Simple differentiation of Salmonella Typhi, Paratyphi and Choleraesuis from Salmonella species using the eazyplex TyphiTyper LAMP assay

Introduction. Identification of typhoidal Salmonella (TS) serovars and their discrimination from non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is conventionally performed by seroagglutination. This method is labour-intensive, requires technical experience and can be inconclusive in some cases. Molecular assays may be reliable alternative diagnostic tools. Aim. This study was designed to evaluate the eazyplex TyphiTyper based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for fast identification of TS and S. Choleraesuis in culture. Methodology. A total of 121 Salmonella strains and 33 isolates of other Enterobacterales species were tested by the eazyplex TyphiTyper. Simulated and clinical blood cultures (BCs) were used to examine the performance of the assay for diagnosis of systemic infection. Sample preparation took about 5 min and the test running time was 20 min. Amplification was measured by real-time fluorescence detection. Results. All TS and S. Choleraesuis strains were correctly identified. The most common NTS S. Typhimurium (n=34) and S. Enteritidis (n=15) were detected as Salmonella species without any false positive result for TS targets. Cross-reactions of NTS with TS were only rarely observed. Direct testing of positive BCs gave correct results. Sensitivities and specificities of the assay were as follows: 100 and 99.3 % for S. Typhi, 100 and 98.7 % for S. Paratyphi A, 100 and 97.3 % for S. Paratyphi B, 100 and 100 % for S. Paratyphi C, 100 and 100 % for S. Choleraesuis, and 100 and 100 % for Salmonella species, respectively. Conclusion. The eazyplex TyphiTyper is very easy to perform and allows the rapid identification of TS and S. Choleraesuis isolates.

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Literature Riview : Penerapan Kompres Air Hangat Untuk Menurunkan Suhu Tubuh Pada Pasien Demam Thypoid

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kesehatan ◽

10.48144/prosiding.v1i.884 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1494-1500

Author(s):

Gusti Ayu Salsabila ◽

Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah ◽

Firman Faradisi

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Scientific Paper ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Warm Water ◽

Normal Limits ◽

Scientific Papers ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

Body Heat

AbstractTyphoid fever is a systemic infection caused by salmonella enterica bacteria, especially its derivative variants, namely salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, paratyphi C. These germs attack the digestive tract, especially in the stomach and intestines, nursing problems that often occur in patients with typhoid fever, namely hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is a condition in which an individual has an increase in body temperature above 37.8 C parrectal due to external factors. A warm compress is a procedure used to improve control of body heat loss through evaporation and conduction which is usually performed on patients who have a high fever. The purpose of scientific papers is to see an overview of the application of warm compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients. The method is carried out by searching several research journals entitled about the application of warm water compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients. The results obtained after the action of warm water compresses, body temperature decreased within normal limits. The conclusion of this scientific paper is that the action of warm water compresses can reduce body temperature in patients with typhoid fever. Suggestions for nurses are expected to apply warm compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients.Keywords: Key words: typhoid fever, hyperthermia, warm water compress AbstrakDemam typhoid adalah infeksi sistemik yang di sebabkan oleh bakteri salmonella enterika, khususnya varian-varian turunannya, yaitu salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, paratyphi C. Kuman-kuman tersebut menyerang saluran pencernaan, terutatama di perut dan usus masalah keperawatan yang sering terjadi pada pasien demam tifoid yaitu hipertermia . Hipertermi adalah suatu keadaan dimana seorang individu mengalami peningkatan suhu tubuh di atas 37,8⁰C parrektal karena factor eksternal. Kompres air hangat adalah prosedur yang di gunakan untuk meningkatkan control kehilangan panas tubuh melalui evaporasi dan konduksi yang biasanya di lakukan pada pasien yang mengalami demam tinggi. Tujuan dari karya tulis ilmiah adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tentang penerapan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Metode yang dilakukan dengan mencari beberapa jurnal penelitian berjudul tentang penerapan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Hasil yang didapatkan setelah dilakukan tindakan kompres air hangat suhu tubuh mengalami penurunan dalam batas normal. Kesimpulan karya tulis ilmiah ini bahwa tindakan kompres air hangat dapat menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Saran bagi perawat diharapkan dapat menerapkan tindakan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid.Kata kunci: Demam Thypoid, Hipertermi, Kompres air hangat

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Characterization and profiling of bacteriocin-like substances produced by lactic acid bacteria from cheese samples

Access Microbiology ◽

10.1099/acmi.0.000234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Sadia Afrin ◽

Mohammad Amirul Hoque ◽

Ashish Kumar Sarker ◽

Mohammed A Satter ◽

Mohammad Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Type Species ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Biological Weapons ◽

Content Type ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Antimicrobial Substances ◽

Link Type ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay

Bacteriocins have become biological weapons against harmful food pathogens and have attracted interest as tools for biopreservation. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains from cheese samples, partially purify potential bacteriocins and characterize their antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Bacteriocin-producing organisms were screened by Agar spot assay test. Initially, 25 LAB isolates were isolated from the cheese samples and identified as Lactobacillius spp., among them five strains were able to produce bacteriocin whose antimicrobial activates were analysed by agar-well-diffusion assay test against pathogenic organisms. Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus thermophillus and Listeria monocytogens were inhibited, while Enterococcus faecalis , Salmonella typhi , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were resistant to the antimicrobial substances from LAB isolates. For optimal production of bacteriocin, LAB broth cultures were harvested at exponential phase. The molecular weights of the bacteriocins are between 7.0–15.0 kDa. The bacteriocins were characterized on the basis of their sensitivity to heat, pH, enzymes, NaCl and treatments with organic solvents. These results revealed that the bacteriocins from Lactobacillius spp. isolated from the cheese might have potential antimicrobial properties and give new insight in the development of bio-preservative agents to prevent and control pathogenic bacterial infection.

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Genome-wide analysis provides a deeper understanding of the population structure of the Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B complex in Bangladesh

Microbial Genomics ◽

10.1099/mgen.0.000617 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Sadia Isfat Ara Rahman ◽

Alyce Taylor-Brown ◽

Farhana Khanam ◽

Ashraful Islam Khan ◽

Gal Horesh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Enteric Disease ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Wide Range ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

Paratyphoid Fever

The Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi B complex causes a wide range of diseases, from gastroenteritis to paratyphoid fever, depending on the biotypes Java and sensu stricto. The burden of Paratyphi B biotypes in Bangladesh is still unknown, as these are indistinguishable by Salmonella serotyping. Here, we conducted the first whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study on 79 Salmonella isolates serotyped as Paratyphi B that were collected from 10 nationwide enteric disease surveillance sites in Bangladesh. Placing these in a global genetic context revealed that these are biotype Java, and the addition of these genomes expanded the previously described PG4 clade containing Bangladeshi and UK isolates. Importantly, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes were scarce amongst Bangladeshi S. Java isolates, somewhat surprisingly given the widespread availability of antibiotics without prescription. This genomic information provides important insights into the significance of S. Paratyphi B biotypes in enteric disease and their implications for public health.

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Validation of Pefloxacin for detection of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance among Salmonella Typhi with special reference to GyrB mutations

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.001398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Shakila Banu Inayath ◽

Shobha Broor ◽

Ruchi Gupta ◽

Priti Agarwal ◽

Subhradeep Majumder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Wild Type ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type ◽

Genetic Mechanisms

Introduction. Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistant Salmonella are classified as high priority pathogens by WHO. FQ resistance among Salmonella Typhi has emerged rapidly and is predominantly mediated by mutations in the topoisomerase genes gyrA, and parC. Mutations in GyrA result in classical FQ resistance (DCS-NAR) i.e. decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC of 0.12 to 0.5 µg ml−1) (DCS) and resistance to nalidixic acid (NAR). Previously a nalidixic acid disc test was proposed for detection of DCS. Recently isolates with non-classical FQ resistance caused by plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in GyrB have emerged. These mechanisms also result in DCS but are nalidixic acid susceptible (NAS) and thus pose diagnostic challenges. CLSI and EUCAST have recommended use of 5 µg pefloxacin discs for detection of DCS in Salmonella . Hypothesis. The CLSI and EUCAST recommendations for use of 5 µg pefloxacin for detection of DCS has not been validated on typhoidal Salmonella and resistance mediated by GyrB mutation in Salmonella species. Aim. The aim of the present study was to validate the performance of the 5 µg pefloxacin discs to detect isolates of S. Typhi with DCS with special reference to GyrB mutations. Methodology. A total of 180 clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi (2005–2014) were investigated for genetic mechanisms of resistance. Zone diameters for nalidixic acid (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg) and pefloxacin (5µg) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin were determined using CLSI guidelines. Performance of the three discs was evaluated to detect FQ resistance in S. Typhi. Results. Topoisomerase mutations in GyrB +/ ParC and GyrB were detected in 112 and 34 isolates respectively. Different mutations have a varied effect on the MIC for ciprofloxacin. The current breakpoints for susceptible (≤0.06 µg ml−1) and non-susceptible (≥0.125 µg ml−1), failed to detect all isolates with a resistance mechanism. Performance of both ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin discs were excellent compared to nalidixic acid in differentiating isolates with non-classical resistance mediated by GyrB from wild-type. Conclusion. The pefloxacin disc can be used to detect FQ resistance among S. Typhi. This is the first report of validation of pefloxacin for detection of FQ resistance in S. Typhi mediated by GyrB mutation.

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Azospirillum fermentarium sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from a fermenter

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.050872-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 63 (Pt_10) ◽

pp. 3762-3768 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Shih-Yao Lin ◽

You-Cheng Liu ◽

Asif Hameed ◽

Yi-Han Hsu ◽

Wei-An Lai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type Species ◽

Gene Sequence ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type ◽

Gene Sequence Analysis ◽

Bacterium Strain ◽

Ubiquinone 10 ◽

Sequence Similarities

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, spiral or rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, diazotrophic bacterium (strain CC-LY743T) was isolated from a fermentative tank in Taiwan. Strain CC-LY743T was able to grow at 20–37 °C and pH 6.0–8.0 and tolerated up to 3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. It was positive for nitrogen fixation, with activity of 10.6 nmol ethylene h−1. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain CC-LY743T showed highest similarity to Azospirillum picis DSM 19922T (96.1 %), Azospirillum oryzae JCM 21588T (96.0 %) and Azospirillum rugosum DSM 19657T (96.0 %) and lower similarity (<96.0 %) to all other Azospirillum species. Highest nifH gene sequence similarities were obtained with Azospirillum brasilense BCRC 12270T (92.0 %), Azospirillum formosense BCRC 80273T (92.3 %) and A. rugosum DSM 19657T (91.8 %). It was positive in the rapid identification by a genus-specific primer set. The predominant quinone system was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) and the DNA G+C content was 69.6±0.1 mol%. The major fatty acids found in strain CC-LY743T were n-C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C14 : 0 3-OH/C16 : 1 iso I, C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c. Based on its phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain CC-LY743T is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Azospirillum for which the name Azospirillum fermentarium sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-LY743T ( = BCRC 80505T = JCM 18688T = LMG 27264T).

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630. A 5-mRNA host response whole-blood classifier trained using patients with non-COVID-19 viral infections accurately predicts severity of COVID-19

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S375-S376

Author(s):

ljubomir Buturovic ◽

Purvesh Khatri ◽

Benjamin Tang ◽

Kevin Lai ◽

Win Sen Kuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Respiratory Failure ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Lamp Assay ◽

Training Data ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Severe Respiratory Failure ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Qpcr Platform

Abstract Background While major progress has been made to establish diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, determining the severity of COVID-19 remains an unmet medical need. With limited hospital resources, gauging severity would allow for some patients to safely recover in home quarantine while ensuring sicker patients get needed care. We discovered a 5 host mRNA-based classifier for the severity of influenza and other acute viral infections and validated the classifier in COVID-19 patients from Greece. Methods We used training data (N=705) from 21 retrospective clinical studies of influenza and other viral illnesses. Five host mRNAs from a preselected panel were applied to train a logistic regression classifier for predicting 30-day mortality in influenza and other viral illnesses. We then applied this classifier, with fixed weights, to an independent cohort of subjects with confirmed COVID-19 from Athens, Greece (N=71) using NanoString nCounter. Finally, we developed a proof-of-concept rapid, isothermal qRT-LAMP assay for the 5-mRNA host signature using the QuantStudio 6 qPCR platform. Results In 71 patients with COVID-19, the 5 mRNA classifier had an AUROC of 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.97) for identifying patients with severe respiratory failure and/or 30-day mortality (Figure 1). Applying a preset cutoff based on training data, the 5-mRNA classifier had 100% sensitivity and 46% specificity for identifying mortality, and 88% sensitivity and 68% specificity for identifying severe respiratory failure. Finally, our proof-of-concept qRT-LAMP assay showed high correlation with the reference NanoString 5-mRNA classifier (r=0.95). Figure 1. Validation of the 5-mRNA classifier in the COVID-19 cohort. (A) Expression of the 5 genes used in the logistic regression model in patients with (red) and without (blue) mortality. (B) The 5-mRNA classifier accurately distinguishes non-severe and severe patients with COVID-19 as well as those at risk of death. Conclusion Our 5-mRNA classifier demonstrated very high accuracy for the prediction of COVID-19 severity and could assist in the rapid, point-of-impact assessment of patients with confirmed COVID-19 to determine level of care thereby improving patient management and healthcare burden. Disclosures ljubomir Buturovic, PhD, Inflammatix Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Purvesh Khatri, PhD, Inflammatix Inc. (Shareholder) Oliver Liesenfeld, MD, Inflammatix Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) James Wacker, n/a, Inflammatix Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Uros Midic, PhD, Inflammatix Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Roland Luethy, PhD, Inflammatix Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) David C. Rawling, PhD, Inflammatix Inc. (Employee, Shareholder) Timothy Sweeney, MD, Inflammatix, Inc. (Employee)

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Phyllobacterium loti sp. nov. isolated from nodules of Lotus corniculatus

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.052993-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 64 (Pt_3) ◽

pp. 781-786 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Maximo Sánchez ◽

Martha-Helena Ramírez-Bahena ◽

Alvaro Peix ◽

María J. Lorite ◽

Juan Sanjuán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Lotus Corniculatus ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene

Strain S658T was isolated from a Lotus corniculatus nodule in a soil sample obtained in Uruguay. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and atpD gene showed that this strain clustered within the genus Phyllobacterium . The closest related species was, in both cases, Phyllobacterium trifolii PETP02T with 99.8 % sequence similarity in the 16S rRNA gene and 96.1 % in the atpD gene. The 16S rRNA gene contains an insert at the beginning of the sequence that has no similarities with other inserts present in the same gene in described rhizobial species. Ubiquinone Q-10 was the only quinone detected. Strain S658T differed from its closest relatives through its growth in diverse culture conditions and in the assimilation of several carbon sources. It was not able to reproduce nodules in Lotus corniculatus. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, phenotypic tests and fatty acid analyses confirmed that this strain should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Phyllobacterium , for which the name Phyllobacterium loti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S658T( = LMG 27289T = CECT 8230T).

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Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the identification of the invasive wood borer Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from frass

3 Biotech ◽

10.1007/s13205-020-02602-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Domenico Rizzo ◽

Nicola Luchi ◽

Daniele Da Lio ◽

Linda Bartolini ◽

Francesco Nugnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lamp Assay ◽

Isothermal Amplification ◽

Molecular Diagnostic ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Longhorn Beetle ◽

Rapid Monitoring ◽

Major Pest ◽

Wood Borer

AbstractThe red-necked longhorn beetle Aromia bungii (Faldermann, 1835) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is native to east Asia, where it is a major pest of cultivated and ornamental species of the genus Prunus. Morphological or molecular discrimination of adults or larval specimens is required to identify this invasive wood borer. However, recovering larval stages of the pest from trunks and branches causes extensive damage to plants and is timewasting. An alternative approach consists in applying non-invasive molecular diagnostic tools to biological traces (i.e., fecal pellets, frass). In this way, infestations in host plants can be detected without destructive methods. This paper presents a protocol based on both real-time and visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), using DNA of A. bungii extracted from fecal particles in larval frass. Laboratory validations demonstrated the robustness of the protocols adopted and their reliability was confirmed performing an inter-lab blind panel. The LAMP assay and the qPCR SYBR Green method using the F3/B3 LAMP external primers were equally sensitive, and both were more sensitive than the conventional PCR (sensitivity > 103 to the same starting matrix). The visual LAMP protocol, due to the relatively easy performance of the method, could be a useful tool to apply in rapid monitoring of A. bungii and in the management of its outbreaks.

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Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 853

Author(s):

Miriam Cordovana ◽

Norman Mauder ◽

Markus Kostrzewa ◽

Andreas Wille ◽

Sandra Rojak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Food Samples ◽

Bacterial Typing ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

Paratyphoid Fever

Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.

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Faecalicoccus acidiformans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the chicken caecum, and reclassification of Streptococcus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1977), Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) and Eubacterium cylindroides (Cato et al. 1974) as Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov., Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively, within the family Erysipelotrichaceae

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.064626-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 64 (Pt_11) ◽

pp. 3877-3884 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Celine De Maesschalck ◽

Filip Van Immerseel ◽

Venessa Eeckhaut ◽

Siegrid De Baere ◽

Margo Cnockaert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

Type Species ◽

Gene Sequence ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequence ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Rrna Gene Sequence ◽

Content Type ◽

Link Type

Strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427 were isolated from the caecal content of a chicken and produced butyric, lactic and formic acids as major metabolic end products. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427 were 40.4 and 38.8 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, both strains were most closely related to the generically misclassified Streptococcus pleomorphus ATCC 29734T. Strain LMG 27428T could be distinguished from S. pleomorphus ATCC 29734T based on production of more lactic acid and less formic acid in M2GSC medium, a higher DNA G+C content and the absence of activities of acid phosphatase and leucine, arginine, leucyl glycine, pyroglutamic acid, glycine and histidine arylamidases, while strain LMG 27428 was biochemically indistinguishable from S. pleomorphus ATCC 29734T. The novel genus Faecalicoccus gen. nov. within the family Erysipelotrichaceae is proposed to accommodate strains LMG 27428T and LMG 27427. Strain LMG 27428T ( = DSM 26963T) is the type strain of Faecalicoccus acidiformans sp. nov., and strain LMG 27427 ( = DSM 26962) is a strain of Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov. (type strain LMG 17756T = ATCC 29734T = DSM 20574T). Furthermore, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the genus Faecalicoccus are the generically misclassified Eubacterium cylindroides DSM 3983T (94.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain LMG 27428T) and Eubacterium biforme DSM 3989T (92.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain LMG 27428T). We present genotypic and phenotypic data that allow the differentiation of each of these taxa and propose to reclassify these generically misnamed species of the genus Eubacterium formally as Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. nov., comb. nov. and Holdemanella biformis gen. nov., comb. nov., respectively. The type strain of Faecalitalea cylindroides is DSM 3983T = ATCC 27803T = JCM 10261T and that of Holdemanella biformis is DSM 3989T = ATCC 27806T = CCUG 28091T.

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