scholarly journals VIII. Experiments and observations on the influence of the nerves of the eighth pair on the secretions of the stomach. By B. C. Brodie, Esq. F. R. S. Communicated by the Society for the promotion of animal chemistry

1814 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Experiment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Circulation Of The Blood ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
The Way

In a paper formerly communicated to this Society by Sir Everard Home, and since published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1809, some facts were stated which render it probable that the various animal secretions are dependent on the influence of the nervous system, and this opinion seemed to derive support from some physiological experiments which were afterwards instituted by myself, and in which it was observed, that after the functions of the brain had been destroyed, although the action of the heart continued, and the circulation of the blood was maintained as under ordinary circumstances, the secreting organs invariably ceased to perform their office. It has been attempted by former physiologists to determine how far the nerves are necessary to secretion, but there are considerable obstacles in the way of this inquiry, and no observations, that have been hitherto made, appear to throw a great deal of light on the subject. The only method, which can be devised, of ascertaining by direct experiment, whether the nerves are really necessary to secretion, is that of dividing the nervous branches by which the glands are supplied. But this, with respect to the greater number of the glands, is an experiment impossible to perform; and, with respect to others, can not be executed without so much disturbance and injury to the other parts, as must render it extremely difficult to arrive at any positive results. Perhaps in future investigations, some circumstances may arise, which will enable us to determine more satisfactorily this important physiological question. In the mean time, as the labours of physiologists have hitherto contributed so little to this purpose, any facts that tend to its elucidation may deserve to be recorded, and I am therefore induced to lay before the Society the following experiments, which afford one example of a secretion being dependent on the influence of the nerves.

VI. Experiments made with a view to ascertain the principle on which the action of the heart depends, and the relation which subsists between that organ and the nervous system

1815 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 65-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
Nervous Influence

The following experiments were begun with a view to as­ certain the manner in which certain poisons act in destroying life. I soon found that, in order to make any considerable progress in such an inquiry, it is necessary to ascertain how far the powers of the nervous and sanguiferous systems di­rectly depend on each other. There seems never to have been any difference of opinion respecting the direct depend­ence of the nervous on the sanguiferous system. When the powers of circulation are increased or diminished, the nervous system always suffers a corresponding change, nor can the latter, under any circumstances, continue to perform its functions after the former are destroyed. I speak of the warm blooded animals. In cold blooded animals the process of dying is so slow, that the functions of the nervous system abate very gradually, after the circulation has wholly ceased. The converse of the above proposition is by no means so generally admitted. It is evident that certain changes of the nervous, produce corresponding changes in the sanguiferous, system ; yet, while some assert, that the action of the heart depends as immediately on the brain, as that of the latter does on the heart, others maintain, that the nervous power may be wholly destroyed without impairing the vigour of this organ. This point it is necessary to determine, before we can trace with precision the modus operandi of poisons. The following inquiry therefore may be divided into two parts. In the first, I shall endeavour to ascertain how far the power of the heart is influenced by the state of the nervous system; in the other, by what steps certain poisons destroy the powers of both. This I shall reserve for another paper, and here confine my­self to the first part of the subject. Till the time of Haller, it seems to have been the general opinion, that the muscles derive their power from the nervous system. He taught, that the power of the muscles depends on their mechanism, that the nervous influence is merely a stimulus which calls it into action, and consequently that those muscles, the heart for example, which act only by the appli­cation of one peculiar stimulus, unconnected with the nervous system, are wholly independent of it. This opinion seemed confirmed by its being generally admitted, that the action of the heart continues after it is removed from the body, and that it cannot be influenced by stimulating the brain, or spinal marrow, or the nerves which terminate in it. Haller and his followers maintain, that there are two distinct vital powers, one of the nervous and another of the sanguiferous system.

scholarly journals The brain the sole centre of the human nervous system

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 753-754
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Opposite View ◽  
Central Organ ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Nervous System

It has been inferred by many physiologists, from experiments made on the lower animals, that portions of the human nervous system are isolated and independent of each other; but from the circumstance that in these animals the brain is only a small appendage to the rest of the nervous system, while in the human species it is the principal portion, the author takes an opposite view of the subject. In man, the grey matter, which is the source of the power of the brain, is largely agglomerated in that organ, but is only diffused in comparatively minute proportions throughout the other parts of the nervous apparatus, which, when detached from the central organ, speedily lose the power of exciting muscular contraction, because that power is derived exclusively from the brain, and only such a portion is retained in the grey matter of the spinal cord and the ganglia of the sympathetic as is requisite for the immediate actions of the parts which they supply with nerves. The opinions of Galen, of William,, and of the more recent physiologists, Louget, Muller, Duges, Carus, Pinel, Foville, Flourens, Cruveillier, are cited at some length in corroboration of the views of the author, and in opposition to those of Bichat, and others of the older physiologists, together with those of Sir C. Bell, Mr. Grainger, Dr. M. Hall, Kolliker, Stilling, and others, and tending also to disprove the excito-motory theory of Dr. M. Hall, as regards its applicability to medical practice. Quotations to the same effect are given from Valentin, Volkmann, Fauvel, Mery, Cabanis, and Legallois; and reference is likewise made to pathological illustra­tions, and to the instances of anencephalous infants, as leading to the following deductions :— 1. In man and the higher mammalia, the brain is the sole centre of the nervous system and the source of its power.

scholarly journals Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the ultimate scientist?

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
Salvador Macip
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Camillo Golgi ◽  
Acceptance Speech ◽  
Ramón Y Cajal ◽  
The Way

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1906 was shared by two scientists that set the basis for understanding how the brain works: Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal were awarded the honour “in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system”. Yet, contrary to what usually happens in these situations, one of them was wrong and tried to sabotage the theories of the other one, refusing to admit his mistakes even when he gave his acceptance speech. How did Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a humble Spanish doctor, manage to upstage the legendary Italian pathologist and change forever the way we see the brain?

scholarly journals IX . Researches on the intimate structure of the brain.—Second series

1868 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 263-331 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Close Study ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

Before I begin to describe the parts which form the subject of this communication, and to show how some of them are merely modified portions or developments of others that belong to the medulla oblongata , it will be advisable to recur to those morphological changes in the medulla, which I formerly pointed out as themselves arising from modifications of the spinal cord . And while in unravelling structures so extremely complex, such a course seems almost necessary to facilitate their comprehension, and convey to the reader a just notion of their morphological changes, in relation on the one hand, to the remaining parts of the encephalon, and on the other hand, to the spinal cord, it will afford me an opportunity of adding to this recapitulation some new facts that have been elicited by subsequent observation and a more extended experience. It is gratifying to know that many of the results of my previous researches have been found to throw considerable light on certain diseases of the nervous system, especially on some forms of paralysis; and my own pathological investigations, as well as a close study of nervous disorders, have not only enabled me to shape my present researches as much as possible in accordance with the requirements of the pathologist, but, by pointing to the probability of certain anatomical connexions suggested by morbid symptoms, they have sometimes been the means of directing the course of my dissections in a very peculiar way.

scholarly journals Account of the dissection of a human fætus, in which the circulation of the blood was carried on without a heart

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 327-327
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thymus Gland ◽  
Natural Formation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Circulation Of The Blood ◽  
The Brain

Mr. Brodie was induced to draw up the account of this case, although other instances are already recorded, because the child differed much less from the natural formation than usual. Twins were produced, both still-born, at the seventh month of pregnancy. The placenta was not preserved; but it was remarked that the chords belonging to the two children were, at their attachment, distant about three inches from each other. In one of these children nothing preternatural was observed. The other was distended, and disfigured with fluid contained in two cysts under the common integuments of the neck and thorax; but when the fluid was evacuated, the form was nearly natural, with the exception of a hare lip, and a deficiency of some of the toes and fingers. In the brain also, and nervous system, nothing unusual was observed. But in the thorax there was no heart, thymus gland, or pleura; and the substances corresponding to lungs, on each side, at the bifurcation of the trachea, were no more than one third of an inch in diameter, the thorax being filled with a dense cellular substance.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN SPEAKING THROUGH TWO STAY TWO STRAY STRATEGY

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dita Masyitah Sianipar And Sumarsih
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Speaking Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Way

This study deals with the way to improve students’ achievement in speaking particularly through Two Stay Two Stray Strategy. This study was conducted by using classroom action research. The subject of of the research was class X-AP SMK Swasta Harapan Danau Sijabut in Asahan Regency that consisted of 34 students. The research was conducted in two cycles consisted of three meetings in each cycle. The instruments of collecting data for quantitative data used Speaking Test and instrument for analysis of qualitative data used observation, interview and questionnaire sheet. Based on the speaking test score, students’ score kept improving in every test. In the test I the mean was 61,47, in the test II the mean was 67,41 and the test III the mean was 78,52. Based on observation sheet and questionnaire sheet, it was found that teaching learning process run well and lively. Students were active and interest in speaking. The using of Two Stay Two Stray Strategy is significantly improved students’ achievement in speaking.

The influence of lithium on the competence of the ectoderm in Ambystoma mexicanum

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-331
Author(s):  
D. O. E. Gebhardt ◽  
P. D. Nieuwkoop
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Amphibian Embryos ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morphogenetic Potential ◽  
Made In

The influence of lithium on the amphibian egg has been the subject of a number of investigations. From the work of Lehmann (1937), Töndury (1938), and Pasteels (1945) it is known that exposure of amphibian embryos to lithium results in a progressive cranio-caudal reduction of the central nervous system and a simultaneous conversion of the presumptive notochord into somites. Whereas these experiments were made with whole embryos, attempts have been made in recent years to localize the lithium effect by transplanting or explanting specific parts of the embryo. Gallera (1949), for instance, concluded from his experiments with transplants containing lithium treated presumptive chorda mesoderm, that lithium had reduced the ‘morphogenetic potential’ of this inductor. Lombard (1952), on the other hand, claimed that the susceptibility of amphibian eggs towards lithium was the result of the ion's direct influence on the ectoderm rather than on the presumptive archenteron roof.

A Romano-British Interment, with Bucket and Sceptres, from Brough, East Yorkshire

1938 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Corder ◽  
I. A. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Present Note ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chief Interest ◽  
Roman Age ◽  
The Way

The Roman Ermine Street, having crossed the Humber on the way to York from Lincoln, leaves Brough Haven on its west side, and the little town of Petuaria to the east. For the first half-mile northwards from the Haven its course is not certainly known: then, followed by the modern road, it runs northwards through South Cave towards Market Weighton. In the area thus traversed by the Roman road burials of the Roman age have already been noted in sufficient quantity to suggest an extensive cemetery. The interment which is the subject of the present note was found on 10th October 1936, when men laying pipes at right angles to the modern road, in the carriage-drive of Mr. J. G. Southam, having cut through some 4 ft. of blown sand, came upon a mass of mixed Roman pottery, dating from the late first to the fourth century A.D. Bones of pig, dog, sheep, and ox were also represented. Presently, at a depth of about 5 ft., something attracted closer attention. A layer of thin limestone slabs was found, covering two human skeletons, one lying a few feet from the west margin of the modern road, the other parallel with the road and some 8 ft. from its edge. The objects described below were found with the second skeleton, and the first to be discovered was submitted by Mr. Southam to Mr. T. Sheppard, F.S.A.Scot., Director of the Hull Museums, who visited the site with his staff. All that can be recorded of the circumstances of the discovery is contained in the observations then made, under difficult conditions. ‘Slabs of hard limestone’, it was reported, ‘taken from a local quarry of millepore oolite and forming the original Roman road, were distinctly visible beneath the present roadway—one of the few points where the precise site of the old road has been located. On the side of this… a burial-place has been constructed. What it was like originally it is difficult to say, beyond that a layer of thin … slabs of limestone occurred over the skeletons. This had probably been kept in place or supported by some structure of wood, as several large iron nails, some bent at right angles, were among the bones.’ If this were all that could be said about the burials, they would hardly merit a place in these pages. The chief interest of the record would be its apparent identification of the exact course of the Roman road at a point where this had hitherto been uncertain. Three objects associated with the second skeleton are, however, of exceptional interest.

scholarly journals Effect of gingival retraction cord and retraction paste on gingival tissue in fixed prosthodontics impression

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shamsuzzaman ◽  
Sheikh Md Shahriar Quader ◽  
Shakila Fatema ◽  
Md Abdul Gofur ◽  
Khaleda Akter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Hemorrhage Control ◽  
Fixed Prosthodontics ◽  
Abutment Teeth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Reduced Time

Background & Objectives: Of the various gingival retraction systems available in the market, a cordless paste system is fairly new entrant into this field. This system promises to provide an easier method to obtain optimum retraction with excellent hemorrhage control. The present study was designed to clinically evaluate the efficacy of paste retraction system and medicated retraction cords on the basis of relative easy of working, hemorrhage control and amount of vertical gingival retraction. Methods: 40 subjects were selected requiring full veneer restoration where more than one abutment teeth were to be prepared. After the preparation of the abutment teeth flexible scales were used to measure the sulcus depth before retraction and after retraction. Medicated retraction cord technique was used on one abutment tooth and on the other abutment tooth paste retraction system was employed. Subjectively easy of placement and hemorrhage scores was assessed. Results: The mean time taken for paste retraction technique was 45.13 seconds and for medicated retraction cord technique was 105.4 seconds. In all the subjects paste retraction technique was relatively easier as compared with medicated retraction cord technique. Mean hemorrhage scores using paste retraction technique was 0.05 and using medicated retraction cord technique it was 1.70. Mean vertical gingival retraction using paste retraction technique was .36mm and using medicated retraction cord technique was 0.54mm Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, paste retraction system requires reduced time for application, is easier to place, and provides excellent hemorrhage control in comparison to medicated retraction cord. However, medicated retraction cord provides increased amount of vertical retraction as compared to paste retraction technique. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v3i2.17995 Update Dent. Coll. j: 2013; 3 (2): 20-27

scholarly journals Observations on the Fat Globules in Milk

1913 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F Cooper ◽  
W. H Nuttall ◽  
G. A Freak
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Chief Factors ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Definite Result

Results of our previous work were published in the Journ. of Agric. Sri., IV, 1911. There, also, a brief summary of the chief papers published on the subject of the fat globules was given, to which it is unnecessary to refer in detail here.When the work was first commenced in 1909, the problem before us was the consideration of the variation in the size of the fat globules, with relation to churning, as regards the different breeds of cattle. The breed was considered because it was usually supposed that this was one of the chief factors which influenced churning. The most definite result of our work was that it was shown that consideration must be given to the character of the milk, irrespective of the breed. This conclusion is quite contrary to that of other workers, but an examination of their figures shows, undoubtedly, that this is actually the case: the results given by Woll (Digestion Expts., Seventh Annual Report, Agric. Expt. Stat, Wisconsin, 1890, 238; also Agric. Sci., 1892, vi, 445) emphasise this point particularly. It is also shown by this year's work, as may be seen from Tables V–XI.The comparative size of the globules has been worked out very thoroughly by Gutzeit, who measured the mean volume of the globule. Other workers give their results as “relative sizes.” In our work we attempted to ascertain the distribution of the fat in the globules, and to this end the number of globules of each size was determined, and curves were drawn. The result of this, however, was negative. At that time we were considering the breeds of the cows from which the milks were obtained; had we considered them solely as milks of a certain mean size of globule, much more might have been achieved.An apparatus was devised to give an absolute figure for the churnability of any cream, but, until the effect of the other factors has been determined, it is impossible to interpret the results. Some experiments to ascertain the optimum temperature were described also.

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