scholarly journals A Four-Partner Plant–Virus Interaction: Enemies Can Also Come from Within

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1394-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Line Iskra-Caruana ◽  
Franc-Christophe Baurens ◽  
Philippe Gayral ◽  
Matthieu Chabannes
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Tropical Crops ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Partner Interaction

Plant viruses are disseminated by either vertical (vegetative multiplication or sexual reproduction) or horizontal (vector-mediated) propagation. Plant pararetroviruses—members of the Caulimoviridae family—have developed an alternative strategy for vertical propagation via integration within the host plant genome, although integration is not required for viral replication. Integrated endogenous pararetrovirus (EPRV) sequences have undergone extensive viral genome rearrangements and contain more than one copy of the viral genome. Furthermore, EPRV can become infectious upon spontaneous escape of active virus following stresses such as wounding, tissue culture, or interspecific crosses. Such infectious EPRV are of great importance, not only in terms of their ability to precipitate epidemic outbreaks but also because of their effect on breeding of numerous plant genomes in temperate and tropical crops. This is especially true for banana, a crop susceptible to banana streak viruses, the causative agents of banana streak disease. Thus, the classical three-component banana–Banana streak virus (BSV)–mealybug pathosystem can be expanded to include endogenous BSV as an alternative source of active virions. The BSV-banana pathosystem is one of only three pathosystems known to date to harbor this remarkable feature, and the present review focuses exclusively on it to illustrate this four-partner interaction.

Epigenetic regulation of geminivirus pathogenesis: a case of relentless recalibration of defence responses in plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (22) ◽  
pp. 6890-6906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauzia Zarreen ◽  
Supriya Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Abstract Geminiviruses constitute one of the largest families of plant viruses and they infect many economically important crops. The proteins encoded by the single-stranded DNA genome of these viruses interact with a wide range of host proteins to cause global dysregulation of cellular processes and help establish infection in the host. Geminiviruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to exploit host epigenetic processes to ensure the replication and survival of the viral genome. Here, we review our current knowledge of diverse epigenetic processes that have been implicated in the regulation of geminivirus pathogenesis, including DNA methylation, histone post-transcriptional modification, chromatin remodelling, and nucleosome repositioning. In addition, we discuss the currently limited evidence of host epigenetic defence responses that are aimed at counteracting geminivirus infection, and the potential for exploiting these responses for the generation of resistance against geminiviruses in crop species.

scholarly journals Characterising Genetic Diversity in Cassava Brown Streak Virus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M Crotty ◽  
Adam B Rohrlach ◽  
Joseph Ndunguru ◽  
Laura M Boykin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Cassava Brown Streak Virus ◽  
Cassava Brown Streak Disease ◽  
Difficult Challenge ◽  
Brown Streak

AbstractPlant viruses represent a significant threat to food security for many global populations. Cassava Brown Streak Virus (CBSV) causes immense damage to cassava crops in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. The eradication of CBSV is a difficult challenge, as it has been shown to be fast-evolving and it is transmitted by flying insects that are ubiquitous in cassava growing regions. In this paper we demonstrate the ability of two new developments in bioinformatics that can be used to increase our understanding of CBSV and ultimately inform strategies for its combat. We reconstruct the phylogeny of 29 whole-genome virus isolates using the GHOST model. This phylogeny identifies three distinct clades among the viruses and highlights a section of the genomes that is highly influential in their divergence. We also perform Multiple Correspondence Analysis on the alignment which is consistent in recovering the three clades, and offers insight on the significance of the influence of a variety of external variables on the evolution of the viruses. Knowledge and information from this analysis will be used as a base on which to formulate sustainable Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) management strategies in Africa.

scholarly journals Assessment of Common Soybean-Infecting Viruses in Ohio, USA, Through Multi-site Sampling and High-Throughput Sequencing

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junping Han ◽  
Leslie L. Domier ◽  
Bryan J. Cassone ◽  
Anne Dorrance ◽  
Feng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus

Multi-site sampling was conducted during 2011 and 2012 to assess the scope of virus disease problems of soybean in Ohio, USA. A total of 259 samples were collected from 80 soybean fields distributed in 42 Ohio counties, accounting for more than 90% of major soybean-growing counties in Ohio. A high-throughput RNA-Seq approach was adopted to identify all viruses in the samples that share sufficient sequence similarities with known plant viruses. To minimize sequencing costs, total RNA extracted from up to 20 samples were first pooled to make up regional pools, resulting in eight regional pools per year in both 2011 and 2012. These regional pools were further pooled into two yearly master pools of RNA, and sequenced using the Illumina's HiSeq2000 platform. Bioinformatic analyses of sequence reads led to the identification of signature sequences of nine different viruses. The originating locations of these viruses were then mapped with PCR or RT-PCR. This study confirmed the widespread distribution of Bean pod mottle virus, Soybean vein necrosis virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, and Tobacco streak virus in Ohio. It additionally revealed occasional association of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean yellow mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Soybean mosaic virus, and Soybean Putnam virus with Ohio soybean. This is the first statewide survey of soybean viruses in Ohio, and provides the much-needed baseline information for management of virus diseases of soybean. Accepted for publication 20 May 2016. Published 10 June 2016.

Engineering Resistance Against Viruses in Field Crops Using CRISPR-Cas9

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya R. Hinge ◽  
Rahul L. Chavhan ◽  
Sandeep P. Kale ◽  
Penna Suprasanna ◽  
Ulhas S. Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Virus Resistance ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Plant Virus Resistance

: Various types biotic stresses affect growth and production of agricultural crops, among them viruses are of most concern which cause yield losses in all field crops; challenging global food security. Enhancement of host resistance against plant viruses is a priority for effective management of plant viral diseases. In the present context of climate change scenario, plant viruses are rapidly evolving and defeating the host resistance. Advances in genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9] have been recognized as a promising tool for the development of plant virus resistance. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool is widely preferred due to high target specificity, simple, efficient, and reproducible genetic manipulation. CRISPR-Cas9 based virus resistance in plants has been successfully achieved through gene targeting and cleaving viral genome or altering the plant genome to enhance plant innate immunity. In this article, we have outlined the CRISPR-Cas9 system, plant immunity against viruses and use of CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer virus resistance in plants. We also discuss prospects and challenges on the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated plant virus resistance in crop improvement.

scholarly journals Apple latent spherical virus structure with stable capsid frame supports quasi-stable protrusions expediting genome release

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Naitow ◽  
Tasuku Hamaguchi ◽  
Saori Maki-Yonekura ◽  
Masamichi Isogai ◽  
Nobuyuki Yoshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Apple Latent Spherical Virus ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rigid Frame ◽  
Emission Beam

AbstractPicorna-like plant viruses are non-enveloped RNA spherical viruses of ~30 nm. Part of the survival of these viruses depends on their capsid being stable enough to harbour the viral genome and yet malleable enough to allow its release. However, molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we report a structure of a picorna-like plant virus, apple latent spherical virus, at 2.87 Å resolution by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) with a cold-field emission beam. The cryo-EM map reveals a unique structure composed of three capsid proteins Vp25, Vp20, and Vp24. Strikingly Vp25 has a long N-terminal extension, which substantially stabilises the capsid frame of Vp25 and Vp20 subunits. Cryo-EM images also resolve RNA genome leaking from a pentameric protrusion of Vp24 subunits. The structures and observations suggest that genome release occurs through occasional opening of the Vp24 subunits, possibly suppressed to a low frequency by the rigid frame of the other subunits.

scholarly journals Interferon Gamma Prevents Infectious Entry of Human Papillomavirus 16 via an L2-Dependent Mechanism

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Day ◽  
Cynthia D. Thompson ◽  
Douglas R. Lowy ◽  
John T. Schiller
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Late Endosome ◽  
Human Papillomavirus 16 ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Infectious Entry ◽  
L1 Protein

ABSTRACT In this study, we report that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) treatment, but not IFN-α, -β, or -λ treatment, dramatically decreased infection of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) pseudovirus (PsV). In a survey of 20 additional HPV and animal papillomavirus types, we found that many, but not all, PsV types were also inhibited by IFN-γ. Microscopic and biochemical analyses of HPV16 PsV determined that the antiviral effect was exerted at the level of endosomal processing of the incoming capsid and depended on the JAK2/STAT1 pathway. In contrast to infection in the absence of IFN-γ, where L1 proteolytic products are produced during endosomal capsid processing and L2/DNA complexes segregate from L1 in the late endosome and travel to the nucleus, IFN-γ treatment led to decreased L1 proteolysis and retention of L2 and the viral genome in the late endosome/lysosome. PsV sensitivity or resistance to IFN-γ treatment was mapped to the L2 protein, as determined with infectious hybrid PsV, in which the L1 protein was derived from an IFN-γ-sensitive HPV type and the L2 protein from an IFN-γ-insensitive type or vice versa. IMPORTANCE A subset of HPV are the causative agents of many human cancers, most notably cervical cancer. This work describes the inhibition of infection of multiple HPV types, including oncogenic types, by treatment with IFN-γ, an antiviral cytokine that is released from stimulated immune cells. Exposure of cells to IFN-γ has been shown to trigger the expression of proteins with broad antiviral effector functions, most of which act to prevent viral transcription or translation. Interestingly, in this study, we show that infection is blocked at the early step of virus entry into the host cell by retention of the minor capsid protein, L2, and the viral genome instead of trafficking into the nucleus. Thus, a novel antiviral mechanism for IFN-γ has been revealed.

scholarly journals Transcriptome of the Maize Leafhopper ( Dalbulus maidis ) and Its Transcriptional Response to Maize Rayado Fino Virus (MRFV), Which It Transmits in a Persistent, Propagative Manner

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhuan Xu ◽  
Matthew Willman ◽  
Jane Todd ◽  
Kwang-Ho Kim ◽  
Margaret G. Redinbaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Maize Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vector Interaction ◽  
Maize Rayado Fino Virus ◽  
Corn Leafhopper

The transcriptome of the corn leafhopper, D. maidis , revealed conserved biochemical pathways for immunity and discovered transcripts responsive to MRFV-infected plants at two time points, providing a basis for functional identification of genes that either limit or promote the virus-vector interaction. Compared to other hopper species and the propagative plant viruses they transmit, D. maidis shared 15 responsive transcripts with S. furcifera (to southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus [SRBSDV]), one with G. nigrifrons (to maize fine streak virus [MFSV]), and one with P. maidis (to maize mosaic virus [MMV]), but no virus-responsive transcripts identified were shared among all four hopper vector species.

scholarly journals Plant Viruses: From Targets to Tools for CRISPR

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Carla M. R. Varanda ◽  
Maria do Rosário Félix ◽  
Maria Doroteia Campos ◽  
Mariana Patanita ◽  
Patrick Materatski
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Plant viruses cause devastating diseases in many agriculture systems, being a serious threat for the provision of adequate nourishment to a continuous growing population. At the present, there are no chemical products that directly target the viruses, and their control rely mainly on preventive sanitary measures to reduce viral infections that, although important, have proved to be far from enough. The current most effective and sustainable solution is the use of virus-resistant varieties, but which require too much work and time to obtain. In the recent years, the versatile gene editing technology known as CRISPR/Cas has simplified the engineering of crops and has successfully been used for the development of viral resistant plants. CRISPR stands for ‘clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats’ and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, and is based on a natural adaptive immune system that most archaeal and some bacterial species present to defend themselves against invading bacteriophages. Plant viral resistance using CRISPR/Cas technology can been achieved either through manipulation of plant genome (plant-mediated resistance), by mutating host factors required for viral infection; or through manipulation of virus genome (virus-mediated resistance), for which CRISPR/Cas systems must specifically target and cleave viral DNA or RNA. Viruses present an efficient machinery and comprehensive genome structure and, in a different, beneficial perspective, they have been used as biotechnological tools in several areas such as medicine, materials industry, and agriculture with several purposes. Due to all this potential, it is not surprising that viruses have also been used as vectors for CRISPR technology; namely, to deliver CRISPR components into plants, a crucial step for the success of CRISPR technology. Here we discuss the basic principles of CRISPR/Cas technology, with a special focus on the advances of CRISPR/Cas to engineer plant resistance against DNA and RNA viruses. We also describe several strategies for the delivery of these systems into plant cells, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plant viruses as vectors. We conclude by discussing some of the constrains faced by the application of CRISPR/Cas technology in agriculture and future prospects.

scholarly journals Ilarviruses of Prunus spp.: A Continued Concern for Fruit Trees

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1108-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pallas ◽  
F. Aparicio ◽  
M. C. Herranz ◽  
K. Amari ◽  
M. A. Sanchez-Pina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genome Organization ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Prunus Spp

Prunus spp. are affected by a large number of viruses, causing significant economic losses through either direct or indirect damage, which results in reduced yield and fruit quality. Among these viruses, members of the genus Ilarvirus (isometric labile ringspot viruses) occupy a significant position due to their distribution worldwide. Although symptoms caused by these types of viruses were reported early in the last century, their molecular characterization was not achieved until the 1990s, much later than for other agronomically relevant viruses. This was mainly due to the characteristic liability of virus particles in tissue extracts. In addition, ilarviruses, together with Alfalfa mosaic virus, are unique among plant viruses in that they require a few molecules of the coat protein in the inoculum in order to be infectious, a phenomenon known as genome activation. Another factor that has made the study of this group of viruses difficult is that infectious clones have been obtained only for the type member of the genus, Tobacco streak virus. Four ilarviruses, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, Prune dwarf virus, Apple mosaic virus, and American plum line pattern virus, are pathogens of the main cultivated fruit trees. As stated in the 9th Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, virions of this genus are “unpromising subjects for the raising of good antisera.” With the advent of molecular approaches for their detection and characterization, it has been possible to get a more precise view of their prevalence and genome organization. This review updates our knowledge on the incidence, genome organization and expression, genetic diversity, modes of transmission, and diagnosis, as well as control of this peculiar group of viruses affecting fruit trees.

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