scholarly journals Quantifying the relationship between pollinator behavior and plant reproductive isolation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Pollinator Behavior ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Important Contributor ◽  
Pollinator Preference ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
Plant Frequency ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTPollinator behavior is an important contributor to reproductive isolation in plants. Despite hundreds of years of empirical research, we lack a quantitative framework for evaluating how variation in pollinator behavior causes variation in reproductive isolation in plants. Here I present a model describing how two aspects of pollinator behavior – constancy and preference – lead to reproductive isolation in plants. This model is motivated by two empirical observations: most co-occurring plants vary in frequency over space and time and most plants have multiple pollinators that differ in behavior. These two observations suggest a need to understand how plant frequency and pollinator frequency influence reproductive isolation between co-occurring plants. My model predicts how the proportion of heterospecific matings varies over plant frequencies given pollinator preference and constancy. I find that the shape of this relationship is dependent on the strength of pollinator behavior. Additionally, my model incorporates multiple pollinators with different behaviors to predict the proportion of heterospecific matings across pollinator frequencies. I find that when two pollinators display different strength constancy the total proportion of heterospecific matings is simply the average proportion of heterospecific matings predicted for each pollinator. When pollinators vary in their preference the pollinator with the stronger preference disproportionally contributes to the predicted proportion of total heterospecific matings. I apply this model to examples of pollinator-mediated reproductive isolation in Phlox and in Mimulus to predict relationships between plant and pollinator frequency and reproductive isolation in natural systems.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on Dependence of Mercury Distribution on the Degree of Coalification in Ningwu Coalfield, Shanxi, China

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3119
Author(s):  
Yinjiao Su ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Yang Teng ◽  
Kai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Mercury Distribution ◽  
Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
The Relationship

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic trace element emitted from coal conversion and utilization. Samples with different coal ranks and gangue from Ningwu Coalfield are selected and investigated in this study. For understanding dependence of mercury distribution characteristics on coalification degree, Pearson regression analysis coupled with Spearman rank correlation is employed to explore the relationship between mercury and sulfur, mercury and ash in coal, and sequential chemical extraction method is adopted to recognize the Hg speciation in the samples of coal and gangue. The measured results show that Hg is positively related to total sulfur content in coal and the affinity of Hg to different sulfur forms varies with the coalification degree. Organic sulfur has the biggest impact on Hg in peat, which becomes weak with increasing the coalification degree from lignite to bituminous coal. Sulfate sulfur is only related to Hg in peat or lignite as little content in coal. However, the Pearson linear correlation coefficients of Hg and pyritic sulfur are relatively high with 0.479 for lignite, 0.709 for sub-bituminous coal and 0.887 for bituminous coal. Hg is also related to ash content in coal, whose Pearson linear correlation coefficients are 0.504, 0.774 and 0.827 respectively, in lignite, sub-bituminous coal and bituminous coal. Furthermore, Hg distribution is directly depended on own speciation in coal. The total proportion of F2 + F3 + F4 is increased from 41.5% in peat to 87.4% in bituminous coal, but the average proportion of F5 is decreased from 56.8% in peat to 12.4% in bituminous coal. The above findings imply that both Hg and sulfur enrich in coal largely due to the migration from organic state to inorganic state with the increase of coalification degree in Ningwu Coalfield.

Reactionaries of the lectern: Universalism, anti-empiricism and corporatism in Austrian (and German) social theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-305
Author(s):  
Alan Scott ◽  
Silvia Rief
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Vienna Circle ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
Grand Theory ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Opposite View ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Manifestation

This article discusses one early manifestation of a recurring theme in social theory and sociology: the relationship between general (‘universal’ or ‘grand’) theory and empirical research. For the early critical theorists, empiricism and positivism were associated with technocratic domination. However, there was one place where the opposite view prevailed: science and empiricism were viewed as forces of social and political progress and speculative social theory as a force of reaction. That place was Red Vienna of the 1920s and early 1930s. We examine how this view came to be widespread among Austro-Marxists, empirical researchers and some members of the Vienna Circle. It focuses on the arguments and institutional power of their opponents: reactionary, universalistic and corporatist social theorists. The debate between Catholic corporatist theory and its empiricist critics is located not merely in Vienna but also within wider debates in the German-speaking world. Finally, we seek to link these lesser-known positions to more familiar strands of social thought, namely, those associated with Weber and, more briefly, Durkheim and Elias.

scholarly journals Do Women Need Women Representatives?

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Campbell ◽  
Sarah Childs ◽  
Joni Lovenduski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Mass Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mass Level

This article analyses the relationship between the representatives and the represented by comparing elite and mass attitudes to gender equality and women’s representation in Britain. In so doing, the authors take up arguments in the recent theoretical literature on representation that question the value of empirical research of Pitkin’s distinction between substantive and descriptive representation. They argue that if men and women have different attitudes at the mass level, which are reproduced amongst political elites, then the numerical under-representation of women may have negative implications for women’s substantive representation. The analysis is conducted on the British Election Study (BES) and the British Representation Study (BRS) series.

Challenger Entry and Voter Learning

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANFORD C. GORDON ◽  
GREGORY A. HUBER ◽  
DIMITRI LANDA
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Strategic Interaction ◽  
Incumbency Advantage ◽  
Retrospective Voting ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
Threat Of Entry ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

We develop a model of strategic interaction between voters and potential electoral challengers to sitting incumbents, in which the very fact of a costly challenge conveys relevant information to voters. Given incumbent failure in office, challenger entry is more likely, but the threat of entry by inferior challengers creates an incentive for citizens to become more politically informed. At the same time, challenges to incumbents who perform well can neutralize a voter's positive assessment of incumbent qualifications. How a voter becomes politically informed can in turn deter challengers of different levels of competence from running, depending on the electoral environment. The model permits us to sharpen our understanding of retrospective voting, the incumbency advantage, and the relationship between electoral competition and voter welfare, while pointing to new interpretations of, and future avenues for, empirical research on elections.

Intervento: Psicoterapia e ricerca "scientifica"

2009 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Paolo Migone
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Chaos Theory ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
History Of Psychotherapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

- Some problems of the relationship between psychotherapy and scientific research are examined. The following aspects are discussed: the theory of demarcation between science and non-science, the problem of replicability, "hard" and "soft" sciences, complexity and chaos theory, the levels of probability and indeterminacy, the inductive-deductive circle, abduction, etc. Clinical material is presented in order to exemplify the issues under discussion. Some of the problems met by empirical research in psychotherapy (for example the manualization of psychotherapy techniques) are described, and the phases of the history of psychotherapy research movement are summarized. (This intervention is a discussion of the paper by the physicist Ferdinando Bersani "Replicability in science: Myth or reality?". Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 2009, XLIII, 1: 59-76). [KEY WORDS: science, psychotherapy research, epistemology, replicability, psychoanalytic research]

scholarly journals Metaphor in applied linguistics: four cognitive approaches

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (spe) ◽  
pp. 21-44
Author(s):  
Gerard Steen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Central Issue ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
The Core ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Cognitive Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents some considerations into metaphor in language and thought- 'the topic and title of the first conference of its kind in Brazil'. The paper focuses on the discussions presented in the round table, which were mostly directed to the empirical research on metaphor in Applied Linguistics. This integrative and retrospective reflection on the papers presented will be conducted from the perspective of the debate into the relationship between metaphor in language and in thought. This central issue is at the core of my proposal for four different approaches to metaphor, based on the interdependence between language and thought as system and as use:1) metaphor in language as system; 2) metaphor in thought as system; 3) metaphor in language as use and 4) metaphor in thought as use. It is within the framework of these categories that metaphors should be studied, with a certain degree of autonomy, so that their interdependence can be better understood.

Estimating the influence of temperature on the survival of chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) migrating through the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta of California

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fritz Baker ◽  
Franklin K. Ligon ◽  
Terence P. Speed
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
San Joaquin River ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

Data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are used to investigate the relationship between water temperature and survival of hatchery-raised fall-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts migrating through the Sacramento – San Joaquin Delta of California. A formal statistical model is presented for the release of smolts marked with coded-wire tags (CWTs) in the lower Sacramento River and the subsequent recovery of marked smolts in midwater trawls in the Delta. This model treats survival as a logistic function of water temperature, and the release and recovery of different CWT groups as independent mark–recapture experiments. Iteratively reweighted least squares is used to fit the model to the data, and simulation is used to establish confidence intervals for the fitted parameters. A 95% confidence interval for the upper incipient lethal temperature, inferred from the trawl data by this method, is 23.01 ± 1.08 °C This is in good agreement with published experimental results obtained under controlled conditions (24.3 ± 0.1 and 25.1 ± 0.1 °C for chinook salmon acclimatized to 10 and 20 °C, respectively): this agreement has implications for the applicability of laboratory findings to natural systems.

scholarly journals Performing Expertise: The Design of Audiovisual Links and the Construction of the Remote Expert Witness in Court

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-718
Author(s):  
Emma Rowden ◽  
Anne Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Expert Witnesses ◽  
Expert Evidence ◽  
Jury Trials ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
The Relationship

This article reports on empirical research conducted into the use of audiovisual links (videolinks) to take expert testimony in jury trials. Studies reveal ambivalent attitudes to court use of videolink, with most previous research focussed on its use for vulnerable witnesses and defendants. Our study finds there are issues unique to expert witnesses appearing by videolink, such as compromised ability to gesture and interact with exhibits and demonstrative tools, and reductions in availability of feedback to gauge juror understanding. Overall, the use of videolinks adds an additional cognitive load to the task of giving expert evidence. While many of these issues might be addressed through environmental or technological improvements, we argue this research has broader ramifications for expert witnesses and the courts. The use of videolinks for taking expert evidence exposes the contingent nature of expertise and the cultural scaffolding inherent in its construction. In reflecting on the implications of these findings, and on the way that reliability, credibility and expertise are defined and established in court, we suggest a more critical engagement with the relationship between content and mode of delivery by stakeholders.

Influences of Framing Effect and Green Message on Advertising Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1083-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jui-Che Tu ◽  
Tsai-Feng Kao ◽  
Yi-Chan Tu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Green Product ◽  
Advertising Effect ◽  
Product Marketing ◽  
The Relationship

Designing green product marketing is a helpful solution for enhancing green awareness, and for promoting the protection of the environment. In this study we explored the framing effect in advertising design, and analyzed the relationship between framing effect (FE) and green message (GM), as well as their influences on advertising. We adopted a quasiexperimental method, and conducted empirical research according to 2 x 2 between-subject factors. The results showed that green messages influenced consumers' reaction toward positive and negative frames. Consumers who did not receive green messages preferred positively framed advertising. After receiving a green message, the consumers' attitudes regarding positively and negatively framed advertising were similar for both types.

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