Changes in serotype prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Korea, 1996–2008

We investigated changes in serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities among 386 isolates of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae collected from numerous hospitals in Korea from 1996 to 2008. Serotypes 19F (9.8 %), 23F (8.3 %), 19A (7.8 %), 6A (7.5 %), 3 (7.3 %), 9V (6.5 %), 6B (6.2 %), 14 (4.9 %), 1 (3.9 %), 11A (3.9 %) and 4 (3.1 %) represented 69.2 % of all isolates. While the overall proportion of PCV7 serotypes was stable over time, we observed modest decreases in children <5 years old and in adults ≥65 years old between 1996–1999 and 2007–2008. An increased prevalence of non-PCV7 serotypes in these age groups was primarily attributable to an increase in serotypes 3, 6A and 19A. Most invasive S. pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance rates to erythromycin (74.9 %), tetracycline (71.1 %) and clindamycin (61.7 %). Between 1996–2003 and 2004–2008, non-susceptibility rates to cefotaxime and multi-drugs (three or more classes) in PCV7 serotypes showed a declining trend, while in non-PCV7 serotypes there was an increasing trend. Non-PCV7 serotypes 6A and 19A, which mostly exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes (69.0 % and 76.7 % respectively), increased between 1996–2003 and 2004–2008. Although PCV7 was introduced in Korea in November 2003, pneumococcal vaccination has not been included in the national child vaccination programme. Our results provide details of serotype occurrence that will be useful when adoption of universal pneumococcal vaccination in Korea is being considered.

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Decline and Rise of the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from Middle Ear Fluid in Children: Influence of Changes in Circulating Serotypes

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00501-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 3989-3991 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Emilio Pérez-Trallero ◽

José M. Marimón ◽

Marta Alonso ◽

María Ercibengoa ◽

José M. García-Arenzana

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Content Type ◽

Middle Ear Fluid ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

ABSTRACTChanges in the antimicrobial susceptibility ofStreptococcus pneumoniaecausing otitis media were studied in 916 isolates from children <5 years old between 1999 and 2010 in a region of northern Spain. The rate of antimicrobial resistance decreased between the period before the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (from 1999 to 2001) and the period from 2005 to 2007. However, in 2008 to 2010, resistance rates increased again due to the spread of serotype 19A, especially the multidrug-resistant ST320 and ST276 clones.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes 9 and 14 Circulating in Brazil over a 23-Year Period Prior to Introduction of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Role of International Clones in the Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Description of a Novel Genotype

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00673-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 60 (11) ◽

pp. 6664-6672 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tatiana C. A. Pinto ◽

Fabíola C. O. Kegele ◽

Cícero A. G. Dias ◽

Rosana R. Barros ◽

José M. Peralta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽

Beta Lactams ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

The 1960S

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial-resistant pneumococcal strains have been detected worldwide since the 1960s. In Brazil, the first penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci (PNSP) were reported in the 1980s, and their emergence and dissemination have been mainly attributed to serogroup 9 and serotype 14 strains, especially those highly related to recognized international clones. In the present study, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and multilocus sequence typing were performed on 315 pneumococcal isolates belonging to serogroup 9 (n= 99) or serotype 14 (n= 216), recovered from patients or asymptomatic carriers between 1988 and 2011 in Brazil, in order to trace changes in antimicrobial resistance and genotypes prior to the full introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the country. Over the 23-year study period, the PNSP levels increased, and four clonal complexes (CC156, CC66, CC15, and CC5401) have played important roles in the evolution and dissemination of pneumococcal isolates belonging to serogroup 9 and serotype 14, as well as in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, in the pre-pneumococcal-vaccination era. The earliest PNSP strains detected in this study belonged to serotype 9N/ST66 and were single locus variants of the international clone Tennessee14-18 ST67 (CC66). The first serotype 14 PNSP isolates were identified in 1990 and were related to the England14-9 ST9 (CC15) clone. Serotype 14 PNSP variants of the Spain9V-3 ST156 clone with elevated penicillin MICs and nonsusceptibility to other beta-lactams were detected in 1995 and showed an increasing trend over the years. The results also indicated that introduction of ST156 in our region was preceded by the emergence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance and by the dissemination of ST162. In addition to the presence of successful international clones, a novel regional serotype 14 genotype (CC5401) has emerged in 1996.

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Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.5.1295-1301.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 1295-1301 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Donald E. Low ◽

Joyce de Azavedo ◽

Karl Weiss ◽

Tony Mazzulli ◽

Magdalena Kuhn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Central Laboratory ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT A total of 2,245 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from 63 microbiology laboratories from across Canada during 2000 and characterized at a central laboratory. Of these isolates, 12.4% were not susceptible to penicillin (penicillin MIC, ≥0.12 μg/ml) and 5.8% were resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). Resistance rates among non-β-lactam agents were the following: macrolides, 11.1%; clindamycin, 5.7%; chloramphenicol, 2.2%; levofloxacin, 0.9%; gatifloxacin, 0.8%; moxifloxacin, 0.4%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 11.3%. The MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90s) of the fluoroquinolones were the following: gemifloxacin, 0.03 μg/ml; BMS-284756, 0.06 μg/ml; moxifloxacin, 0.12 μg/ml; gatifloxacin, 0.25 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1 μg/ml; and ciprofloxacin, 1 μg/ml. Of 578 isolates from the lower respiratory tract, 21 (3.6%) were inhibited at ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4 μg/ml. None of the 768 isolates from children were inhibited at ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4 μg/ml, compared to 3 of 731 (0.6%) from those ages 15 to 64 (all of these >60 years old), and 27 of 707 (3.8%) from those over 65. The MIC90s for ABT-773 and telithromycin were 0.015 μg/ml for macrolide-susceptible isolates and 0.12 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively, for macrolide-resistant isolates. The MIC of linezolid was ≤2 μg/ml for all isolates. Many of the new antimicrobial agents tested in this study appear to have potential for the treatment of multidrug-resistant strains of pneumococci.

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Animal and Human Multidrug-Resistant, Cephalosporin-ResistantSalmonella Isolates Expressing a Plasmid-Mediated CMY-2 AmpC β-Lactamase

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.44.10.2777-2783.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 2777-2783 ◽

Cited By ~ 174

Author(s):

P. L. Winokur ◽

A. Brueggemann ◽

D. L. DeSalvo ◽

L. Hoffmann ◽

M. D. Apley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Plasmid Dna ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Chromosomal Dna ◽

Important Food ◽

Food Borne ◽

Clonal Spread ◽

Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. are important food-borne pathogens that are demonstrating increasing antimicrobial resistance rates in isolates obtained from food animals and humans. In this study, 10 multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaisolates from bovine, porcine, and human sources from a single geographic region were identified. All isolates demonstrated resistance to cephamycins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins as well as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole. Molecular epidemiological analyses revealed eight distinct chromosomal DNA patterns, suggesting that clonal spread could not entirely explain the distribution of this antimicrobial resistance phenotype. However, all isolates encoded an AmpC-like β-lactamase, CMY-2. Eight isolates contained a large nonconjugative plasmid that could transformEscherichia coli. Transformants coexpressed cephalosporin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole resistances. Plasmid DNA revealed highly related restriction fragments though plasmids appeared to have undergone some evolution over time. Multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaspp. present significant therapeutic problems in animal and human health care and raise further questions about the association between antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic use in animals, and transfer of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. between animals and man.

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Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.45.4.1037-1042.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 1037-1042 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Daniel F. Sahm ◽

James A. Karlowsky ◽

Laurie J. Kelly ◽

Ian A. Critchley ◽

Mark E. Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in school children

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2021-30-57-60 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (30) ◽

pp. 57-60

Author(s):

I. N. Protasova ◽

N. V. Bakhareva ◽

N. A. Ilyenkova ◽

E. S. Sokolovskaya ◽

T. A. Elistratova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

School Children ◽

Clonal Diversity ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clonal Structure ◽

Serotype Distribution ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Oropharyngeal Swab ◽

Resistant Strains

Purpose. To investigate the serotype distribution, clonal structure and antimicrobial resistance of pneumococci isolated from schoolchildren.Materials and methods. During the period from 2012 to 2018 we examined 498 healthy school children aged 6 to 17 years. Oropharyngeal swab was taken from each child for culture, after that all S. pneumoniae strains were genotyped for serotype and ST-type deduction (PCR and sequencing, respectively). Antimicrobial resistance was also determined.Results. Pneumococcal culture was positive in 10.6 % of children. S. pneumoniae isolates belonged to seven serogroups and seven serotypes. Serogroup 6 and serotype 19F strains (15.1% each), and serogroup 9 strains (13.2%) were the most prevalent. S. pneumoniae33FA/37 and 3 (9.4 and 5.7%), serogroups 15 and 18 (7.6 and 5.7%), and 10A serotype (3.8%) were determined at a lower frequency. 20 detected ST-types belonged to 14 clonal complexes (CCs); CC156, CC447, and CC320 were predominant. 1.9% of isolates were penicillin-resistant; 13.2% – macrolide-, clindamycin-, and tetracycline-resistant. S. pneumoniae antibiotic resistant strains belonged to multidrug-resistant CCs 320, 315, and 156.Conclusion. S. pneumoniae prevalence in school children is not high. Pneumococcal population is characterized by serotype and clonal diversity including ‘invasive’ serotypes and genotypes. Most of strains are susceptible to antimicrobials.

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The face of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples of two Iranian teaching hospitals

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials ◽

10.1186/s12941-021-00467-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rahimeh Sanikhani ◽

Mohammad Moeinirad ◽

Hamid Solgi ◽

Azar Hadadi ◽

Fereshteh Shahcheraghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

High Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Clonal Relatedness ◽

The Face ◽

Global Concern

AbstractHypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) has emerged as a pathogen of global concern. In this study, both phenotypic and genotypic tests were used to detect hvKp. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and clonal relatedness of clinical isolates were also determined. We found that 34.2% (163/477) of the isolates were tellurite resistant, and among them 102 hvKp isolates detected with iucA or iutA or peg-344 as molecular markers. The blaSHV (80.4%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 (76.5%) and blaTEM (67.6%), blaOXA-48 (53.9%), and blaNDM-1 (32.3%) were detected, while blaKPC-1 was not present in any hvKp isolates. It was found that the majority of hvKp isolates belonged to capsular serotype K20 and ompK36 group C, which is related to clonal group (CG) 23 (e.g. ST23). A high percentage of multidrug-resistant hvKp (76.6%) and high resistance to imipenem (67%) indicated a serious problem that should be addressed in the clinical setting.

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Antimicrobial Resistance among Respiratory Pathogens in Spain: Latest Data and Changes over 11 Years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007)

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01548-09 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 54 (7) ◽

pp. 2953-2959 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Emilio Pérez-Trallero ◽

Jose E. Martín-Herrero ◽

Ana Mazón ◽

Celia García-Delafuente ◽

Purificación Robles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Ampicillin Resistance ◽

Increasing Trend

ABSTRACT A nationwide multicenter susceptibility surveillance study (Susceptibility to the Antimicrobials Used in the Community in España [SAUCE] project), SAUCE-4, including 2,559 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2,287 Streptococcus pyogenes, and 2,736 Haemophilus influenzae isolates was carried out from May 2006 to June 2007 in 34 Spanish hospitals. Then, the results from SAUCE-4 were compared to those from all three previous SAUCE studies carried out in 1996-1997, 1998-1999, and 2001-2002 to assess the temporal trends in resistance and the phenotypes of resistance over the 11-year period. In SAUCE-4, on the basis of the CLSI breakpoints, penicillin (parenteral, nonmeningitis breakpoint) and cefotaxime were the antimicrobials that were the most active against S. pneumoniae (99.8% and 99.6%, respectively). Only 0.9% of isolates had a penicillin MIC of ≥2 μg/ml. In S. pyogenes, nonsusceptibility to erythromycin was observed in 19.4% of isolates. Among the H. influenzae isolates, a β-lactamase-positive prevalence of 15.7% was found. A statistically significant temporal decreasing trend over the 11-year period was observed for nonsusceptibility (from 60.0% to 22.9%) and resistance (from 36.5% to 0.9%) to penicillin and for the proportion of erythromycin-resistant isolates of S. pneumoniae of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotype (from 98.4% to 81.3%). A similar trend was observed for the prevalence of ampicillin resistance (from 37.6% to 16.1%), β-lactamase production (from 25.7% to 15.7%), and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistance (BLNAR) in H. influenzae (from 13.5% to 0.7%). Among erythromycin-resistant isolates of S. pyogenes, a significant increasing trend in the prevalence of MLSB was observed (from 7.0% to 35.5%). SAUCE-4 confirms a generalized decline in the resistance of the main respiratory pathogens to the antimicrobials as well as a shift in their resistance phenotypes.

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High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Gram-Negative Isolated Bacilli in Intensive Care Units at a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Yucatán Mexico

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55090588 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 588 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrés H. Uc-Cachón ◽

Carlos Gracida-Osorno ◽

Iván G. Luna-Chi ◽

Jonathan G. Jiménez-Guillermo ◽

Gloria M. Molina-Salinas

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Intensive Care Units ◽

High Resistance ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Resistance Rates

Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing worldwide and imposes significant life-threatening risks to several different populations, especially to those in intensive care units (ICU). The most commonly isolated organisms in ICU comprise gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and these represent a leading cause of serious infections. This study was conducted to describe the prevalence of resistance in GNB isolated from patients in adults, pediatric, and neonatal ICU in a tertiary-care hospital in Mérida, Mexico. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was done on samples collected in Neonatal (NICU), Pediatric (PICU) and Adult (AICU) ICU of Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Mérida, México. The identification of isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using an automated system. Results: A total of 517 GNB strains were isolated. The most common positive culture was bronchial secretions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the prevalent pathogen in NICU and PICU, whereas Escherichia coli was common in the AICU. Overall, GNB exhibited a high resistance rates for Ampicillin (95.85%), Cefuroxime (84.17%), Piperacillin (82.93%), Cefotaxime (78.07%), Ceftriaxone (77.41%), Aztreonam (75.23%), Cefazolin (75.00%), and Ceftazidime (73.19%). There are significant differences in the resistance rates of GNB from different ICUs for penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones drugs. Escherichia coli (multidrug-resistant [MDR] = 91.57%, highly resistant microorganisms [HRMO] = 90.36%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR = 86.79%, HRMO = 83.02%) exhibited the highest percentage of MDR and HRMO profiles. The prevalence of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing isolates was 83.13% in E. coli, 78.84% in Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 66.67% in Proteus mirabilis, respectively. Conclusions: The high resistance rates to drugs were exhibited by our GNB isolates. Continuous surveillance and control of the use of antimicrobials are urgently needed to reduce the emergence and spreading of MDR, HRMO, and/or ESBL-producing bacilli.

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