scholarly journals Bowled over or over bowled? Age-related changes in the performance of bowlers in Test match cricket

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Thorley
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Modern Era

ABSTRACTData from elite professional sports players provide a valuable source of information on human performance and ageing. Functional declines in performance have been investigated across a wide range of sporting disciplines that vary in their need for physical strength, endurance, cognitive ability and motor skills, but rarely have researchers considered other sources of heterogeneity that can exist among individuals. Using information on all male bowlers to have played Test match cricket since the early 1970s, I separated age-dependent variation in bowling performance at the population-level into within-individual and between-individual (cohort) changes. I found no evidence for senescence in bowling performance as measured via economy rate or wicket-taking ability, irrespective of the style of the bowler (fast or slow). Instead, analyses detected strong between-individual contributions to bowling performance as higher quality bowlers were able to compete at the elite level for longer, and were therefore over-represented in older age classes. Bowlers also experienced a deterioration in the last year of their Test careers. These results highlight that the very best Test match bowlers have been able to maintain and often improve their skill level well into their thirties, but how they accomplish this alongside the physical demands of Test cricket remains unresolved. Further multivariate models also identified a negative relationship among slow bowlers between their economy rate and their wicket-taking ability, suggesting that in general, the most economical slow bowlers in the modern era of Test match cricket have also taken wickets at the fastest rate. The same is not true for fast bowlers, which is perhaps partly because bowling at high speed compromises accuracy and thus increases scoring opportunities for batsman.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in the performance of bowlers in Test match cricket

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110017
Author(s):  
Jack Thorley
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Modern Era

Data from elite professional sports players provide a valuable source of information on human performance and ageing. Functional declines in performance have been investigated across a wide range of sporting disciplines that vary in their need for physical strength, endurance, cognitive ability and motor skills, but researchers do not always consider other sources of heterogeneity that can exist between individuals. Using information on all male bowlers to have played Test match cricket since the early 1970s, this study separated age-dependent variation in bowling performance at the population-level into within-individual and between-individual (age-class) changes. There was little evidence for senescence in bowling performance as measured via economy rate or wicket-taking ability, irrespective of the style of the bowler (fast or slow). Instead, analyses detected strong between-individual contributions to bowling performance as higher quality bowlers were able to compete at the elite level for longer, and were therefore over-represented in older age classes: how they accomplish this alongside the physical demands of Test cricket remains unresolved. Bowlers also experienced a deterioration in the last year of their Test careers. Lastly, multivariate models identified a negative correlation between slow bowlers in their economy rate and their wicket-taking ability, suggesting that in general, the most economical slow bowlers in the modern era of Test match cricket have also taken wickets at the fastest rate. The same is not true for fast bowlers, which is perhaps partly because bowling at high speed compromises accuracy and thus increases scoring opportunities for batters.

Relationships between physiological characteristics and match demands in elite-level male field hockey players

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412199806
Author(s):  
Wayne P Lombard ◽  
Xudan Cai ◽  
Michael I Lambert ◽  
Xiaoping Chen ◽  
Lijuan Mao
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Gps Devices ◽  
Repeat Sprint Ability

This study investigated the physical characteristics, match demands and their relationships in elite-level male field hockey players (n = 23; 24 ± 3 years). Testing data were collected to investigate the physiological profiles of the players, while match demands were quantified with GPS data over 26 matches. There were significant differences (p = <0.05) between positional groups for pull ups, relative and absolute lower body strength, and body composition. Average total match distance for all the players was (5420 ± 1518 m). There were significant differences between positional groups for defenders (5770 ± 1419 m) vs strikers (4739 ± 1409 m) and midfielders (5549 ± 1545 m) vs strikers. The most high-speed-running (>4.5 ms−1) distance was covered by midfielders (950 ± 275 m) and strikers (908 ± 284 m). Midfielders (116 ± 15 m min) and strikers (120 ± 20 m min) achieved higher intensities during matches compared to defenders (105 ± 13 m min). There were small differences between positional groups for physiological variables, but large variation between positional groups for match demands. There was a significant negative relationship between 2.4 km time trial vs high-speed running (p = <0.05), player load.min and match speed (p = <0.001). Also, there was a negative association between repeat sprint ability total time and high-speed running distance (p = <0.02) and match speed (p = <0.02). The countermovement jump height was associated with match speed (p = <0.05) and there was a negative relationship between body fat % and match speed (p = <0.02). When considering key performance indicators while using GPS devices, match speed (m.min) provides the most valuable information in field hockey players.

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

Age- and sex-related bone uptake of Tc-99m-HDP measured by whole-body bone scanning

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (05) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Sieweke ◽  
K. H. Bohuslavizki ◽  
W. U. Kampen ◽  
M. Zuhayra ◽  
M. Clausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Bone Uptake ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bone Scans ◽  
Body Bone

Summary Aim of this study was to validate a recently introduced new and easy-to-perform method for quantifying bone uptake of Tc-99m-labelled diphosphonate in a routine clinical setting and to establish a normal data base for bone uptake depending on age and gender. Methods: In 49 women (14-79 years) and 47 men (6-89 years) with normal bone scans as well as in 49 women (33-81 years) and 37 men (27-88 years) with metastatic bone disease whole-body bone scans were acquired at 3 min and 3-4 hours p.i. to calculate bone uptake after correction for both urinary excretion and soft tissue retention. Results: Bone uptake values of various age-related subgroups showed no significant differences between men and women (p >0.05 ). Furthermore, no differences could be proven between age-matched subgroups of normals and patients with less than 10 metastatic bone lesions, while patients with wide-spread bone metastases revealed significantly increased uptake values. In both men and women highest bone uptake was obtained (p <0.05 ) in subjects younger than 20 years with active epiphyseal growth plates. In men, bone uptake slowly decreased with age up to 60 years and then showed a tendency towards increasing uptake values. In women, the mean uptake reached a minimun in the decade 20-29 years and then slowly increased with a positive linear correlation of age and uptake in subjects older than 55 years (r = 0.57). Conclusion: Since the results proposed in this study are in good agreement with data from literature, the new method used for quantification could be validated in a large number of patients. Furthermore, age- and sexrelated normal bone uptake values of Tc-99m-HDP covering a wide range of age could be presented for this method as a basis for further studies on bone uptake.

Assessment of Commercial Off-the-Shelf Tissue Adhesives for Sealing Military-Relevant Corneal Perforation Injuries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J Snider ◽  
Lauren E Cornell ◽  
Brandon M Gross ◽  
David O Zamora ◽  
Emily N Boice
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Ocular Tissue ◽  
Corneal Tissue ◽  
Corneal Perforation ◽  
Tissue Adhesives ◽  
Open Globe ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf

ABSTRACT Introduction Open-globe ocular injuries have increased in frequency in recent combat operations due to increased use of explosive weaponry. Unfortunately, open-globe injuries have one of the worst visual outcomes for the injured warfighter, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. To improve visual recovery, injuries need to be stabilized quickly following trauma, in order to restore intraocular pressure and create a watertight seal. Here, we assess four off-the-shelf (OTS), commercially available tissue adhesives for their ability to seal military-relevant corneal perforation injuries (CPIs). Materials and Methods Adhesives were assessed using an anterior segment inflation platform and a previously developed high-speed benchtop corneal puncture model, to create injuries in porcine eyes. After injury, adhesives were applied and injury stabilization was assessed by measuring outflow rate, ocular compliance, and burst pressure, followed by histological analysis. Results Tegaderm dressings and Dermabond skin adhesive most successfully sealed injuries in preliminary testing. Across a range of injury sizes and shapes, Tegaderm performed well in smaller injury sizes, less than 2 mm in diameter, but inadequately sealed large or complex injuries. Dermabond created a watertight seal capable of maintaining ocular tissue at physiological intraocular pressure for almost all injury shapes and sizes. However, application of the adhesive was inconsistent. Histologically, after removal of the Dermabond skin adhesive, the corneal epithelium was removed and oftentimes the epithelium surface penetrated into the wound and was adhered to inner stromal tissue. Conclusions Dermabond can stabilize a wide range of CPIs; however, application is variable, which may adversely impact the corneal tissue. Without addressing these limitations, no OTS adhesive tested herein can be directly translated to CPIs. This highlights the need for development of a biomaterial product to stabilize these injuries without causing ocular damage upon removal, thus improving the poor vision prognosis for the injured warfighter.

scholarly journals Sexuality in Later Life and Mental Health Among Older Black Gay Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 313-314
Author(s):  
Darlingtina Esiaka ◽  
Alice Cheng ◽  
Candidus Nwakasi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Later Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Sexual Identities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Gay Men

Abstract Self-acknowledgement and integration of racial and sexual identities are significant to one’s overall sense of identity because of their implications for mental health and wellbeing. These issues are important as one ages because older people experience a wide range of factors that add layers to their ability to (re)integrate subsets of their identity into their overall self-identity such as age and age-related disabilities. This study examined the intersection of race and sexual identities on overall health status in older Black gay men, a demographic group that has historically received less attention. Data from the Social Justice Sexuality (SJS) survey of LGBTQ+ people of color which occurred over a 12-month period in the United States were analyzed. Participants (N=160), 50 years and over, responded to questions about their sexuality, social identity, family dynamics, community connection and engagement, and mental and physical health. Results show an association of mental wellbeing with racial and sexual identities. Further, results show that a strong sense of connection to other sexual minorities is positively associated with mental health in older Black gay men. We discuss the implication of findings for mental health interventions targeting this gendered population.

scholarly journals Clinical Perspectives and Trends: Microperimetry as a trial endpoint in retinal disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesa Yang ◽  
Hannah Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trial Endpoints ◽  
Visual Acuity Loss ◽  
Psychophysical Test ◽  
Trial Endpoint

Endpoint development trials are underway across the spectrum of retinal disease. New validated endpoints are urgently required for the assessment of emerging gene therapies and in preparation for the arrival of novel therapeutics targeting early stages of common sight-threatening conditions such as age-related macular degeneration. Visual function measures are likely to be key candidates in this search. Over the last two decades, microperimetry has been used extensively to characterize functional vision in a wide range of retinal conditions, detecting subtle defects in retinal sensitivity that precede visual acuity loss and tracking disease progression over relatively short periods. Given these appealing features, microperimetry has already been adopted as an endpoint in interventional studies, including multicenter trials, on a modest scale. A review of its use to date shows a concurrent lack of consensus in test strategy and a wealth of innovative disease and treatment-specific metrics which may show promise as clinical trial endpoints. There are practical issues to consider, but these have not held back its popularity and it remains a widely used psychophysical test in research. Endpoint development trials will undoubtedly be key in understanding the validity of microperimetry as a clinical trial endpoint, but existing signs are promising.

scholarly journals Vibration of Rotating and Revolving Planet Rings with Discrete and Partially Distributed Stiffnesses

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Fuchun Yang ◽  
Dianrui Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Differential Operators ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Vibration Modes ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Vibration Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Forced Responses

Vibration properties of high-speed rotating and revolving planet rings with discrete and partially distributed stiffnesses were studied. The governing equations were obtained by Hamilton’s principle based on a rotating frame on the ring. The governing equations were cast in matrix differential operators and discretized, using Galerkin’s method. The eigenvalue problem was dealt with state space matrix, and the natural frequencies and vibration modes were computed in a wide range of rotation speed. The properties of natural frequencies and vibration modes with rotation speed were studied for free planet rings and planet rings with discrete and partially distributed stiffnesses. The influences of several parameters on the vibration properties of planet rings were also investigated. Finally, the forced responses of planet rings resulted from the excitation of rotating and revolving movement were studied. The results show that the revolving movement not only affects the free vibration of planet rings but results in excitation to the rings. Partially distributed stiffness changes the vibration modes heavily compared to the free planet ring. Each vibration mode comprises several nodal diameter components instead of a single component for a free planet ring. The distribution area and the number of partially distributed stiffnesses mainly affect the high-order frequencies. The forced responses caused by revolving movement are nonlinear and vary with a quasi-period of rotating speed, and the responses in the regions supported by partially distributed stiffnesses are suppressed.

scholarly journals Modeling Hearing Loss Progression and Asymmetry in the Older Old: A National Population-Based Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharma ◽  
Anil Lalwani ◽  
Justin Golub
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
National Database ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Pure Tone Average ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Public Datasets

Abstract The progression and asymmetry of age-related hearing loss has not been well characterized in those 80 years of age and older because public datasets mask upper extremes of age to protect anonymity. We aimed to model the progression and asymmetry of hearing loss in the older old using a representative, national database. This was a cross-sectional, multicentered US epidemiologic analysis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) 2005-2006, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012 cycles. Subjects included non-institutionalized, civilian adults 80 years and older (n=621). Federal security clearance was granted to access publicly-restricted age data. Outcome measures included pure-tone average air conduction thresholds and the 4-frequency pure tone average (PTA). 621 subjects were 80 years old or older (mean=84.2 years, range=80-104 years), representing 10,600,197 Americans. Hearing loss exhibited constant acceleration across the adult lifespan at a rate of 0.0052 dB/year2 (95% CI = 0.0049, 0.0055). Compounded over a lifetime, the velocity of hearing loss would increase five-fold, from 0.2 dB loss/year at age 20 to 1 dB loss/year at age 100. This model predicted mean PTA within 2 dB of accuracy for most ages between 20 and 100 years. There was no change in the asymmetry of hearing loss with increasing age over 80 years (linear regression coefficient of asymmetry over age=0.07 (95% CI=-0.01, 0.24). In conclusion, hearing loss steadily and predictably accelerates across the adult lifespan to at least age 100, becoming near-universal. These population-level statistics will guide treatment and policy recommendations for hearing health in the older old.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNAs in the Transcriptional Network That Differentiates Skeletal Muscles of Sedentary from Long-Term Endurance- and Resistance-Trained Elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Paola De Sanctis ◽  
Giuseppe Filardo ◽  
Provvidenza Maria Abruzzo ◽  
Annalisa Astolfi ◽  
Alessandra Bolotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptional Networks ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

In a previous study, the whole transcriptome of the vastus lateralis muscle from sedentary elderly and from age-matched athletes with an exceptional record of high-intensity, life-long exercise training was compared—the two groups representing the two extremes on a physical activity scale. Exercise training enabled the skeletal muscle to counteract age-related sarcopenia by inducing a wide range of adaptations, sustained by the expression of protein-coding genes involved in energy handling, proteostasis, cytoskeletal organization, inflammation control, and cellular senescence. Building on the previous study, we examined here the network of non-coding RNAs participating in the orchestration of gene expression and identified differentially expressed micro- and long-non-coding RNAs and some of their possible targets and roles. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analyses of all non-coding RNAs were able to discriminate between sedentary and trained individuals, regardless of the exercise typology. Validated targets of differentially expressed miRNA were grouped by KEGG analysis, which pointed to functional areas involved in cell cycle, cytoskeletal control, longevity, and many signaling pathways, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which had been shown to be pivotal in the modulation of the effects of high-intensity, life-long exercise training. The analysis of differentially expressed long-non-coding RNAs identified transcriptional networks, involving lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs, affecting processes in line with the beneficial role of exercise training.

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