Increasing standardization for smart(er) contracts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Kadour Aleinieh ◽  
Laura Zoboli
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
Contractual Relations ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Legal standardization traditionally played an important role in contractual relations. With technological and commercial development and expansion of trade from the individual and collective levels to internationalization, it became necessary to create a set of standards to keep pace with this development and facilitate the contractual process. Although smart contracts are considered a leap in the contractual relationship, it cannot be overlooked that these contracts share many characteristics with traditional contracts. To gain a greater position in the global market, smart contracts also need to be well functioning and efficient. In this context, the article tackles the phenomenon of legal standardization and identifies the main weaknesses of smart contracts—to answer two crucial questions: how can these contracts be smarter, and how should we employ standardization to ensure their efficiency?

scholarly journals Making a “Pledge”: Moral Suasion and Health Promotion Practice

Challenges ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Glenn Laverack
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Individual Behaviour ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
Moral Suasion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health Promotion Practice ◽  
Individual Behaviour Change

Moral suasion offers a versatile and low-cost approach to influence social norms and risky health behaviours, but is often neglected in health promotion in favour of using educational approaches. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the challenges and the benefits of using moral suasion in health promotion. Past and present experiences of using moral suasion to promote health are discussed in conjunction with other approaches, such as harm reduction. The challenge of using moral suasion as an approach is that it focuses on individual behaviour change, rather than addressing the broader structural causes of poor health. However, the paper concludes that the versatility of the moral suasion approach and the success of using “pledges” means that it can be an important intervention, alongside other educational and motivational techniques, to help to change behaviours at the individual and collective levels.

Actual Issues of Treaty Law in CIS Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2207
Author(s):  
Olga I. ZOZULYAK ◽  
Oksana S. OLIINYK ◽  
Liliana V. SISHCHUK ◽  
Nataliia A. SLIPENCHUK ◽  
Yuliia I. PARUTA
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Treaty Law ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Legal Fact

The development of social relations requires changes in various spheres of human activity and, accordingly, in the relations between the state and society, between the state and the individual. In addition, one of the effective regulators of these relations is a treaty, which can be used in various spheres. To date, the science has not developed a unified view of the contract, and its issues are discussed by representatives of various scientific fields, with the contract being studied as a legal fact, agreement, legal relationship, document and in this regard is defined differently. Moreover, contractual relationship is in constant flux and suffer from changes caused by various factors of legal validity. Therefore, treaty law and the rules governing contractual obligations are given a great deal of attention during improving the process of reforming civil law and ensuring its further effective implementation in the CIS. Within the framework of the conducted research and comparative analysis of the legal bases and practice of application in the sphere of treaty law, the author has formulated grounded positions on the outlined and topical issues, which are as follows: (1) the peculiarities of the use of terminology in the context of the problem of interpretation of contract terms are revealed; (2) identified problems that arise during the termination of treaties in the CIS; (3) the influence of innovative technologies and globalization and the nature of contractual relations in the territory of the CIS countries are established; (4) approaches to ‘smart-contracts’ and a public contract are disclosed; (5) the discussion approaches to understanding the concept of ‘freedom of contract’ are analyzed; 6) a conditional list of the most pressing issues of contract law that arises in the CIS are formed.  

scholarly journals Making visible politically masked risks : Inspecting unconventional data visualization of the Southeast Asian haze

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Berti Suman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Environmental Ngos ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
The Individual

This contribution investigates the potential and challenges of data visualization in stimulating a socially and legally accountable governance of environmental risk affecting public health. The visualization analysed results from ‘middle-up’ mapping efforts of the Southeast Asian haze performed by environmental NGOs and civil society. It is argued that haze governance failures are associated with both a lack of reliable evidence on the haze risk and a denied access to existing information. In response to this informational gap, unconventional solutions to state haze mapping were generated by non-governmental actors. The aim of the chapter is to explore to what extent such counter-mapping succeeded in making visible politically masked risks, triggering human agency at the individual and collective levels, and enabling a more accountable governance of the haze risk.

scholarly journals Rewolucja konsumpcyjna i kształtowanie się podmiotu emocjonalnego w perspektywie Norberta Eliasa

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-136
Author(s):  
Joanna Zalewska
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Civilizing Process ◽  
Consumption Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Second World ◽  
Process Sociology

The aim of this article is to analyze the interdependence between the processes of forming mass markets and the processes of rationalizing emotion and the shaping of modern hedonism. The author uses the perspective of Norbert Elias’s process sociology, in which the monopolization of resources results in the growth of dependence between all the inhabitants of the territory encompassed by the monopoly, and this is accompanied by a civilizing process, or the rationalization of the behaviours of individuals. The author presents the idea that the integration process at the level of humanity, as survival unit on the platform of the global market and consumption culture, is ongoing. As an example, the author analyzes the first stage in the consumer revolution in Poland after the Second World War, where fashion was shaped on one side by the socialist ideology of progress, and on the other by the romantic ethic present in communications from the West. Individual emotion as a factor guiding behaviour corresponds to the logic of the market, and fashion is the process of mediating between the market and the individual.

scholarly journals Intellectual property

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
MSc. Shpresa Ibrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
World Order ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
The Public ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Montenue, a distinct French scholar of intellectual property, has suggested that IP is a “tool which surprisingly helps a lot”, and this definition on science, arts, culture, since the 16th century. Now, what would be the definition of intellectual property for the 21st century? Apparently not a “strange” tool, but a necessary tool, primary for enriching human knowledge, and for the new world order, especially in the global market sphere.Intellectual property is an integral part of international trade, and its importance keeps increasing, since effective use of knowledge is increasingly influencing the economic prosperity of peoples. One may say that there is little originality in the creative sphere. Naturally, this originality can only be reflected by individuality and human identity in intellectual creativityThe author rights in the Kosovo legislation is a novelty, a necessity of developing a creative environment in the fields of science, arts and industrial property. First and foremost, the individual benefit, which is secured by the author as the creator of the work, is a moral and material right. Secondly, there is a need for harmonization, not only of values for the creator, but also for the development of science, culture, increased competitive advantage, and the public sphere, as a benefit for the public health and security, and the fiscal policy. The deficiency one must record is with the Office for Copy Rights, which is to play a strong role in implementing and protecting copy rights and other related rights by licensing collective management agencies, imposing administrative fines, awareness raising, provision of information, and other capacity building and educative measures. Naturally, the enactment of good legislation is a system without any meaning or sense if not associated with the court practice. Any establishment of a legal system not pursued with enforcement mechanisms remains only in legal frameworks.

scholarly journals World chicken meat market – its development and current status

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vladimirovna Belova ◽  
Luboš Smutka ◽  
Eva Rosochatecká
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meat Market

The global meat market and primarily the chicken meat market represents a very dynamically developing area. The objective of the present article is the analysis of the chicken meat market in the world in order to identify the basic development trends associated with the development of production of and trade in chicken meat, and also in order to identify the individual entities controlling the global chicken meat market. In methodological terms, the article analyzes the development of production of, consumption of and trade (export and import) in chicken meat in the years 1961–2009. The main sources of data necessary for the processing of the individual analyses are the FAOSTAT and UN COMTRADE databases. The results of the conducted analysis show the following findings. World production of poultry meat increased from 7.5 million tons to more than 86 million tons. The global market reacted in a flexible manner, in which there was an increase in volumes of executed trade from 271 thousand tons/year in the year 1961 to more than 10.7 million tons/year in the year 2010. Further, the value of world trade in chicken meat within the analyzed period increased from approximately USD 169 million to approximately USD 16 billion. If we analyze the global chicken meat market, it may be stated that it is very concentrated. The analysis of the global market further shows that Brazil, the USA and China represent, in terms of global production, consumption and trade, the main driving force on the chicken meat market. These three countries have a share in global production of approximately 46%, their share in global consumption ranges at a level of over 40%. The share of these countries in global export ranges at a level exceeding 50%.

From the fantasy of resilient identities to the process of identity resilience

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Derivois
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Intercultural Relations ◽  
Global History ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Opinion Piece ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
Identity Threats ◽  
The Individual

PurposeWe live in a world marked at the same time by collective traumas and suffering of identity. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate reflection on the links between resilience and identity at the individual and collective levels.Design/methodology/approachThis is an opinion piece using global collective history to put into perspective some psychological aspects of suffering of identity which mental health and social professionals may face in their practices.FindingsThese transformations affect the mental health of people facing multiple choices ranging from the risk of a fantasy of resilient identities to the possibility of a process of identity resilience.Originality/valueTo face this major challenge, professionals should be trained in the global history and anthropology of intercultural relations, to better support patients traumatized by identity threats in a process of resilience.

Joseph Maiden and the National and Transnational Circulation of Wattle Acacia spp.

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodi Frawley
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
The Subject

During the nineteenth century and in the early years of the twentieth century wattle was circulated by botanists, botanical institutions, interested individuals, commercial seedsmen and government authorities. Wattle bark was used in the production of leather and was the subject of debate regarding its commercial development and conservation in Australia. It was also trialled in many other locations including America, New Zealand, Hawaii and Russia. In the process, South Africa became a major producer of wattle bark for a global market. At the same time wattle was also promoted as a symbol of Australian nationalism. This paper considers this movement of wattles, wattle material and wattle information by examining the career of one active agent in these botanical transfers: Joseph Maiden. In doing so it demonstrates that these seemingly different uses of the wattle overlap transnational and national spheres.

Accreditation in Communication Faculties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hülya Yengin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Global Communication ◽  
Communication Education ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global World

Technological development changes the communication field in the global world. The global economy has created a global market in the global communication field within the scope of technological innovations. The global culture is impacting the global society with the new dimension the electronic mass media acquired. Global communication media and content have been transformed. This change and transformation change the individual and communal living forms, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Differentiation in the global communication field also transforms the communication education in the higher education. Departments of communication faculties are expected to train graduates with the knowledge, skill and competencies the industry seeks. Besides the state universities, new departments have been opened in addition to the current departments of foundation universities. In terms of the diploma of communication graduate to be recognized and accepted in the international arena at global level, the first studies was Bologna. The process is continuing with the studies of quality and accreditation in higher education. Evaluation and Accreditation Board for Communication Education (ILEDAK) was established within The Communication Research Association (ILAD) in 2016 in the communication education field. Departments of the communication faculties were started to become accredited since 2018. With the decision taken by the Council of Higher Education (YÖK), education was carried out online due to the pandemic in 2020. Within this context, accreditation studies were also carried out online. In this study, the effect of the global technology and the pandemic on communication education and accreditation studies are analyzed.

Health at Every Size

2019 ◽  
pp. 300-311
Author(s):  
Andrea LaMarre ◽  
Sigrún Daníelsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Health At Every Size ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
Body Acceptance ◽  
Health Need ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being

Weight-neutral approaches have gained traction over the past decades. These perspectives challenge dominant weight loss paradigms by foregrounding how a focus on health need not be accompanied by an injunction to reduce body size. This chapter explores the roots of the Health at Every Size® (HAES®) paradigm as one weight-neutral approach to positive embodiment. Evidence is reviewed for the effectiveness of HAES, highlighting how it often outperforms weight loss approaches in promoting health and well-being; some recently raised concerns are discussed, including the potential for healthism in an approach that emphasizes health. Finally, it considers how strategies for self-compassion and self-care can be accompanied with parallel efforts to promote social justice for people in all bodies, including bodies marginalized along lines of gender, race, class, ability, and so on. Sustainable gains in promoting positive embodiment must be achieved by advocating for body acceptance at the individual and collective levels.

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