined results of the three parasitological tests detected schistosome eggs in 118 participants (45.9%) and composed the consolidated reference standard (CRS). By RT-PCR, 117 out of 215 tested samples were positive, showing 91.4% sensitivity, 80.2% specificity and good concordance with the CRS (kappa = 0.71). RT-PCR identified 86.9% of the individuals eliminating less than 12 eggs/g of feces, demonstrating much better performance than POC-CCA® (50.8%). Our results showed that RT-PCR is a valuable alternative for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis in individuals with very low parasite loads.

Suspected transmission of norovirus in eight long-term care facilities attributed to staff working at multiple institutions

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1702-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. NGUYEN ◽  
J. P. MIDDAUGH
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYThis study reports on gastroenteritis outbreaks suspected of being norovirus infections in eight long-term care facilities. A descriptive epidemiological investigation was used to depict sources of infections and control measures. Outbreaks affected 299 (31%) of 954 residents and 95 (11%) of 843 staff. Attack rates were higher in residents (range 17–55%) than staff (range 3–35%). Person-to-person spread was suspected. The case-hospitalization rate was 2·5%, and no death occurred. Eight staff members were employed at multiple affected facilities and may have introduced disease into three facilities. Thirty-two stool specimens were positive for norovirus by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction or enzyme immunoassay. Sequenced specimens were closely related to GII.4 New Orleans. A concurrent Clostridium difficile outbreak was also detected at one facility. Staff members who work at multiple facilities may transmit norovirus between them. Regulatory agencies should consider precluding ill staff from working in multiple facilities during outbreaks. Guidelines to control norovirus must be applied promptly and meticulously by facilities.

scholarly journals Betanodavirus and VER Disease: A 30-year Research Review

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Bandín ◽  
Sandra Souto
Keyword(s):  
Marine Species ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Nervous Necrosis Virus ◽  
Marine Aquaculture ◽  
Virus Interaction ◽  
And Control ◽  
Viral Distribution ◽  
Viral Encephalopathy And Retinopathy

The outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), caused by nervous necrosis virus (NNV), represent one of the main infectious threats for marine aquaculture worldwide. Since the first description of the disease at the end of the 1980s, a considerable amount of research has gone into understanding the mechanisms involved in fish infection, developing reliable diagnostic methods, and control measures, and several comprehensive reviews have been published to date. This review focuses on host–virus interaction and epidemiological aspects, comprising viral distribution and transmission as well as the continuously increasing host range (177 susceptible marine species and epizootic outbreaks reported in 62 of them), with special emphasis on genotypes and the effect of global warming on NNV infection, but also including the latest findings in the NNV life cycle and virulence as well as diagnostic methods and VER disease control.

scholarly journals The Diagnostic Challenges of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

Ruminants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Hélder Quintas ◽  
Isabel Pires ◽  
Andreia Garcês ◽  
Justina Prada ◽  
Filipe Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Club Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Adenomatosis ◽  
And Control

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), also known as sheep pulmonary adenomatosis and jaagsiekte, is a contagious pulmonary tumor of sheep, characterized by neoplastic proliferation of type II pneumocyte and club cells. OPA is induced by the oncogenic activity of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of exogenous jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). This disease is associated with significant economic losses in numerous sheep raising countries. The onset of suggestive clinical signs is often late, making difficult the early diagnosis of the disease and timely implementation of control measures on the affected farms. Further, the lack of diagnostic tests that can be performed routinely by veterinary clinicians to accurately assess infected animals (e.g., serological or others) means that the true prevalence at flock level is not known. Imaging diagnostic methods (e.g., ultrasound, X-ray and computed tomography) can be used to support the clinical diagnosis, even in pre-clinical stages in affected flocks. The diagnosis must be confirmed by PCR of nasal excretions or immunohistochemistry and PCR of tumor lesions. No vaccine for OPA has yet been developed. Thus, in this work, we review the main methods of diagnosis of OPA in order to support the clinician in the identification of the disease, avoid underdiagnosis and allow the implementation of suitable measures to prevent and control its spread.

scholarly journals Home Sweet Home: New Insights Into the Location of Equine Premises in France and Keeping Habits to Inform Health Prevention and Disease Surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halifa Farchati ◽  
Aurelie Merlin ◽  
Mathilde Saussac ◽  
Xavier Dornier ◽  
Mathilde Dhollande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Relative Location ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Health Events ◽  
Email Address ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
And Control ◽  
Email Survey

Identifying and tracking equines are key activities in equine health prevention. France is one of the few European countries with an operational centralized database that records information on equines, owners, and keepers but not on the location and keeping conditions of equines. The objective of our study was to collect information on keeping habits of equines and the relative location of a wide range of equines, owners, and keepers and discuss their implication for surveillance and control of outbreak improvement. A national email survey was conducted among the 1.9% of people registered as owners and 8.2% of people registered as keepers in the French national equine identification database having given their agreement to be contacted by email. It led to the collection of information from 728 owners, 121 keepers, and 2,669 owner–keepers. Most of them housed their equines in a single commune (smallest geographic administrative unit in France) at their home as private individuals. The distance between the communes of residence and of holding was, in most cases (including 79% of owners in the owner survey, 89.5% of the keepers in the keeper survey, and about 94% of the owner–keepers in both surveys), less than 30 km. More than half of the keepers kept a maximum of five equines and the majority with two different uses/destinations together, mostly leisure-retirement, leisure-breeding, leisure-sport, and sport-breeding. The main limitation of the study was that a relatively limited number of people (n = 3518) were reachable due to the low availability of an email address and contact agreement. Nonetheless, the findings provide an overview of how equines are kept by non-professional owners and keepers and complements information usually collected by the French riding institute. Additionally, information collected is very helpful to determine a realistic estimate of the spatial distribution of equines in France. This information is very important for the equine sector, for demographic knowledge and also improvement of surveillance plans and control measures and for the management and monitoring of health events to limit the spread of diseases.

scholarly journals COVID-19 related deaths in Juba, South Sudan: Post mortem Audit January - July 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Kenneth LL Sube ◽  
Akram G Nyok ◽  
Oromo F Seriano ◽  
Joseph DW Lako ◽  
Justin B Tongun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control

Background: With global spread of COVID-19, countries began to develop scientific activities ranging from detection, prevention and control measures to vaccine development. In order to develop sound strategies to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to conduct postmortem audit. Objectives: The study is to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 related death in both Juba Military Referral Hospital and Juba Teaching Hospital. Methods and materials: This is a retrospective post mortem audit study. Data related to corpses were collected from registers of both JMRH and JTH from January to July 2020. Data was cleaned and entered in SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis and variables with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 201 corpses recorded between Jan-July, 72.6% were from JMRH, and 27.4% from JTH. Male were 76.6% and 23.4% female, Age range 21-100 years with mean of 61 years (SD+/- 17.73). Respiratory failure was the leading cause of death (26.9%) p=0.036. More than half of the corpses (52.7%) reported, died at hospital while 19.9% community death, 27.4% had no place of death indicated p=001. Furthermore 39% of the corpses were of age group (61-80 years), while 38.7% of age group (41-60 Years) died due to respiratory failure p=0.001 Conclusion: This study revealed that higher COVID-19 related death more in males with respiratory failures.

Epidemiology of fungal disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajal K. Mody ◽  
Angela Ahlquist Cleveland ◽  
Shawn R. Lockhart ◽  
Mary E. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Outbreak Investigations

Surveillance and outbreak investigations are important epidemiological tools for assessing the frequency, distribution, and determinants of infections. The primary goal of these activities is to identify measures to reduce the burden of disease. This chapter describes examples of surveillance and approaches to outbreak investigations that have formed the basis of fungal infection control measures. However, considerable knowledge gaps exist, new threats are emerging (including antifungal resistance), and healthcare advances are making more people susceptible to severe fungal infections. Expanded surveillance efforts, timely outbreak detection, and effective outbreak investigations are needed to further reduce the burden of fungal infections. This will require confronting challenges that have held back fungal disease epidemiology, including limited clinical suspicion of fungal infections by clinical providers, difficulties in diagnosing fungal infections due to suboptimal diagnostic methods, limited availability of antifungal susceptibility testing and molecular subtyping, and a lack of mandated fungal disease surveillance in most countries.

scholarly journals Zoonotic Tuberculosis in Humans: Control, Surveillance, and the One Health Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Macedo Couto ◽  
Otavio T Ranzani ◽  
Eliseu Alves Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
And Control

Abstract Zoonotic tuberculosis is a reemerging infectious disease in high-income countries and a neglected one in low- and middle-income countries. Despite major advances in its control as a result of milk pasteurization, its global burden is unknown, especially due the lack of surveillance data. Additionally, very little is known about control strategies. The purpose of this review was to contextualize the current knowledge about the epidemiology of zoonotic tuberculosis and to describe the available evidence regarding surveillance and control strategies in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. We conducted this review enriched by a One Health perspective, encompassing its inherent multifaceted characteristics. We found that the burden of zoonotic tuberculosis is likely to be underreported worldwide, with higher incidence in low-income countries, where the surveillance systems are even more fragile. Together with the lack of specific political commitment, surveillance data is affected by lack of a case definition and limitations of diagnostic methods. Control measures were dependent on risk factors and varied greatly between countries. This review supports the claim that a One Health approach is the most valuable concept to build capable surveillance systems, resulting in effective control measures. The disease characteristics and suggestions to implement surveillance and control programs are discussed.

scholarly journals Dengue Control Measures in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar E. Acosta ◽  
Mauro Allan Padua Amparado
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
Search And Destroy

The study determined the implementation of the Department of Health’s Dengue control measures in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines. It specifically sought to answer the following questions: profile of the respondents in terms of age, highest educational attainment, family income, and number of children 12 years old and below; level of implementation of Dengue Control Program in terms of search and destroy, and self-protection measures; and perceptions on Dengue control measures in terms of seeking early consultation and fogging. This study utilized the descriptive-correlational design. There were 398 respondents who were involved in this study. They were mothers, 18 years old and above and from the 15 barangays of Tagbilaran City, Bohol. A modified researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. This study is a replication of the study of Rufo &amp; Amparado on Dengue control measures conducted in the City of Naga, Cebu, Philippines (2017). The results revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to the age range of 26 to 45 years old, college students, has an income range of 5,000 to 10,000 Philippine pesos per month and have two children below 12 years old. In terms of search and destroy, and self-protection measures, mothers have strong implementation on covering water containers with tight lid as well as storing properly and discarding non-essential containers like bottles, cans, jars and tires. Moderate implementation was on changing flowers from water vases, and cleaning the vicinity from drains and garbage. Mothers have poor implementation measures on the use of mosquito repellants, mosquito nets at daytime, and the use of household insecticide aerosol, insecticide vaporizers, or mosquito coils. Most of them recognized the early signs and symptoms of dengue such as severe headache and fever. Nearly all mothers brought their child to the nearest health facility as part of their initial management every time their child experiences fever. Most of them do not agree on the use of fogging measures to be done against dengue control. There were significant relationships between the profile and: search and destroy measures; self-protection measures; and knowledge on the early signs and symptoms of dengue. In conclusion, dengue prevention and control in the community have not been fully implemented because of the lack of community-based, integrated health control program which are sustainable and health-enhancing. Recommendations include replicating the study and the implementation of the proposed action plan. Recommended citation: Acosta, E. E. &amp; Amparado, M. A. P. (2017). Dengue Control Measures in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines. Journal of Research in Nursing, 3(1), 20-29.Reference: Rufo, F. J. M. &amp; Amparado, M. A. P. (2017). Implementation of Dengue Control Measures in City of Naga, Cebu, Philippines. IAMURE International Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), 58-76.

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