IV. Experiments and observations on the various alloys, on the specific gravity, and on the comparative wear of gold. Being the substance of a report made to the Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council, appointed to take into consideration the state of the coins of this Kingdom, and the present establishment and constitution of his Majesty’s Mint

1803 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 43-194 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
The State ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Gold Coin ◽  
The Right ◽  
Considerable Loss

The Lords of the Committee of his Majesty’s most honourable Privy Council, appointed by his Majesty, on the 10th of February, 1798, to take into consideration the state of the coins of this kingdom, having among other circumstances remarked the considerable loss which the gold coin appeared to have sustained by wear within certain periods, and being desirous to ascertain whether this loss was occasioned by any defect, either in the quality of the standard gold or in the figure or impression of the coins, were pleased to request that Henry Cavendish, Esq. F. R. S. and myself would examine, by such experiments as should be deemed requisite, whether any of these defects really existed. Two questions were to be principally decided, 1st. Whether very soft and ductile gold, or gold made as hard as is compatible with the process of coining, suffers the most by wear, under the various circumstances of friction to which coin is subjected in the course of circulation ?

Experiments and observations on the various alloys, on the specific gravity, and on the comparative wear of gold. Being the substance of a report made to the Right Honourable the Lords of the Com­mittee of Privy Council, appointed to take into consideration the state of the coins of this kingdom, and the present establishment and constitution of His Majesty’s mint

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 105-107
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
The State ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Gold Coin ◽  
The Right ◽  
Considerable Loss

From the introduction to this paper we learn, that in the year 1798, His Majesty was pleased to appoint a committee of members of his Privy Council, to take into consideration the state of the coins of the kingdom ; and that this committee, having remarked the considerable loss which the gold coin in particular had sustained by wear within certain periods, had applied to Mr. Cavendish and Mr. Hatchett for their opinion what were the causes of this diminution, and what remedy might be applied to the defects by which it is occasioned. The mode of carrying on this investigation having been agreed upon by these two gentlemen, it fell to Mr. Hatchett’s lot to perform the preconcerted experiments, and to draw up the account of them.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

scholarly journals Powstanie krakowskiej Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej i próba jej przyłączenia do Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w 1956 roku

2020 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Wanda Łuczak
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Training ◽  
The State ◽  
University Curriculum ◽  
Teacher Training College ◽  
Training Schools ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
Ministry Of Higher Education ◽  
Second World

Establishment of the National Higher Teacher Training College (WSP) and an attempt to merge it with the Jagiellonian University in 1956 After the Second World War, the Jagiellonian University lost its autonomy and the state authorities destroyed its structures by separating the departments and creating new universities out of them. Independently, in 1946, the National Higher Teacher Training College in Krakow was established. In 1954, it received the right to run a master’s course. The quality of education in WSP was assessed negatively by the Jagiellonian University. In turn, the WSP authoritiesclaimed that their school provided better training for future teachers. At the beginning of the 1950s, some reservations were voiced as to the grounds for the existence of higher teacher training schools due to overlaps with the university curriculum. In 1956, the state authorities decided to close some of these colleges. WSP was to be merged with the Jagiellonian University. A meeting was organized at the Jagiellonian University in April 1956, where representatives of the Ministry of Higher Education, the Jagiellonian University and WSP discussed the merger. However, the meeting didn’t yield the expected results due to the firm objection on the part of WSP. The opportunity to strengthen the Jagiellonian University’s position by merging with WSP was ultimately lost.

3 The Supreme Court and the Irish Free State

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dickson Brice
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
The State ◽  
Free State ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Irish Free State ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

This chapter considers the performance of the Irish Supreme Court during the life of the Irish Free State (1922–37). It charts the way in which the right to appeal from the Supreme Court to the Privy Council was abolished (comparing the position in other Dominions) and shows that, despite the rhetoric of Irish politicians at the time, the judges were keen to uphold the British approach to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. The chapter then describes some of the emergency legislation enacted in the Free State to combat republican violence and examines how it was viewed by the Supreme Court, most notably in the very deferential (albeit split) decision in The State (Ryan) v Lennon. The chapter sums up the Court’s performance during the existence of the Irish Free State as disappointing and uninspiring.

scholarly journals On the optical and physical properties of tabasheer. By David Brewster, LL. D. F. R. S. Lond. and Edin. In a letter to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G. C. B. P. R. S. &c

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 115-116
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
The State ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Flint Glass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Right

Tabasheer is a substance found in the cavities of the bamboo, existing originally in the state of a transparent fluid, but gradually indurating into a solid of different degrees of hardness: it consists of 70 silica, + 30 potash and lime. One variety has a milky transparency, transmitting a yellowish, and reflecting a bluish light; another is translucent, and a third opake: the two first varieties become transparent, and evolve air when immersed in water: the third evolves air also, but remains opake. If the first varieties be only slightly wetted they become quite opake. The property of acquiring transparency by the evolution of air from, and the absorption of water by its pores, belongs also to the hydrophanous opal; but the faculty of becoming opake by a small quantity, and transparent by a larger, of water, shows a singularity of structure in tabasheer. As the tabasheer disengages more air than hydrophane, its pores must be more numerous; and therefore the transmission of light, so as to form a perfect image, indicates either a very feeble refractive power or some peculiarity in the construction of its pores. To determine this, Dr. Brewster formed a prism of tabasheer with an angle of 34° 15', and upon measuring its refractive power found it very low, though various in different specimens, the index of refraction varying from 1·11 to 1·18, that of water being 1·33, of flint-glass 1·60, of sulphur 2·11, of phosphorus 2·22, and of the diamond 2·47. So that tabasheer has a lower refractive power than any other solid or liquid, and holds an intermediate place between water and the gases. Dr. Brewster then gives a formula for computing the absolute refractive power of bodies, and a table of results, from which it appears that, in this respect, the refractive power of tabasheer is so low as to be separated by a considerable interval from all other bodies. The author next proceeds to detail a variety of experiments upon the absorbent powers of the different kinds of tabasheer, in respect to several liquids, and the corresponding effects upon its optical properties and specific gravity, and concludes with observations on the cause of the paradox exhibited by the transparent tabasheer, in becoming opake by absorbing a small quantity of water, and transparent when the quantity is increased.

scholarly journals ROLE FORENSIC TRADE ANALYSIS WHILE HEARING CONSUMER PROTECTION CASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 406-416
Author(s):  
O. Dontsova ◽  
G. Sich
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Consumer Rights ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Right

This article content is aimed at characterization of urgent problematic issues, which are connected with determining the place of forensic expertise in cases related to the protection of consumer rights and the development of ways of solving emerging problems. The article emphasizes that in accordance with the current legislation, consumers have the right to protect their rights to the necessary quality, safety of goods and services, as well as the right to compensation for losses caused by goods of inadequate quality, dangerous to life and health, etc. It is determined that the main control in the sphere of trade is exercised by the State Service for Product Safety and Consumer Protection, and it is established that the problems are the inability of this service to carry out an instant check on a consumer complaint of a particular point of sale. At the present stage, the problem of citizens' rights including rights in the sphere of consumption, is extremely urgent, because accession of Ukraine to the European Union requires the application of European standards of product quality. In developed country, the consumer is a major player in market relations, which is focused on the production and improvement of the quality of goods and services. The application of sanctions to sellers, manufacturers of poor-quality products does not always give the necessary effect, because usually an unscrupulous manufacturer (seller, executor) pays a fine and continues to provide poor quality services, to supply products that are dangerous to life and health. Important factor in improving the quality of products and services provided is the legal knowledge of consumers themselves in protecting their rights. Consumer rights have a prerogative over the rights of sellers and producers, since human life and health under the Constitution of Ukraine is a fundamental value of the state. The authors described the actions that the consumer should take to protect their violated rights, and emphasized that in cases where the consumer seeks to restore justice for this issue, he should ask an expert institution to perform a forensic trade research.

Improving Evaluation of Boilerplate

Boilerplate ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Jane Radin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Rights And Interests ◽  
The Right ◽  
Default Rules

This chapter proposes an analytical framework for improving the evaluation of boilerplate. It begins with a discussion of questions for evaluating boilerplate rights deletion schemes; for example, whether all of the rights granted and/or maintained by the state are appropriately considered default rules. It then describes three elements of analysis that can help illuminate how boilerplate waivers should be evaluated: the nature of the right in question and whether that right is alienable; the quality of consent by a recipient; and the extent of social dissemination of the rights deletion. It also examines the effect of nonconsent or market-inalienability on any purported contract, as well as the kinds of rights that are or should be subject to market-inalienability or partial market-inalienability in the presence of problematic consent. Finally, it explores political rights and interests, along with basic human rights and interests.

scholarly journals THE ROLE AND PLACE OF ADVOCACY IN THE STATE

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issue of determining the role and place of the bar in the state. The urgency of this issue was a consequence of the adoption in June 2016 of the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (regarding justice)" of 02.06.2016 № 1401-VIII. Summary of the main research results. According to which the Constitution of Ukraine was supplemented by Article 131-2, which stipulates that the bar operates in Ukraine to provide professional legal assistance, and only a lawyer represents another person in court, as well as protection from criminal charges, except in certain cases. Thus, the bar, together with the prosecutor's office, was included in the justice system. Thus, the bar becomes one of the key elements of the justice system in Ukraine, as the most important constitutional function of the bar is to ensure the right to protection from criminal prosecution and representation of individuals and legal entities in court. By delegating the relevant function of the bar, the state must ensure a high level of professional legal assistance provided by lawyers, which, in turn, has a significant impact on the quality of justice and the exercise of the right to a fair trial. By delegating the relevant function of the bar, the state must ensure a high level of professional legal assistance provided by lawyers, which, in turn, has a significant impact on the quality of justice and the exercise of the right to a fair trial. At the same time, the Constitution of Ukraine provides for the independence of the bar, and the current Law of Ukraine "On Advocacy and Advocacy" generally indicates that the Bar of Ukraine is a non-governmental self-governing institution. Conclusions. The Ukrainian Bar is a professional public association. The National Bar Association of Ukraine is recognized as a non-governmental non-profit professional organization. In turn, the bar is endowed with public law functions, and the inclusion of non-state actors in the system of public power is designed to create an effective mechanism of public control over the activities of the state.

scholarly journals RE-THINKING THE STATE’S DUTY TO PROTECT AND UPHOLD THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN A CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONTEXT

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narnia Bohler-Muller ◽  
Jana Milne
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
South African ◽  
Preliminary Observation ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Indian Experience ◽  
The Right

The central question posed in this contribution is whether the right to life has been employed by our courts as a workable constitutional concept in order to promote a quality of life − referred to herein as a “safe” life − lived in accord with the constitutional rights and values of human dignity, equal worth and freedom. A preliminary observation is that the South African judiciary is generally hesitant to interpret the right to life as the right to a certain “quality of life”. This is due to the fact that the state’s obligations regarding the entitlements that would enable such an existence are dealt with effectively by other rights already codified in the Constitution. In addition, the courts are traditionally wary of imposing duties on the state. Our courts have thus employed an interpretation of this right that is limited to the right not to be deprived of one’s life in cases involving social policy issues. As such, thejudiciary has failed to address the entitlement to a quality of life that would impose positive obligations on the state effectively. In order to explore more fully the ambit of the right to life, the authors turn to the Indian experience, which provides an excellentexample of a more creative interpretation of this right. It is submitted that the Indian position could provide useful guidelines in advancing a more activist interpretation of the right to life in order to facilitate the effective application of this right in a criminaljustice context. 

scholarly journals La concepción de lo básico en la determinación del ámbito subjetivo del derecho a la asistencia sanitaria

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-47
Author(s):  
Luis E. DELGADO DEL RINCÓN
Keyword(s):  
National Health System ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Court Ruling ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pais Vasco

LABURPENA: Lan honetan modu kritikoan aztertzen da Konstituzio Auzitegiaren jurisprudentzia, osasun esparruko sektore jakin batean oinarrizkotzat jotzen duenari dagokionez: osasun-laguntza jasotzeko eskubidearen esparrua zehaztea. Horretarako, bada, zehatz aztertzen da Konstituzio Auzitegiaren epai bat, azaroaren 16ko STC 134/2017 izenekoa. Epai horretan lehenengo aldiz jorratzen da gai hori; izan ere, Eusko Jaurlaritzak ekainaren 26ko 114/2012 Dekretua onetsi izanaren ondorioz Estatuaren eta Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoaren artean gertatu zen eskumen gatazka bat ebazten du epaiak. Dekretu horren bitartez Euskal Osasun Sistemaren prestazio sanitarioak zabaldu zitzaizkien apirilaren 20ko 16/2012 Lege Dekretuak aldatutako Nazio mailako osasun sistemaren kohesioa eta kalitateari buruzko maiatzaren 28ko 16/2003 Legean aseguratu eta onuradun gisa agertzen ez direnei. RESUMEN: El presente trabajo analiza críticamente la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional sobre lo que entiende por básico en un sector concreto de la materia sanitaria: la determinación del ámbito subjetivo del derecho a la asistencia sanitaria. Para ello se examina detalladamente una sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional, la STC 134/2017, de 16 de noviembre, que se ocupa por primera vez de esa cuestión, al resolver un conflicto de competencias suscitado entre el Estado y la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, como consecuencia de la aprobación por el Gobierno vasco del Decreto 114/2012, de 26 de junio, que amplía las prestaciones sanitarias del Sistema Vasco de Salud a personas que no están definidas como asegurados ni beneficiarios en la Ley estatal 16/2003, de 28 de mayo, de Cohesión y calidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud, modificada por el Decreto-ley 16/2012, de 20 de abril. ABSTRACT: The present work critically analyzes what the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court understands as basic in a specific sector of the sanitary matter: the determination of the subjective scope of the right to healthcare. To this end, the Constitutional Court ruling 134/2017, of November 16, which deals with this question for the first time, is examined in detail, by resolving a conflict of competences raised between the State and the Basque Autonomous Region, as a consequence of the approval by the Basque Government of Decree 114/2012, of June 26, which extends the health services of the Basque System of Health to people who are not defined as insured or beneficiaries in the State Act 16/2003, of May 28, on Cohesion and Quality of the National Health System, as amended by Decree-Law 16/2012, of April 20.

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