scholarly journals Literature Riview : Penerapan Kompres Air Hangat Untuk Menurunkan Suhu Tubuh Pada Pasien Demam Thypoid

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1494-1500
Author(s):  
Gusti Ayu Salsabila ◽  
Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah ◽  
Firman Faradisi
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Body Heat

AbstractTyphoid fever is a systemic infection caused by salmonella enterica bacteria, especially its derivative variants, namely salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, paratyphi C. These germs attack the digestive tract, especially in the stomach and intestines, nursing problems that often occur in patients with typhoid fever, namely hyperthermia. Hyperthermia is a condition in which an individual has an increase in body temperature above 37.8 C parrectal due to external factors. A warm compress is a procedure used to improve control of body heat loss through evaporation and conduction which is usually performed on patients who have a high fever. The purpose of scientific papers is to see an overview of the application of warm compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients. The method is carried out by searching several research journals entitled about the application of warm water compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients. The results obtained after the action of warm water compresses, body temperature decreased within normal limits. The conclusion of this scientific paper is that the action of warm water compresses can reduce body temperature in patients with typhoid fever. Suggestions for nurses are expected to apply warm compresses to reduce body temperature in typhoid fever patients.Keywords: Key words: typhoid fever, hyperthermia, warm water compress AbstrakDemam typhoid adalah infeksi sistemik yang di sebabkan oleh bakteri salmonella enterika, khususnya varian-varian turunannya, yaitu salmonella typhi, paratyphi A, paratyphi B, paratyphi C. Kuman-kuman tersebut menyerang saluran pencernaan, terutatama di perut dan usus masalah keperawatan yang sering terjadi pada pasien demam tifoid yaitu hipertermia . Hipertermi adalah suatu keadaan dimana seorang individu mengalami peningkatan suhu tubuh di atas 37,8⁰C parrektal karena factor eksternal. Kompres air hangat adalah prosedur yang di gunakan untuk meningkatkan control kehilangan panas tubuh melalui evaporasi dan konduksi yang biasanya di lakukan pada pasien yang mengalami demam tinggi. Tujuan dari karya tulis ilmiah adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tentang penerapan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Metode yang dilakukan dengan mencari beberapa jurnal penelitian berjudul tentang penerapan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Hasil yang didapatkan setelah dilakukan tindakan kompres air hangat suhu tubuh mengalami penurunan dalam batas normal. Kesimpulan karya tulis ilmiah ini bahwa tindakan kompres air hangat dapat menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid. Saran bagi perawat diharapkan dapat menerapkan tindakan kompres air hangat untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh pada pasien demam thypoid.Kata kunci: Demam Thypoid, Hipertermi, Kompres air hangat

scholarly journals Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract and its Promising Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect with Typhoid Fever Vaccine in Immunized Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu ◽  
Daniel Okwaje ◽  
Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Abstract Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi has maintained a high morbidity and mortality profile around the globe especially in developing countries. Though currently licensed vaccines are efficacious in prevention of the infection, their potency is ephemeral; hence, they require a boost by employing adjuvants that are safe and instrumental in achieving a better prolonged protective immune defense outfit. In this work, Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate leaf extract was evaluated for its possible adjuvant property to a heat-killed ST vaccine. Mice were vaccinated with typhoid vaccine and subsequently, daily weight of mice was measured. Also, post-vaccination microbial colony counts were enumerated after challenging the mice with Salmonella typhi cells. From the blood culture results, MO extract demonstrated an excellent synergistic antimicrobial effect as the mice group administered our formulated vaccine-MO extract combination had the lowest microbial load (12.25 ± 4.86) colony forming units following microbial challenge, when compared to the mice groups administered the vaccine alone (37.25 ± 4.5) and the MO extract alone (31.25 ± 9.43). Furthermore, assessment of the mice body weight of treated groups showed a growth pattern that did not deviate significantly from those of the control group. In conclusion, MO extract demonstrated a promising synergistic antimicrobial effect on coadministration with the typhoid fever vaccine against S. typhi and did not lead to adverse side effects in mice.

scholarly journals Enhanced biofilm and extracellular matrix production by chronic carriage versus acute isolates of Salmonella Typhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e1009209
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Devaraj ◽  
Juan F. González ◽  
Bradley Eichar ◽  
Gatan Thilliez ◽  
Robert A. Kingsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Integration Host Factor ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Matrix Production ◽  
Chronic Carriage

Salmonella Typhi is the primary causative agent of typhoid fever; an acute systemic infection that leads to chronic carriage in 3–5% of individuals. Chronic carriers are asymptomatic, difficult to treat and serve as reservoirs for typhoid outbreaks. Understanding the factors that contribute to chronic carriage is key to development of novel therapies to effectively resolve typhoid fever. Herein, although we observed no distinct clustering of chronic carriage isolates via phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that chronic isolates were phenotypically distinct from acute infection isolates. Chronic carriage isolates formed significantly thicker biofilms with greater biomass that correlated with significantly higher relative levels of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and DNABII proteins than biofilms formed by acute infection isolates. Importantly, extracellular DNABII proteins include integration host factor (IHF) and histone-like protein (HU) that are critical to the structural integrity of bacterial biofilms. In this study, we demonstrated that the biofilm formed by a chronic carriage isolate in vitro, was susceptible to disruption by a specific antibody against DNABII proteins, a successful first step in the development of a therapeutic to resolve chronic carriage.

scholarly journals Simple differentiation of Salmonella Typhi, Paratyphi and Choleraesuis from Salmonella species using the eazyplex TyphiTyper LAMP assay

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-823
Author(s):  
Jürgen Rödel ◽  
Birgit Edel ◽  
Sascha D. Braun ◽  
Ralf Ehricht ◽  
Sandra Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Molecular Assays ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Direct Testing ◽  
Paratyphi B

Introduction. Identification of typhoidal Salmonella (TS) serovars and their discrimination from non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is conventionally performed by seroagglutination. This method is labour-intensive, requires technical experience and can be inconclusive in some cases. Molecular assays may be reliable alternative diagnostic tools. Aim. This study was designed to evaluate the eazyplex TyphiTyper based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for fast identification of TS and S. Choleraesuis in culture. Methodology. A total of 121 Salmonella strains and 33 isolates of other Enterobacterales species were tested by the eazyplex TyphiTyper. Simulated and clinical blood cultures (BCs) were used to examine the performance of the assay for diagnosis of systemic infection. Sample preparation took about 5 min and the test running time was 20 min. Amplification was measured by real-time fluorescence detection. Results. All TS and S. Choleraesuis strains were correctly identified. The most common NTS S. Typhimurium (n=34) and S. Enteritidis (n=15) were detected as Salmonella species without any false positive result for TS targets. Cross-reactions of NTS with TS were only rarely observed. Direct testing of positive BCs gave correct results. Sensitivities and specificities of the assay were as follows: 100 and 99.3 % for S. Typhi, 100 and 98.7 % for S. Paratyphi A, 100 and 97.3 % for S. Paratyphi B, 100 and 100 % for S. Paratyphi C, 100 and 100 % for S. Choleraesuis, and 100 and 100 % for Salmonella species, respectively. Conclusion. The eazyplex TyphiTyper is very easy to perform and allows the rapid identification of TS and S. Choleraesuis isolates.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Azithromycin and Cefixime against Salmonella Typhi Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Raj Kumar Thapa ◽  
Sagar Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Correction: The page numbers were changed from 84-97 to 67-80 on 31/08/2020. Introduction: Enteric fever is systemic infection caused by the Salmonella enteric serovars typhi and para typhi A B and C. It is the significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It occurs in all parts of the world where water supplied and sanitation is substandard. Annually, it is estimated that more than 10 million cases and 100000 deaths are caused by typhoid fever. Regarding to the strains, a high prevalence of S. typhi and S. paratyphi. A strains in Nepal that showed resistance against the quinolone nalidixic acid (MIC> 256 mcg/ml with a corresponding decreased susceptibility against fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin (MIC>0.125 mcg/ml. Objectives: The main objective of study was to compare the efficacy of Azithromycin and Cefixime in treatment of typhoid fever. Methodology: The in vitro antibacterial activity of azithromycin and Cefixime against 4 isolated colonies of Salmonella typhi from reference of salmonella typhi ATCC no. 14028 and blood culture isolates from three different hospitals was evaluated by disc diffusion (well) method. 0.25 ppm, 0.5 ppm, 4 ppm, 8 ppm, 32 ppm, 128 ppm concentration of both Azithromycin and Cefixime was used. The zone of inhibition was measured and data was analyzed using Excel. Results: In all isolates of Salmonella typhi, the zone of inhibition shown by both Azithromycin and Cefixime is same at low concentration (0.25ppm, 0.5ppm) but with increasing in concentration there is increase in difference in zone of inhibition shown by them. The zone of inhibition shown by Cefixime is greater in high concentration as compared to zone of inhibition shown by Azithromyci. Conclusion: Our result indicate Cefixime is better than Azithromycin in therapeutic option for enteric fever.

scholarly journals Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Miriam Cordovana ◽  
Norman Mauder ◽  
Markus Kostrzewa ◽  
Andreas Wille ◽  
Sandra Rojak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Bacterial Typing ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.

scholarly journals Stool shedding of Salmonella Typhi in children with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
M. Srinivasan ◽  
S. Giri ◽  
S. Kulandaipalayam Natarajan ◽  
N. Kumar ◽  
V.R. Mohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi

scholarly journals Differential Bacterial Survival, Replication, and Apoptosis-Inducing Ability of Salmonella Serovars within Human and Murine Macrophages

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Schwan ◽  
Xiao-Zhe Huang ◽  
Lan Hu ◽  
Dennis J. Kopecko
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Human Macrophage ◽  
U937 Cells ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Human Macrophages ◽  
Macrophage Cells ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Murine Peritoneal Macrophages

ABSTRACT Salmonella serovars are associated with human diseases that range from mild gastroenteritis to host-disseminated enteric fever. Human infections by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi can lead to typhoid fever, but this serovar does not typically cause disease in mice or other animals. In contrast, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. entericaserovar Enteritidis, which are usually linked to localized gastroenteritis in humans and some animal species, elicit a systemic infection in mice. To better understand these observations, multiple strains of each of several chosen serovars of Salmonellawere tested for the ability in the nonopsonized state to enter, survive, and replicate within human macrophage cells (U937 and elutriated primary cells) compared with murine macrophage cells (J774A.1 and primary peritoneal cells); in addition, death of the infected macrophages was monitored. The serovar Typhimurium strains all demonstrated enhanced survival within J774A.1 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages, compared with the significant, almost 100-fold declines in viable counts noted for serovar Typhi strains. Viable counts for serovar Enteritidis either matched the level of serovar Typhi (J774A.1 macrophages) or were comparable to counts for serovar Typhimurium (murine peritoneal macrophages). Apoptosis was significantly higher in J774A.1 cells infected with serovar Typhimurium strain LT2 compared to serovar Typhi strain Ty2. On the other hand, serovar Typhi survived at a level up to 100-fold higher in elutriated human macrophages and 2- to 3-fold higher in U937 cells compared to the serovar Typhimurium and Enteritidis strains tested. Despite the differential multiplication of serovar Typhi during infection of U937 cells, serovar Typhi caused significantly less apoptosis than infections with serovar Typhimurium. These observations indicate variability in intramacrophage survival and host cytotoxicity among the various serovars and are the first to show differences in the apoptotic response of distinctSalmonella serovars residing in human macrophage cells. These studies suggest that nonopsonized serovar Typhimurium enters, multiplies within, and causes considerable, acute death of macrophages, leading to a highly virulent infection in mice (resulting in death within 14 days). In striking contrast, nonopsonized serovar Typhi survives silently and chronically within human macrophages, causing little cell death, which allows for intrahost dissemination and typhoid fever (low host mortality). The type of disease associated with any particular serovar of Salmonellais linked to the ability of that serovar both to persist within and to elicit damage in a specific host's macrophage cells.

scholarly journals Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Iguchi ◽  
Andrew E. Littmann ◽  
Shuo-Hsiu Chang ◽  
Lydia A. Wester ◽  
Jane S. Knipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Whole Body Heat Stress ◽  
Body Heat

Context: Conditions such as osteoarthritis, obesity, and spinal cord injury limit the ability of patients to exercise, preventing them from experiencing many well-documented physiologic stressors. Recent evidence indicates that some of these stressors might derive from exercise-induced body temperature increases. Objective: To determine whether whole-body heat stress without exercise triggers cardiovascular, hormonal, and extra-cellular protein responses of exercise. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five young, healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; age = 22.1 ± 2.4 years, height = 175.2 ± 11.6 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 14.8 kg, body mass index = 22.6 ± 4.0) volunteered. Intervention(s): Participants sat in a heat stress chamber with heat (73°C) and without heat (26°C) stress for 30 minutes on separate days. We obtained blood samples from a subset of 13 participants (7 men, 6 women) before and after exposure to heat stress. Main Outcome Measure(s): Extracellular heat shock protein (HSP72) and catecholamine plasma concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and heat perception. Results: After 30 minutes of heat stress, body temperature measured via rectal sensor increased by 0.8°C. Heart rate increased linearly to 131.4 ± 22.4 beats per minute (F6,24 = 186, P < .001) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 16 mm Hg (F6,24 = 10.1, P < .001) and 5 mm Hg (F6,24 = 5.4, P < .001), respectively. Norepinephrine (F1,12 = 12.1, P = .004) and prolactin (F1,12 = 30.2, P < .001) increased in the plasma (58% and 285%, respectively) (P < .05). The HSP72 (F1,12 = 44.7, P < .001) level increased with heat stress by 48.7% ± 53.9%. No cardiovascular or blood variables showed changes during the control trials (quiet sitting in the heat chamber with no heat stress), resulting in differences between heat and control trials. Conclusions: We found that whole-body heat stress triggers some of the physiologic responses observed with exercise. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether carefully prescribed heat stress constitutes a method to augment or supplement exercise.

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