scholarly journals COVID-19 related deaths in Juba, South Sudan: Post mortem Audit January - July 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Kenneth LL Sube ◽  
Akram G Nyok ◽  
Oromo F Seriano ◽  
Joseph DW Lako ◽  
Justin B Tongun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Female Age ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control

Background: With global spread of COVID-19, countries began to develop scientific activities ranging from detection, prevention and control measures to vaccine development. In order to develop sound strategies to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to conduct postmortem audit. Objectives: The study is to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 related death in both Juba Military Referral Hospital and Juba Teaching Hospital. Methods and materials: This is a retrospective post mortem audit study. Data related to corpses were collected from registers of both JMRH and JTH from January to July 2020. Data was cleaned and entered in SPSS version 21 for statistical analysis and variables with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 201 corpses recorded between Jan-July, 72.6% were from JMRH, and 27.4% from JTH. Male were 76.6% and 23.4% female, Age range 21-100 years with mean of 61 years (SD+/- 17.73). Respiratory failure was the leading cause of death (26.9%) p=0.036. More than half of the corpses (52.7%) reported, died at hospital while 19.9% community death, 27.4% had no place of death indicated p=001. Furthermore 39% of the corpses were of age group (61-80 years), while 38.7% of age group (41-60 Years) died due to respiratory failure p=0.001 Conclusion: This study revealed that higher COVID-19 related death more in males with respiratory failures.

scholarly journals Emergence of a novel chikungunya virus strain bearing the E1:V80A substitution, out of the Mombasa, Kenya 2017-2018 outbreak

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241754
Author(s):  
Fredrick Eyase ◽  
Solomon Langat ◽  
Irina Maljkovic Berry ◽  
Francis Mulwa ◽  
Albert Nyunja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Targeted Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Between late 2017 and mid-2018, a chikungunya fever outbreak occurred in Mombasa, Kenya that followed an earlier outbreak in mid-2016 in Mandera County on the border with Somalia. Using targeted Next Generation Sequencing, we obtained genomes from clinical samples collected during the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak. We compared data from the 2016 Mandera outbreak with the 2017/2018 Mombasa outbreak, and found that both had the Aedes aegypti adapting mutations, E1:K211E and E2:V264A. Further to the above two mutations, 11 of 15 CHIKV genomes from the Mombasa outbreak showed a novel triple mutation signature of E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D. These novel mutations are estimated to have arisen in Mombasa by mid-2017 (2017.58, 95% HPD: 2017.23, 2017.84). The MRCA for the Mombasa outbreak genomes is estimated to have been present in early 2017 (2017.22, 95% HPD: 2016.68, 2017.63). Interestingly some of the earliest genomes from the Mombasa outbreak lacked the E1:V80A, E1:T82I and E1:V84D substitutions. Previous laboratory experiments have indicated that a substitution at position E1:80 in the CHIKV genome may lead to increased CHIKV transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. Genbank investigation of all available CHIKV genomes revealed that E1:V80A was not present; therefore, our data constitutes the first report of the E1:V80A mutation occurring in nature. To date, chikungunya outbreaks in the Northern and Western Hemispheres have occurred in Ae. aegypti inhabited tropical regions. Notwithstanding, it has been suggested that an Ae. albopictus adaptable ECSA or IOL strain could easily be introduced in these regions leading to a new wave of outbreaks. Our data on the recent Mombasa CHIKV outbreak has shown that a potential Ae. albopictus adapting mutation may be evolving within the East African region. It is even more worrisome that there exists potential for emergence of a CHIKV strain more adapted to efficient transmission by both Ae. albopictus and Ae.aegypti simultaneously. In view of the present data and history of chikungunya outbreaks, pandemic potential for such a strain is now a likely possibility in the future. Thus, continued surveillance of chikungunya backed by molecular epidemiologic capacity should be sustained to understand the evolving public health threat and inform prevention and control measures including the ongoing vaccine development efforts.

scholarly journals Mass Evacuation and Quarantine Stay during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Experience of Nepalese Students Evacuated from Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Naveen Phuyal ◽  
Bibek Rajbhandari ◽  
Bikal Shrestha ◽  
Moon Thapa ◽  
Lee Budhathoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mass Evacuation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Introduction: Many Nepalese students were struck in China demanding to be evacuated to Nepal during COVID pandemic. Government of Nepal had evacuated and rescued 175 students from China and kept them in Quarantine for maximum incubation period. This study aimed to seek experience of the students who stayed in the quarantine center designated for Nepalese evacuees from Wuhan during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: All of the students repatriated from Wuhan were included in the study. Total of 165 participated for the study. A structured questionnaire was made and used for the study. Data was collected within a period of one week. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Ver 20.0, appropriate descriptive statistics were calculated and appropriate graphical representation done. Results: More than 77% of the respondents rated the evacuation procedure from Wuhan China to Nepal to be excellent. 60 % of the respondents rated the screening procedure at Tribhuwan International airport as excellent. Nearly 2/3rd of the respondents felt that their movement from airport to Quarantine area was excellent. All of the respondents said that the behavior of the staffs in quarantine to be courteous. 66.1% of the respondents rated their experience in quarantine as excellent. Regarding Hygiene and sanitation of the camp almost all of the respondents felt it was very good while nearly 2/3rd saying it excellent. Conclusions: Majority of the respondents rated their overall experience in Kharipati quarantine as excellent. Lessons from the quarantine’s residents can be used further in development of quarantine centers so that people follow normal prevention and control measures during pandemics and stay in quarantine happily for the period of maximum incubation period.

scholarly journals Impact of interventions on the incidence of natural focal diseases during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Jiangsu Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Cheng ◽  
Jianli Hu ◽  
Li Luo ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Severe Fever

Abstract Background During the period of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, strong intervention measures, such as lockdown, travel restriction, and suspension of work and production, may have curbed the spread of other infectious diseases, including natural focal diseases. In this study, we aimed to study the impact of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on the reported incidence of natural focal diseases (brucellosis, malaria, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [HFRS], dengue, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome [SFTS], rabies, tsutsugamushi and Japanese encephalitis [JE]). Methods The data on daily COVID-19 confirmed cases and natural focal disease cases were collected from Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiangsu Provincial CDC). We described and compared the difference between the incidence in 2020 and the incidence in 2015–2019 in four aspects: trend in reported incidence, age, sex, and urban and rural distribution. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (p, d, q) × (P, D, Q)s model was adopted for natural focal diseases, malaria and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), and an ARIMA (p, d, q) model was adopted for dengue. Nonparametric tests were used to compare the reported and the predicted incidence in 2020, the incidence in 2020 and the previous 4 years, and the difference between the duration from illness onset date to diagnosed date (DID) in 2020 and in the previous 4 years. The determination coefficient (R2) was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model simulation. Results Natural focal diseases in Jiangsu Province showed a long-term seasonal trend. The reported incidence of natural focal diseases, malaria and dengue in 2020 was lower than the predicted incidence, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The reported incidence of brucellosis in July, August, October and November 2020, and SFTS in May to November 2020 was higher than that in the same period in the previous 4 years (P < 0.05). The reported incidence of malaria in April to December 2020, HFRS in March, May and December 2020, and dengue in July to November 2020 was lower than that in the same period in the previous 4 years (P < 0.05). In males, the reported incidence of malaria in 2020 was lower than that in the previous 4 years, and the reported incidence of dengue in 2020 was lower than that in 2017–2019. The reported incidence of malaria in the 20–60-year age group was lower than that in the previous 4 years; the reported incidence of dengue in the 40–60-year age group was lower than that in 2016–2018. The reported cases of malaria in both urban and rural areas were lower than in the previous 4 years. The DID of brucellosis and SFTS in 2020 was shorter than that in 2015–2018; the DID of tsutsugamushi in 2020 was shorter than that in the previous 4 years. Conclusions Interventions for COVID-19 may help control the epidemics of natural focal diseases in Jiangsu Province. The reported incidence of natural focal diseases, especially malaria and dengue, decreased during the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020. COVID-19 prevention and control measures had the greatest impact on the reported incidence of natural focal diseases in males and people in the 20–60-year age group. Graphical Abstract

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

An evaluation model of 2019-nCoV prevention effectiveness based on immigration data in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiangsheng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Best Fit

BACKGROUND As of the end of February 2020, 2019-nCoV is currently well controlled in China. However, the virus is now spreading globally. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control measures in a region. METHODS A model is built for find the best fit for two sets of data (the number of daily new diagnosed, and the risk value of incoming immigration population). The parameters (offset and time window) in the model can be used as the evaluation of effectiveness of outbreak prevention and control. RESULTS Through study, it is found that the parameter offset and time window in the model can accurately reflect the prevention effectiveness. Some related data and public news confirm this result. And this method has advantages over the method using R0 in two aspects. CONCLUSIONS If the epidemic situation is well controlled, the virus is not terrible. Now the daily new diagnosed patients in most regions of China is quickly reduced to zero or close to zero. Chinese can do a good job in the face of huge epidemic pressure. Therefore, if other countries can do well in prevention and control, the epidemic in those places can also pass quickly.

Extremes of Temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Krake
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Assessment And Evaluation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Extremes Of Temperature

This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- and cold-related conditions and symptoms are described in detail. Final sections of the chapter address various assessment and evaluation tools as well as prevention and control measures. In addition, an appendix describes the hazards related to hyperbaric and hypobaric environments and adverse health effects.

scholarly journals A Legionnaires’ Disease Cluster in a Private Building in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6922
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Ricci ◽  
Maria Cristina Rota ◽  
Maria Grazia Caporali ◽  
Antonietta Girolamo ◽  
Maria Scaturro
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
And Control

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. This is a major public health concern and infections are steadily increasing worldwide. Several sources of infection have been identified, but they have not always been linked to human isolates by molecular match. The well-known Legionella contamination of private homes has rarely been associated with the acquisition of the disease, although some patients never left their homes during the incubation period. This study demonstrated by genomic matching between clinical and environmental Legionella isolates that the source of an LD cluster was a private building. Monoclonal antibodies and sequence-based typing were used to type the isolates, and the results clearly demonstrated the molecular relationship between the strains highlighting the risk of contracting LD at home. To contain this risk, the new European directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption has introduced for the first time Legionella as a microbiological parameter to be investigated in domestic water systems. This should lead to a greater attention to prevention and control measures for domestic Legionella contamination and, consequently, to a possible reduction in community acquired LD cases.

scholarly journals Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ping Wang ◽  
◽  
Shi-Xia Zhou ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Qing-Bin Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Analysis and prediction of the coronavirus disease epidemic in China based on an individual-based model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuiyuan Guo ◽  
Dan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Individual Based Model ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Coordinate Descent Algorithm ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractWe established a stochastic individual-based model and simulated the whole process of occurrence, development, and control of the coronavirus disease epidemic and the infectors and patients leaving Hubei Province before the traffic was closed in China. Additionally, the basic reproduction number (R0) and number of infectors and patients who left Hubei were estimated using the coordinate descent algorithm. The median R0 at the initial stage of the epidemic was 4.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.82–5.17). Before the traffic lockdown was implemented in Hubei, 2000 (95% CI 1982–2030) infectors and patients had left Hubei and traveled throughout the country. The model estimated that if the government had taken prevention and control measures 1 day later, the cumulative number of laboratory-confirmed patients in the whole country would have increased by 32.1%. If the lockdown of Hubei was imposed 1 day in advance, the cumulative number of laboratory-confirmed patients in other provinces would have decreased by 7.7%. The stochastic model could fit the officially issued data well and simulate the evolution process of the epidemic. The intervention measurements nationwide have effectively curbed the human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

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