scholarly journals Coincident disruptive coloration

2008 ◽  
Vol 364 (1516) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innes C Cuthill ◽  
Aron Székely
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Disruptive Coloration ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Colour Patterns

Even if an animal matches its surroundings perfectly in colour and texture, any mismatch between the spatial phase of its pattern and that of the background, or shadow created by its three-dimensional relief, is potentially revealing. Nevertheless, for camouflage to be fully broken, the shape must be recognizable. Disruptive coloration acts against object recognition by the use of high-contrast internal colour boundaries to break up shape and form. As well as the general outline, characteristic features such as eyes and limbs must also be concealed; this can be achieved by having the colour patterns on different, but adjacent, body parts aligned to match each other (i.e. in phase). Such ‘coincident disruptive coloration’ ensures that there is no phase disjunction where body parts meet, and causes different sections of the body to blend perceptually. We tested this theory using field experiments with predation by wild birds on artificial moth-like targets, whose wings and (edible pastry) bodies had colour patterns that were variously coincident or not. We also carried out an experiment with humans searching for analogous targets on a computer screen. Both experiments show that coincident disruptive coloration is an effective mechanism for concealing an otherwise revealing body form.

scholarly journals Digital-Based Healthy Bra Top Design That Promotes the Physical Activity of New Senior Women by Applying an Optimal Pressure

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4651
Author(s):  
Kuengmi Choi ◽  
Jungil Jun ◽  
Youngshil Ryoo ◽  
Sunmi Park
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Senior Women ◽  
Clothing Pressure

A bra use can reduce physiological and physical functions because of clothing pressure, which can be a problem for new senior women starting to lose physical function. The present study presents a bra top design development method for promoting new senior women’s physical activity by identifying problems related to bras’ effects on women’s health and minimizing clothing pressure. The analysis utilized the 3D scan data of 42 adult women (age range: 50s) from the 5th Size Korea Project. Bra top design elements were extracted based on new senior consumers’ needs. We developed an average wireframe reflecting the new senior’s physical characteristics, and a standard body form was developed through surface modeling. To produce a consumer-oriented bra with a body shaping effect and reduced clothing pressure that would not affect physical activities, a three-dimensional pattern was developed applying an optimal reduction rate of 80%. To verify the bra’s adequacy for the body form of new senior women, two market-available bras were selected and fit-compared to the developed product. The developed bra received higher expert appearance evaluation and 3D virtual clothing evaluation scores. This study is significant because by using virtual fitting technology, it provides foundational data to quantify the quality of fashion products.

scholarly journals Can't tell the caterpillars from the trees: countershading enhances survival in a woodland

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1651) ◽  
pp. 2539-2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M Rowland ◽  
Innes C Cuthill ◽  
Ian F Harvey ◽  
Michael P Speed ◽  
Graeme D Ruxton
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Background Matching ◽  
Lepidopteran Larvae ◽  
Beech Tree

Perception of the body's outline and three-dimensional shape arises from visual cues such as shading, contour, perspective and texture. When a uniformly coloured prey animal is illuminated from above by sunlight, a shadow may be cast on the body, generating a brightness contrast between the dorsal and ventral surfaces. For animals such as caterpillars, which live among flat leaves, a difference in reflectance over the body surface may degrade the degree of background matching and provide cues to shape from shading. This may make otherwise cryptic prey more conspicuous to visually hunting predators. Cryptically coloured prey are expected to match their substrate in colour, pattern and texture (though disruptive patterning is an exception), but they may also abolish self-shadowing and therefore either reduce shape cues or maintain their degree of background matching through countershading: a gradation of pigment on the body of an animal so that the surface closest to illumination is darker. In this study, we report the results from a series of field experiments where artificial prey resembling lepidopteran larvae were presented on the upper surfaces of beech tree branches so that they could be viewed by free-living birds. We demonstrate that countershading is superior to uniform coloration in terms of reducing attack by free-living predators. This result persisted even when we fixed prey to the underside of branches, simulating the resting position of many tree-living caterpillars. Our experiments provide the first demonstration, in an ecologically valid visual context, that shadowing on bodies (such as lepidopteran larvae) provides cues that visually hunting predators use to detect potential prey species, and that countershading counterbalances shadowing to enhance cryptic protection.

scholarly journals CALS Technologies in Mechanical Engineering Using the Example of Developing Three-Dimensional Models of Typical Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-649
Author(s):  
A. A. Popova ◽  
◽  
I. N. Shubin ◽  
R. E. Aliev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
3D Cad ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Three-dimensional models of the body parts were developed using the basic 3D modeling operations (rotation, extrusion, threading, etc.) of the T-FLEX CAD 3D CAD system, which made it possible to significantly simplify the work with assembly 3D models representing a complex structure consisting of a large number of parts. During the trial operation, the advantages of using the T-FLEX CAD 3D CAD system have been proven when working with complex 3D models. The advantages of using the program in the machine-building cluster are shown.

scholarly journals Concerted variation in melanogenesis genes underlies emergent patterning of plumage in capuchino seedeaters

2022 ◽  
Vol 289 (1966) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Estalles ◽  
Sheela P. Turbek ◽  
María José Rodríguez-Cajarville ◽  
Luís Fábio Silveira ◽  
Kazumasa Wakamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Coloration Patterns ◽  
Genomic Regions

Coloration traits are central to animal communication; they often govern mate choice, promote reproductive isolation and catalyse speciation. Specific genetic changes can cause variation in coloration, yet far less is known about how overall coloration patterns—which involve combinations of multiple colour patches across the body—can arise and are genomically controlled. We performed genome-wide association analyses to link genomic changes to variation in melanin (eumelanin and pheomelanin) concentration in feathers from different body parts in the capuchino seedeaters, an avian radiation with diverse colour patterns despite remarkably low genetic differentiation across species. Cross-species colour variation in each plumage patch is associated with unique combinations of variants at a few genomic regions, which include mostly non-coding (presumably regulatory) areas close to known pigmentation genes. Genotype–phenotype associations can vary depending on patch colour and are stronger for eumelanin pigmentation, suggesting eumelanin production is tightly regulated. Although some genes are involved in colour variation in multiple patches, in some cases, the SNPs associated with colour changes in different patches segregate spatially. These results suggest that coloration patterning in capuchinos is generated by the modular combination of variants that regulate multiple melanogenesis genes, a mechanism that may have promoted this rapid radiation.

scholarly journals Countershading enhances camouflage by reducing prey contrast

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1927) ◽  
pp. 20200477
Author(s):  
Callum G. Donohue ◽  
Jan M. Hemmi ◽  
Jennifer L. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Luminance Contrast ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Live Fish ◽  
Average Luminance ◽  
Fish Predators ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

A three-dimensional body shape is problematic for camouflage because overhead lighting produces a luminance gradient across the body's surface. Countershading, a form of patterning where animals are darkest on their uppermost surface, is thought to counteract this luminance gradient and enhance concealment, but the mechanisms of protection remain unclear. Surprisingly, no study has examined how countershading alters prey contrast, or investigated how the presence of a dorsoventral luminance gradient affects detection under controlled viewing conditions. It has also been suggested that the direction of the dorsoventral luminance gradient (darkest or lightest on top) may interfere with predators' abilities to resolve prey's three-dimensional shape, yet this intriguing idea has never been tested. We used live fish predators (western rainbowfish, Melanotaenia australis ) and computer-generated prey images to compare the detectability of uniformly pigmented (i.e. non-countershaded) prey with that of optimally countershaded prey of varying contrasts against the background. Optimally countershaded prey were difficult for predators to detect, and the probability and speed of detection depended on prey luminance contrast with the background. In comparison, non-countershaded prey were always highly detectable, even though their average luminance closely matched the luminance of the background. Our findings suggest that uniformly pigmented three-dimensional prey are highly conspicuous to predators because overhead lighting increases luminance contrast between different body parts or between the body and the background. We found no evidence for the notion that countershading interferes with predator perception of three-dimensional form.

scholarly journals Biomechanical factor affecting Baseball Pitching Velocity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Ota ◽  
Ryoga Kuriyama
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Joint Force

In baseball, pitchers have a central role and high-speed pitching is desirable. So far, several studies of the physical factors related to pitching form with the aim of improving the speed of pitched balls have been conducted. In this study, we used a motion capture to acquire three-dimensional (3D) time series data related to the speed of pitched balls and performed a kinetics analysis by using these acquired data. The acquired data were divided into five pitching phases: wind up, early cocking, late cocking, acceleration, and follow through. Our analysis identified the body parts that contribute to increasing the speed of pitched balls, i.e., the speed of rotation of individual joints and the timing/phase when power can be applied. Especially, by examining joint angular velocity and joint force, we showed that the speed of pitched balls is determined by the action of the upper limbs as well as the coordinated action of the whole body, particularly the lower limbs and the trunk.

scholarly journals Bedsores Management: Efficiency Simulation of a New Mattress Design

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
Abdullatif Alwasel ◽  
Bandar Alossimi ◽  
Maha Alsadun ◽  
Khalid Alhussaini
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Health It ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

Bedsores, also known as pressure ulcers, are wounds caused by the applied external force (pressure) on body segments, thereby preventing blood supply from delivering the required elements to the skin tissue. Missing elements hinder the skin’s ability to maintain its health. It poses a significant threat to patients that have limited mobility. A new patented mattress design and alternative suggested designs aimed to reduce pressure are investigated in this paper for their performance in decreasing pressure. A simulation using Ansys finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out for comparison. Three-dimensional models are designed and tested in the simulation for a mattress and human anthropometric segments (Torso and Hip). All designs are carried out in solidworks. Results show that the original design can redistribute the pressure and decrease it up to 17% less than the normal mattress. The original design shows better ability to decrease the absolute amount of pressure on the body. However, increasing the surface area of the movable parts results in less pressure applied to the body parts. Thus, this work suggests changing the surface area of the cubes from 25 to 100 cm2.

scholarly journals Development of three-dimensional physiological function imaging of biological body by transillumination imaging using near infrared light - preliminary research -

10.29007/dvzs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc An Dang Nguyen ◽  
Phuong Anh Bui ◽  
Anh Tu Tran ◽  
Trung An Dang Nguyen ◽  
Van Chinh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Preliminary Research

In biological tissue, there are different kinds of endogenous chromophores. Their absorption spectra in the optical range are sensitive to the physiological change of the animal body. In the near-infrared region (700-1200 nm wavelength), hemoglobin has a characteristic absorption spectrum which is dependent on its redox state. Therefore, the functional information inside the animal body could be obtained noninvasively by measuring the transmitted light. By detecting the change of the absorption characteristics of the animal body, the functional change inside the body can be detected in a two-dimensional transillumination image. In this paper, we propose preliminary research on developing a novel imaging modality of biological body parts. Using the two-dimensional images obtained in many different orientations, three-dimensional physiological function imaging of the biological body by transillumination could be expected. This paper presents a preliminary result in the experiment to show the feasibility of this technique.

Deterministic and Stochastic Prediction of the Hydrodynamics of a Three-Dimensional Body Falling Through Water

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhu ◽  
Yuming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
The Body ◽  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Six Degree Of Freedom

We investigate the dynamics of a three-dimensional mine-shaped body falling through water deterministically and stochastically. A physics-based deterministic model, MINE6D, is developed for the prediction of the six degree-of-freedom motion of the body falling freely through water. In MINE6D, the hydrodynamic load due to the added inertia effect is obtained exactly by using a boundary-element method while the viscous drag associated with flow separation and vortex shedding is modeled using a quasi-steady approach. Since the mine motion is found to be highly sensitive to varying the physical parameters such as body geometry, mass distribution, and initial releasing conditions, we develop a stochastic model using Monte-Carlo MINE6D simulation for the statistical analysis of mine motions in practical applications. The statistical prediction is compared with available field measurements both qualitatively and quantitatively. The characteristic features and dependence on physical parameters of the statistical prediction of mine motions are investigated. The present study is of importance to the prediction of mine burial in seabed and the design of mines.

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