scholarly journals BRCA1 and MAD2 Are Coexpressed and Are Prognostic Indicators in Tubo-ovarian High-Grade Serous Carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Byrne ◽  
Laura Nelson ◽  
James P. Beirne ◽  
Daniel Sharpe ◽  
Jennifer E. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Prognostic Indicators ◽  
Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Nuclear Staining ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Brca1 Expression ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BRCA1 and mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2) protein expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry, and clinical outcomes in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC).MethodsA tissue microarray consisting of 94 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded EOC with fully matched clinicopathological data were immunohistochemically stained with anti-BRCA1 and anti-MAD2 antibodies. The cores were scored in a semiquantitative manner evaluating nuclear staining intensity and extent. Coexpression of BRCA1 and MAD2 was evaluated, and patient survival analyses were undertaken.ResultsCoexpression of BRCA1 and MAD2 was assessed in 94 EOC samples, and survival analysis was performed on 65 high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs). There was a significant positive correlation between BRCA1 and MAD2 expression in this patient cohort (P < 0.0001). Both low BRCA1 and low MAD2 are independently associated with overall survival because of HGSC. Low coexpression of BRCA1 and MAD2 was also significantly associated with overall survival and was driven by BRCA1 expression.ConclusionBRCA1 and MAD2 expressions are strongly correlated in EOC, but BRCA1 expression remains the stronger prognostic factor in HGSC.

Activation of EGFL7 within High Grade Ovarian Serous Carcinoma is Associated with Lower Tumor Infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ Lymphocytes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Jan Sznurkowski ◽  
Anton Żawrocki ◽  
Natalia Krawczyńska ◽  
Michał Bieńkowski ◽  
Bartosz Wasąg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Serous Carcinoma ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Ovarian Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Epidermal Growth

Abstract It has been suggested that Epidermal Growth Factor like domain 7 (EFFL7) promotes tumor cell escape from immunity by downregulating the activation of tumor blood vessels. Aim: to analyze mRNA expression of EGFL7 within tumor microenvironment of high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma and its association with number of intraepithelial CD4+/CD8 + lymphocytes and expression of molecule involved in diapedesis ICAM-1. Methods: qPCR analysis of EGFL7 mRNA in cancer cells and adjacent stromal endothelium microdissected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumors of 59 high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma patients, was performed. Infiltration of intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD4+/CD8+) and expression of ICAM-1 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and compared between tumors with different status of EGFL7 expression. Results: EGFL7 was expressed in cancer cells (9/59, 15.25%), endothelium (8/59, 13.56%), or both cancer cells and adjacent endothelium (4/59, 6.78%). ICAM-1 was expressed on cancer cells (47/59, 79.66%), stromal endothelium (46/59, 77.97%), or both epithelium and endothelium (40 of 59, 67.8%). EGFL7-positivity of cancer cells and endothelium was associated with lower intraepithelial inflow of CD4+ (p = 0.022 and p = 0.029, respectively) and CD8 + lymphocytes (p = 0.04 and p = 0.031, respectively) but impact neither epithelial nor endothelial ICAM-1 expression (p = 0.098 and p = 0.119, respectively). Patients’ median follow-up was 23.83 months (range 1.07–78.07). Lack of prognostic significance of EGFL7-status and ICAM-1 expression was notified. Conclusion: EGFL7 was independently activated in the cancer epithelium as frequently as in endothelium of human high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. Activation of EGFL7 on cancer cells and/or endothelium impairs influx of immune cell effectors into cancer nest.

Should All Cases of High-Grade Serous Ovarian, Tubal, and Primary Peritoneal Carcinomas Be Reclassified as Tubo-Ovarian Serous Carcinoma?

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Louise Moss ◽  
Tim Evans ◽  
Philippa Pearmain ◽  
Sarah Askew ◽  
Kavita Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Type I ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Ovarian Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Significant Difference

IntroductionThe dualistic theory of ovarian carcinogenesis proposes that epithelial “ovarian” cancer is not one entity with several histological subtypes but a collection of different diseases arising from cells of different origin, some of which may not originate in the ovarian surface epithelium.MethodsAll cases referred to the Pan-Birmingham Gynaecological Cancer Centre with an ovarian, tubal, or primary peritoneal cancer between April 2006 and April 2012 were identified from the West Midlands Cancer Registry. Tumors were classified into type I (low-grade endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous, and low-grade serous) and type II (high-grade serous, high-grade endometrioid, carcinosarcoma, and undifferentiated) cancers.ResultsOvarian (83.5%), tubal (4.3%), or primary peritoneal carcinoma (12.2%) were diagnosed in a total of 583 woman. The ovarian tumors were type I in 134 cases (27.5%), type II in 325 cases (66.7%), and contained elements of both type I and type II tumors in 28 cases (5.7%). Most tubal and primary peritoneal cases, however, were type II tumors: 24 (96.0%) and 64 (90.1%), respectively. Only 16 (5.8%) of the ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas were stage I at diagnosis, whereas 240 (86.6%) were stage III+. Overall survival varied between the subtypes when matched for stage. Stage III low-grade serous and high-grade serous carcinomas had a significantly better survival compared to clear cell and mucinous cases,P= 0.0134. There was no significant difference in overall survival between the high-grade serous ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal carcinomas when matched for stage (stage III,P= 0.3758; stage IV,P= 0.4820).ConclusionsType II tumors are more common than type I and account for most tubal and peritoneal cancers. High-grade serous carcinomas, whether classified as ovarian/tubal/peritoneal, seem to behave as one disease entity with no significant difference in survival outcomes, therefore supporting the proposition of a separate classification of “tubo-ovarian serous carcinoma”.

scholarly journals Synchronous Penile Metastasis from a High-Grade Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dijkstra ◽  
A. G. van der Heijden ◽  
H. E. Schaafsma ◽  
P. F. A. Mulders
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasound ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Glans Penis ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Penile Metastasis ◽  
Prostate Biopsies ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Adenocarcinoma Of The Prostate

Metastasis to the glans penis is a rare phenomenon and usually occurs in a late stage of disease. A 68-year-old man was referred to our clinic because of two indurated lesions of the glans penis and minor lower urinary tract symptoms. Digital rectal examination revealed a hard nodular prostate, and serum prostate-specific antigen (sPSA) level was 13.3 ng/mL. Biopsies of the penile lesions and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies were taken. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue exposed a synchronous penile metastasis from a high-grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Except a pathologically enlarged lymph node detected with MRI there was no suspicion on other metastases. Currently this patient is being treated with a Gonadoreline (GnRH) antagonist. Nevertheless, the prognosis will be poor.

scholarly journals Reliable LC3 and p62 autophagy marker detection in formalin fixed paraffin embedded human tissue by immunohistochemistry

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Schläfli ◽  
S. Berezowska ◽  
O. Adams ◽  
R. Langer ◽  
M.P. Tschan
Keyword(s):  
Human Tissue ◽  
Nuclear Staining ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Unknown Significance ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Formalin Fixed

Autophagy assures cellular homeostasis, and gains increasing importance in cancer, where it impacts on carcinogenesis, propagation of the malignant phenotype and development of resistance. To date, its tissue-based analysis by immunohistochemistry remains poorly standardized. Here we show the feasibility of specifically and reliably assessing the autophagy markers LC3B and p62 (SQSTM1) in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human tissue by immunohistochemistry. Preceding functional experiments consisted of depleting LC3B and p62 in H1299 lung cancer cells with subsequent induction of autophagy. Western blot and immunofluorescence validated antibody specificity, knockdown efficiency and autophagy induction prior to fixation in formalin and embedding in paraffin. LC3B and p62 antibodies were validated on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded cell pellets of treated and control cells and finally applied on a tissue microarray with 80 human malignant and non-neoplastic lung and stomach formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue samples. Dot-like staining of various degrees was observed in cell pellets and 18/40 (LC3B) and 22/40 (p62) tumors, respectively. Seventeen tumors were double positive for LC3B and p62. P62 displayed additional significant cytoplasmic and nuclear staining of unknown significance. Interobserver-agreement for grading of staining intensities and patterns was substantial to excellent (kappa values 0.60 - 0.83). In summary, we present a specific and reliable IHC staining of LC3B and p62 on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human tissue. Our presented protocol is designed to aid reliable investigation of dysregulated autophagy in solid tumors and may be used on large tissue collectives.

EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and response to chemotherapy and cetuximab in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6024-6024 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Kies ◽  
M. S. Ghebremichael ◽  
T. L. Katz ◽  
R. S. Herbst ◽  
H. Youssoufian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Tumor Resistance ◽  
Egfr Expression ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Initial Cohort ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded

6024 Background: There is modest activity for cetuximab in recurrent SCCHN. Molecular markers for patient selection are desirable. Burtness et al (JCO 23:8646, 2005) reported that high EGFR expression predicted for tumor resistance to chemotherapy (CT) with or without cetuximab. We have studied an independent cohort of patients from the IMC-9816 study (Herbst et al, JCO 23:5578, 2005) using the same EGFR immunoreactivity staining technique. Methods: Slides were prepared from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue with the DAKO kit, with staining intensity graded on an ordinal scale 0–3 and staining density assessed according to the percentage of cells stained. High expression was defined as staining intensity 3 + on = 80% of cells. Tumor samples were available in 77 pts from the initial cohort of 132 patients with recurrent SCCHN who received cisplatin-based CT. Of the latter, 76 patients were assessed to have stable (SD 51) or progressive disease (PD 25) and then treated with cetuximab and cisplatin. An amendment permitted further enrollment of patients with PD after off study cisplatin therapy (N 54). Of a total of 130 pts who received cetuximab and cisplatin, tumor samples were available from 86. Results: There was no association of response with EGFR expression. Responses to CT are tabulated. Of the 86 SD and PD pts receiving CT and cetuximab, responses were observed in 3 of 44 and 7 of 42 pts with low and high EGFR expression, respectively (p=0.191). In a survival analysis of patients treated with cetuximab, the hazard ratio for subjects with high EGFR was 0.835, p=0.40. Conclusions: Conventional IHC, even when supplemented by staining intensity and staining density, does not predict for responsiveness of SCCHN to CT, with or without cetuximab. Future studies may require more quantitative methods, possibly subcellular localization, and measurement of other EGFR pathway targets, ligand content and probably “down-stream” effectors. No significant financial relationships to disclose. [Table: see text]

Prognostic significance of obesity in high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16528-e16528 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schlumbrecht ◽  
D. Urbauer ◽  
D. Gershenson ◽  
R. Broaddus
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade

e16528 Background: Obesity is an epidemic public health problem in the United States. In gynecologic oncology, obesity is an established risk factor for endometrial cancer. However, its role in the pathogenesis and survival in ovarian cancer is debated. Recent studies have attempted to elucidate a possible relationship, but variations in design and heterogeneity in patient characteristics make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. The purpose of our study was to determine if body mass index at the time of treatment initiation for high grade serous ovarian carcinoma has an effect on patient outcome. Methods: Nine-hundred four patients treated for ovarian cancer at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center were identified between 2002 and 2007. Patients were excluded for low grade or non-serous histology, neoadjuvant treatment, or if presenting with recurrent disease. Clinicopathologic data were extracted by retrospective chart review. Patients were stratified by body mass index (BMI) as normal (BMI<25), overweight (BMI 25-<30), or obese (BMI>30). All were treated with primary cytoreduction and standard platinum/taxane chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was dosed using adjusted body weights. Outcomes included time to recurrence, overall survival, success of surgical debulking, and chemotherapeutic toxicities. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon test, and Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results: A total of 127 patients were included for analysis. Patients were followed for a mean of 37 months (range 3–86 months). Twenty-one patients were obese (16.5%), and 35 were overweight (27.5%). Diabetes was more prevalent in the obese cohort (p = 0.0038). There was a trend towards greater likelihood of suboptimal debulking in obese patients, but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). BMI had no effect on recurrence-free survival (HR 0.69 [CI 0.39–1.23], p = 0.21) or overall survival (HR 0.95 [CI 0.68–2.43], p = 0.91). There was no difference in chemotherapy side effects or chemoresistance across BMI strata. Conclusions: Body mass index has no effect on survival in women with high grade serous ovarian cancer. Effectively managing comorbidities and ensuring adequate chemotherapy dosing in the obese patient is crucial for optimizing outcome. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Pleomorphic Adenoma versus Basal Cell Adenoma: An immunohistochemical analysis with b-catenin

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Renata Falchete do Prado ◽  
Camila Lopes Cardoso ◽  
Alberto Consolaro ◽  
Antonio Luis Assis Taveira
Keyword(s):  
Basal Cell ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
Nuclear Staining ◽  
Cell Adenoma ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Pleomorphic Adenomas ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of b-catenin in pleomorphic adenomas and the basal cell adenomas to<strong> </strong>clarify its possible role in the etiopathogenesis of these two lesions. The expression of b-catenin (BD Transduction Laboratories) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method in 10 pleomorphic adenomas and 2 basal cell adenomas. The specimens were analyzed taking into account intensity, distribution and association with myoepithelial cells. The results showed that  all cases of pleomorphic adenomas exhibited membranous and cytoplasmic immunostaining and the 2 cases of basal cell adenomas displayed nuclear staining. Higher b-catenin index rates were seen mainly in ductal structures of pleomorphic adenomas and in the nuclei of myoepithelial stromal and myoepithelial cells of solid clusters in basal cell adenomas. In conclusion, this immunohistochemical study may suggests the different degree of differentiation of the myoepithelial cells in these two tumors.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

scholarly journals Molecular profiles and mutation burden analysis in Chinese patients with gastric carcinoma

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Chen ◽  
Chunmei Shi ◽  
Xiaochun Huang ◽  
Jianwei Zheng ◽  
Zhongyi Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Carcinoma ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Mutation Burden ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Molecular Profiles ◽  
Genomic Regions

AbstractThe goal of this work was to investigate the molecular profiles and mutation burden in Chinese patients with gastric carcinoma (GC). In total, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 74 GC patients with tumor and adjacent normal formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. The mutation spectrum of these samples showed a high concordance with TCGA and other studies on GC. We found the alterations of 17 DNA repair genes (including BRCA2, POLE and MSH3, etc.) were strongly correlated with the tumor mutation burden (TMB) and tumor neoantigen burden (TNB) of GC patients. Patients with mutations of these genes tend to have high TMB (median of TMB = 12.77, p=2.3e-6) and TNB (median of TNB = 5.97, p= 2.8e-3). In addition, younger GC patients (age < 60) have lower TMB (p = 0.0021) and TNB (p = 0.034) than older patients (age >= 60). Furthermore, we found a list of 18 genes and two genomic regions (1p36.21 and Xq26.3) were associated with peritoneal metastasis (PM) of GC, and patients with amplification of 1p36.21 and Xq26.3 have a worse prognosis (p=0.002, 0.01, respectively). Our analysis provides GC patients with potential markers for single and combination therapies.

Survival benefit from bevacizumab in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) according to transcriptional subclasses.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2057-2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason T. Huse ◽  
Kathryn Beal ◽  
Jianan Zhang ◽  
Edward R. Kastenhuber ◽  
Thomas Joseph Kaley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Invasion Mechanisms ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Bevacizumab Treatment ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma ◽  
New Treatment

2057 Background: Genome-wide transcriptional studies (TCGA and others) have identified distinct GBM molecular subtypes, but to date this has not translated into prognostic or therapeutic implications. Bevacizumab has emerged as a new treatment option for GBMs, although a survival benefit has yet to be demonstrated in unselected patients (pts). We analyzed outcomes from a prospective phase II trial in newly diagnosed GBM treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT) combined with temozolomide and bevacizumab, and correlated with GBM transcriptional subclasses. Methods: Pts with newly diagnosed GBM with tumor volume < 60cc were eligible. Treatment consisted of HFSRT (6x6 Gy to contrast-enhancing tumor and 6x4 Gy to FLAIR hypersignal with dose painting), concomitant with bevacizumab (10 mg/kg Q2 weeks) and temozolomide (75mg/m2 daily), followed by standard adjuvant bevacizumab/ temozolomide. Primary endpoint was 1-y overall survival (OS). To establish TCGA transcriptional subclasses, mRNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks was analyzed with a validated, 151-probe Nanostring gene expression assay. Results: A total of 40 evaluable pts were accrued, achieving a 1-y OS of 90% (95% CI 76-96), 2-y OS of 32% (95%CI 19-47) and median OS of 17.4m. The molecular subclass could be defined in 31 pts, as follows: Mesenchymal: 14 (45%) pts, pro-neural: 8 (26%), classical: 7 (23%), neural: 2 (6%). The pro-neural phenotype was associated with reduced overall survival: median OS of 13.5m vs 21.2m for non pro-neural tumors (univariate: p = 0.015; multivariate: p = 0.003). MGMT promoter methylation did not predict survival (p = 0.13). Conclusions: We provide proof-of-principle that GBM transcriptional classification is biologically and therapeutically relevant, identifying non pro-neural GBMs as the best candidates for bevacizumab treatment. Our findings imply that angiogenesis and tumor invasion mechanisms in proneural tumors may be distinct from other subtypes, and we suggest such pts should not be offered bevacizumab treatment upfront. Future randomized trials focusing on non-proneural tumors may finally demonstrate a survival advantage for bevacizumab in GBM. Clinical trial information: NCT01392209.

Development of a diagnostic PD-L1 immunohistochemical assay for nivolumab therapy in urothelial carcinoma.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14585-e14585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Ann De Los Santos ◽  
Josette William ◽  
Debra Ann Hanks ◽  
Adam Northrup ◽  
Dipeshkumar Jaiswal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded ◽  
Staining Protocol ◽  
Visualization Technology ◽  
Slide Type

e14585 Background: PD-L1 IHC 28-8 pharmDx is a qualitative assay developed by Agilent Technologies for the Autostainer Link 48 platform and is based on EnVision FLEX visualization technology and monoclonal rabbit anti-PD-L1, clone 28-8 antibody. The assay has been co-developed with the immunotherapeutic agent nivolumab; initially as an aid in assessing PD-L1 expression in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma patients. Here we describe the efforts to validate this assay for urothelial carcinoma (UC). Methods: IHC staining was performed on Autostainer Link 48 platform using an automated staining protocol stated per the assay’s instruction for use (IFU). Specimens were coverslipped and interpreted for % PD-L1 positive tumor cells. The assay was analytically validated on commercially acquired formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) human UC invasive tumor specimens at ≥1% and ≥5% PD-L1 positive tumor cells expression levels. Results: A wide range of % PD-L1 positive tumor cells at all staining intensity levels have been detected. Assay in-house precision was validated for inter-operator, inter-instrument, inter-day, inter-run and intra-run as well as inter-observer and intra-observer agreement. Robustness studies evaluated the assay under multiple conditions for target retrieval pH, temperature and incubation time, slide type as well as tissue section thickness. Assay reproducibility was evaluated at three external sites by testing samples for intra-site/inter-day and inter-site agreement measures. Specimens were also evaluated by an observer at each site, with three reads for each observer to assess intra-observer and inter-observer agreement. All validation studies demonstrated agreement estimates above 85% with values for lower bound 95% confidence intervals calculated above 84%. Conclusions: Results of all conducted studies show high robustness and reproducibility of the assay on UC.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document