scholarly journals Making visible politically masked risks : Inspecting unconventional data visualization of the Southeast Asian haze

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Berti Suman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Data Visualization ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Environmental Ngos ◽  
Reliable Evidence ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
The Individual

This contribution investigates the potential and challenges of data visualization in stimulating a socially and legally accountable governance of environmental risk affecting public health. The visualization analysed results from ‘middle-up’ mapping efforts of the Southeast Asian haze performed by environmental NGOs and civil society. It is argued that haze governance failures are associated with both a lack of reliable evidence on the haze risk and a denied access to existing information. In response to this informational gap, unconventional solutions to state haze mapping were generated by non-governmental actors. The aim of the chapter is to explore to what extent such counter-mapping succeeded in making visible politically masked risks, triggering human agency at the individual and collective levels, and enabling a more accountable governance of the haze risk.

scholarly journals Agency and Health Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lopez Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Collective Levels ◽  
The Individual

In the current medical ethics literature, the concept of agency is receiving growing attention. Nevertheless, many of those definitions are narrow in scope. This article intends to provide a deeper understanding of this concept, allowing for its use in clinical practice and public health policies. First, it revises the current concept of agency and some of its shortcomings. Then, the article presents two philosophical accounts of agency, identifying three relevant features, namely time-extended organised planfulness, endorsement of their own actions, and identification with the activity. Lastly, the article depicts how those features may help in the application of agency to the analysis of health issues by means of a number of examples at the individual and collective levels. When analysing health issues, the health status is a key component, but the process that brought about the outcome must be examined; agency informs about this procedural dimension.

Mary Wollstonecraft and Freedom as Independence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Halldenius
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Mary Wollstonecraft ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moral Subject ◽  
The Individual

This chapter demonstrates how Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–97) uses feminist principles to modify and adapt the republican ideal of freedom as the absence of domination or dependence. It shows that, according to Wollstonecraft, freedom consists in the secure entitlement to act in accordance with the dictates of reason—a freedom that depends upon the possession of a certain social standing and the absence of a dominating master. Crucially, according to this chapter, freedom from domination is relational: it bestows a special status on the moral subject in relation to others. Freedom from subjugation thus gives the individual a certain empowerment, or certain entitlement, with respect to other members of society. The chapter ends by showing how Wollstonecraft takes this idea to its logical feminist conclusion: a call for the equal rights of men and women in civil society.

The Crisis of Becoming-Nature in Howard Barker’s Recent Dramas

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-114
Author(s):  
Karoline Gritzner
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
The Self ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Late Style ◽  
Life Force ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis article discusses how in Howard Barker’s recent work the idea of the subject’s crisis hinges on the introduction of an impersonal or transpersonal life force that persists beyond human agency. The article considers Barker’s metaphorical treatment of the images of land and stone and their interrelationship with the human body, where the notion of subjective crisis results from an awareness of objective forces that transcend the self. In “Immense Kiss” (2018) and “Critique of Pure Feeling” (2018), the idea of crisis, whilst still dominant, seems to lose its intermittent character of singular rupture and reveals itself as a permanent force of dissolution and reification. In these plays, the evocation of nonhuman nature in the love relationships between young men and elderly women affirms the existence of something that goes beyond the individual, which Barker approaches with a late-style poetic sensibility.

Dilemmas of nudging in public health: an ethical analysis of a Danish pamphlet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Busch ◽  
Emilie Kirstine Madsen ◽  
Antoinette Mary Fage-Butler ◽  
Marianne Kjær ◽  
Loni Ledderer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Choice Making ◽  
The Face ◽  
Information Materials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

Summary Nudging has been discussed in the context of public health, and ethical issues raised by nudging in public health contexts have been highlighted. In this article, we first identify types of nudging approaches and techniques that have been used in screening programmes, and ethical issues that have been associated with nudging: paternalism, limited autonomy and manipulation. We then identify nudging techniques used in a pamphlet developed for the Danish National Screening Program for Colorectal Cancer. These include framing, default nudge, use of hassle bias, authority nudge and priming. The pamphlet and the very offering of a screening programme can in themselves be considered nudges. Whether nudging strategies are ethically problematic depend on whether they are categorized as educative- or non-educative nudges. Educative nudges seek to affect people’s choice making by engaging their reflective capabilities. Non-educative nudges work by circumventing people’s reflective capabilities. Information materials are, on the face of it, meant to engage citizens’ reflective capacities. Recipients are likely to receive information materials with this expectation, and thus not expect to be affected in other ways. Non-educative nudges may therefore be particularly problematic in the context of information on screening, also as participating in screening does not always benefit the individual.

scholarly journals The Integration of People Convicted of a Sexual Offence Into the Community and Their (Risk) Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. McCartan ◽  
K. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Community Integration ◽  
Sexual Offence ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Purpose of Review We are reviewing recent research into the community integration of men convicted of a sexual offence and their (risk) management. This is a high-profile political issue that binds together research in psychology, criminology, politics, health, public health, and policy studies. The review will demonstrate that a multi-disciplinary, life course, EpiCrim-oriented approach is the most effective way of reducing re-offending and promoting desistance in this population. Recent Findings Research demonstrates that life course development, especially from psychology and criminology, has an impact on whether people sexually offend or not. Therefore, to understand sexual offending behaviour, we need to look at the aetiology of said behaviour from a nature and a nurture perspective. Therefore, we need to use an Epidemiological Criminology (a marriage of Public Health and criminology) approach that works at all four stages of the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) (individual, interrelationship, community, and societal). The research encourages a person first approach, that we look at Adverse Childhood Experiences and past trauma in the lives of men who sexually offend and use this, in conjunction with strength-based approaches, to inclusively integrate them into society. Summary The prevention of sexual offending, both first time offending, and relapse prevention require a multi-level, multi-disciplinary approach. Successful desistance from sexual offending is as much about the community and society as it is about the individual.

COVID-19, Security Threats and Public Opinions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Bove ◽  
Riccardo Di Leo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Public Opinions ◽  
Terrorist Violence

AbstractThroughout the coronavirus outbreak, politicians and commentators have often adopted a war-like rhetoric, invoking a language more often associated to terrorist violence, rather than epidemics. Although COVID-19 represents primarily a public health emergency, not inflicted by human agency, there are similarities in the type and scope of regulations governments have introduced to tackle the virus and to respond to terrorist attacks. In this article, we first ask what we can learn from the extant studies on the attitudinal and emotional consequences of terrorism, relating it to recent research on public opinions in the wake of COVID-19, in order to better understand and predict how the pandemic will influence public sentiments. We then analyze how attitudes can shift when a critical event not only threatens the population of a country as a whole, but directly affects its political leader. Leveraging recently released survey data, we show how the announcement of Angela Merkel’s quarantine significantly dampened the trust in and the credibility of her government, although this effect was short-lived.

scholarly journals The Michigan BioTrust for Health: Using Dried Bloodspots for Research to Benefit the Community While Respecting the Individual

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (S1) ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Chrysler ◽  
Harry McGee ◽  
Janice Bach ◽  
Ed Goldman ◽  
Peter D. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Health Program ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
Public Health Program ◽  
Personal Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Blood Spot

The Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) stores almost 4 million dried blood spot specimens (DBS) in the Michigan Neonatal Biobank. DBS are collected from newborns under a mandatory public health program to screen for serious conditions. At 24 to 36 hours of age, a few drops of blood are taken from the baby’s heel and placed on a filter paper card. The card is sent to the state public health laboratory for testing. After testing, MDCH retains the spots indefinitely for the personal use of the patient and also, pursuant to a 2000 law, for possible research.

scholarly journals Harnessing testing strategies and public health measures to avert COVID-19 outbreaks during ocean cruises

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Chowell ◽  
Sushma Dahal ◽  
Raquel Bono ◽  
Kenji Mizumoto
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo ensure the safe operation of schools, workplaces, nursing homes, and other businesses during COVID-19 pandemic there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective public health strategies. Here we focus on the cruise industry which was hit early by the COVID-19 pandemic, with more than 40 cruise ships reporting COVID-19 infections. We apply mathematical modeling to assess the impact of testing strategies together with social distancing protocols on the spread of the novel coronavirus during ocean cruises using an individual-level stochastic model of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. We model the contact network, the potential importation of cases arising during shore excursions, the temporal course of infectivity at the individual level, the effects of social distancing strategies, different testing scenarios characterized by the test’s sensitivity profile, and testing frequency. Our findings indicate that PCR testing at embarkation and daily testing of all individuals aboard, together with increased social distancing and other public health measures, should allow for rapid detection and isolation of COVID-19 infections and dramatically reducing the probability of onboard COVID-19 community spread. In contrast, relying only on PCR testing at embarkation would not be sufficient to avert outbreaks, even when implementing substantial levels of social distancing measures.

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