Phylogenetic analysis of streptococci in samples taken from the throat cultures of children in Turkey and the presence of mef(A), mef(E), erm(B) and erm(TR) genes in patients with Streptococcus pyogenes.

Objective:Failure to achieve success with penicillin treatment in some cases observed in the pediatric group and the decrease in macrolide activity have brought about the necessity of a new study aiming to differentiate bacteria at the species level in throat infections. Antibiotic resistance studies are of great importance for the treatment of bacterial infections in terms of public health and rational antibiotic use. For this purpose, we aimed to perform a species-level differentiation of streptococci isolated from the throat cultures of pediatric patients presenting to our hospital, to determine their antibiotic susceptibility, and to identify the macrolide resistance genes of mef(A), mef(E), erm(B) and erm(TR) in patients with Streptococcus pyogenes. The study included 51 samples taken from pediatric cases presenting with a sore throat as the patient group and 36 samples from children without this complaint as the control group. Material and Method: The throat culture samples taken from 51 children presenting to the hospital with the complaint of sore throat were evaluated in the laboratory, and streptococcus was diagnosed using tests; gram staining, catalase and PYR, and the susceptibility profile was determined with the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. Bacteria were identified at the species level according to 16srRNA sequences, and possible macrolide resistance genes of mef(A), mef(E), erm(B) and erm(TR) were determined by PCR in species detected to have S. pyogenes. Results: Our antibiotic susceptibility results were consistent with the general results reported in Turkey. The sequence analysis of bacteria was performed according to 16srRNA sequences, and S. pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae were isolated. In patients with S. pyogenes, the genetic determinants of macrolide resistance, mef(A), mef(E), erm(B) and erm(TR), were investigated with the PCR method using primers specific to each gene. Different levels of expression were observed in five patients. Macrolide resistance in S. pyogenes, which is reported at various percentages in the world, was found to be 9.8% in our study. Discussion: The results of our study show that penicillin resistance genes were found in five of the patients evaluated. When the anamnesis of these patients was examined, it was determined that there were patients that frequently presented to the hospital with throat infections and experienced re-infection within a few weeks after receiving treatment. The common discourse of clinicians is that there may be an unknown resistance development. Therefore, our research should be supported by new hypotheses and studies that are open to development.

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Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10080930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 930

Author(s):

Delia Gambino ◽

Sonia Sciortino ◽

Sergio Migliore ◽

Lucia Galuppo ◽

Roberto Puleio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Marine Animals ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Low Prevalence

The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.

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Urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility among the patients attending B & D hospital of Lalitpur, Nepal

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v7i5.14908 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 47-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yadav Prasad Joshi ◽

Shreejeet Shrestha ◽

Russell Kabir ◽

Anita Thapa ◽

Parbati Upreti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tract Infections

Background:Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infections in humans and serious health problem in many parts of the world. It has become more complicated in treatment due to different pathogens and increasing resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens among the patients attending in B & B hospital Nepal.Materials and Methods:A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in between April 2010 to March 2011. Urine samples were collected from clinically suspected patients and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for isolated pathogen using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results:Out of 1260 examined specimens 25.24 % were positive and majority 61.64% were females. The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (66.67%), Enterococcus (7.55%) and Staphylococcus (6.60 %). The drug resistant among the positive cases were reported. The highest resistant of positive cases was found with Cefexime (87.88%) and Enterococcus with Ampicillin (66.67%) and Staphyllococcus with Cloxacillin (66.67%). The highest susceptibility was for Vancomycin and Ampicillin i.e. 33.33% in each.Conclusion:The findings showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogen and the presence of bacterial isolates with very high resistance to the commonly prescribed drugs. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process and serious issue. Therefore, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide physicians knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 47-51

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Biocide's susceptibility and frequency of biocide resistance genes and the effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on antibiotic susceptibility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

10.1101/2021.10.04.463145 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Safar Ali Alizadeh ◽

Amir Javadi ◽

Farhad Nikkhahi ◽

Mohammad Rostamani ◽

Mehdi Bakht ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Microtiter Plate Assay

Background: The overused of biocides in healthcare-facilities poses risk for emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among nosocomial pathogens. Hospital-acquired infections due to S. maltophilia particularly in the immunocompromised patients have been increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of S. maltophilia clinical isolates to commonly used biocides in hospitals, as well the frequency of biocides resistance gene among them. This study also intended to assess the effect of exposure of S. maltophilia isolates to sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite upon the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods: This study included 97 S. maltophilia isolates. Biofilm formation was determined by microtiter plate assay. The susceptibility tests of five biocides were studied against all S. maltophilia isolates by microbroth dilution method. Susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics by disk diffusion method were compared before and after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Presence of qacE, qacEΔ1, SugE genes was screened by PCR. Results: Based on minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of biocides sodium hypochlorite 5% and ethyl alcohol 70% were the strongest and weakest against S. maltophilia isolates, respectively. The frequency of sugE gene resistance genes was found to be high (90.7%) in our clinical S. maltophilia isolates. None of the isolates carried qacE and qacEΔ1 gene. Exposure to sub-inhibitory concentration of sodium hypochlorite showed significantly change the susceptibility of isolates towards ceftazidime (P = .019), ticarcillin/clavulanate (P = .009). and chloramphenicol (P = .028). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentration of sodium hypochlorite leads to reduced antibiotic susceptibility and development of multidrug-resistant S. maltophilia strains.

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Perbandingan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Filtrat Aquadest Umbi Bawang Suna (Allium schoenoprasum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus pneumoniae Dan Escherichia coli Dengan Metode Difusi Cakram Kirby-Bauer

Herb-Medicine Journal ◽

10.30595/hmj.v4i4.8812 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Bella Chrysthya Utamy ◽

Ni Nyoman Sri Yuliani ◽

Dewi Klarita Furtuna

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Allium Schoenoprasum

Infectious diseases are one of the most frequent diseases of major health problems, caused by bacteria are still beinga health problem in developing countries as well as in developed countries. One of the mostly occurred respiratorytract infection is pneumonia, this caused by Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. Gastrointestinaldiseases that are often caused by gram-negative bacterial infections Escherichia coli. Local plant which can be foundin Central Kalimantan are Suna onion (Allium schoenoprasum L.). Suna onion (Allium schoenoprasum L.).Researchpurposes. Research was conducted to determine the influence of the Suna’s bulb (Allium schoenoprasum L.) filtratedby aquadest with a simple filtration technique on the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia usingKirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. Method. This type of research is true experimental design research. The designused in this study was post test-only control group design. This research uses 7 treatment groups, with concentrationsof 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%. Aquadest as a negative control, Erytromycin and Cifrofloxacin as positivecontrols. The method used for testing the antibacterial activity are Kirby-BaueDisk Diffusionmethod.The resultsfound that the aquadest tuber extract of onion cannot inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae andEscherichia coli. Conclusion. Aquadest filtrate of onion tubers (Allium schoenprasum L.) cannot inhibit the growthof Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli

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The Frequency of Resistance Genes in Salmonella enteritidis Strains Isolated from Cattle

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v49i5.3215 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Reza RANJBAR ◽

Farhad SAFARPOOR DEHKORDI ◽

Mohammad HEIAT

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Khuzestan Province ◽

Resistance Patterns

Background: Salmonella enteritidis causes infections in humans and animals. Antibiotics are used to eliminate bacterial infections, which become resistant to antibiotics after a while. This study aimed to isolate S. enteritidis from cattle feces samples and also to evaluate the frequency of genes associated with multi-drug resistance (MDR). Methods: One hundred ten fecal samples of cattle were collected from Jul to Dec, 2017 in Khuzestan Province, southern Iran. Bacterial culture and molecular methods were used to isolate and identify S. enteritidis. Disk diffusion method was used to assess antibiotic susceptibility. Then Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), assay was used for definitive diagnosis of S. enteritidis and resistance genes. Results: Overall, 101 (91.81%) samples were detected to be contaminated with Salmonella genus and 86 samples (85.14%) were identified as S. enteritidis. The highest and lowest antibiotic resistance were belonged to gentamicin (n=70, 81.39%), and tetracycline (n=6, 6.97%). Besides, 64 samples (74.42%) had 2-10 drugs resistance patterns. Moreover, the highest and the least resistance were related to blaIMP-1 (n=73, 84.88%) and tet(B) (n=49, 56.97%) genes respectively. Conclusion: The drug-induced genes in S. enteritidis have a high frequency. Therefore, antibiotic resistance and high MDR to antibiotics can be due to the incorrect use of antibiotics and the lack of health monitoring in Cattle farms.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Evaluation of Bacterial Agents Causing Infection in Children with Acute Tonsillopharyngitis

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526520666201116102441 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Hamidreza Sherkatolabbasieh ◽

Majid Firouzi ◽

Shiva Shafizadeh ◽

Iman Amiri

Keyword(s):

Sore Throat ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Positive Culture ◽

Clinical Score ◽

Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clinical Sensitivity ◽

Group A

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of group A beta-hemolytic pharyngitis by assessing the outcome of the culture and the resistance and sensitivity of group A beta hemolytic streptococcus to antibiotics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 patients, aged 3-15 years, referred to the clinic with complaints of sore throat. Patients’ history was collected and physical examination was performed and were score based on clinical findings. Patients with other underlying pathologies and those taking antibiotics prior to the study were excluded from our study. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method against cephalexin, cefazolin, erythromycin and amoxicillin. Results: A total of 170 patients were reported with sore throat. Patients with positive culture results were 60% male and 40% female. Amoxicillin resistance was the greatest (5%) in the culture. All isolated bacteria were sensitive to amoxicillin, cephalexin, cefazolin and erythromycin. Patients with McIssac score ≥ 6 showed clinical sensitivity 75% specificity 61% negative predictive value 94.8% and positive predictive value 20.3% for Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Conclusion: The results showed the higher the clinical score, the greater the chance of positive throat culture.

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Prevalence, Antibiogram, and cdt Genes of Toxigenic Campylobacter jejuni in Salad Style Vegetables (Ulam) at Farms and Retail Outlets in Terengganu

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 65-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

MOHD IKHSAN KHALID ◽

JOHN YEW HUAT TANG ◽

NABILA HUDA BAHARUDDIN ◽

NASIHA SHAKINA RAHMAN ◽

NURUL FAIZZAH RAHIMI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cytolethal Distending Toxin ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Retail Outlets ◽

Pcr Method

The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni in ulam at farms and retail outlets located in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 526 samples (ulam, soil, and fertilizer) were investigated for the presence of C. jejuni and the gene for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) by using a multiplex PCR method. Antibiotic susceptibility to 10 types of antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method for 33 C. jejuni isolates. The average prevalence of contaminated samples from farms, wet markets, and supermarkets was 35.29, 52.66, and 69.88%, respectively. The cdt gene was not detected in 24 of the 33 C. jejuni isolates, but 9 isolates harbored cdtC. Antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni isolates was highest to penicillin G (96.97% of isolates) followed by vancomycin (87.88%), ampicillin (75.76%), erythromycin (60.61%), tetracycline (9.09%), amikacin (6.06%), and norfloxacin (3.03%); none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin. In this study, C. jejuni was present in ulam, and some isolates were highly resistant to some antibiotics but not to quinolones. Thus, appropriate attention and measures are required to prevent C. jejuni contamination on farms and at retail outlets.

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Transcriptional expression of secondary resistance genes ccdB and repA2 is enhanced in presence of cephalosporin and carabapenem in Escherichia coli

10.21203/rs.3.rs-66221/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Somorita Baishya ◽

Chandrayee Deshamukhya ◽

Jayalaxmi Wangkheimayum ◽

Bhaskar Jyoti Das ◽

Anand Anbarasu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

In Silico ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Regulatory Protein ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Transcriptional Expression ◽

Primary Resistance ◽

Secondary Resistance

Abstract Background: The issue of carbapenem resistance in E.coli is very concerning and it is speculated that cumulative effect of both primary resistance genes and secondary resistance genes that act as helper to the primary resistance genes are the reason behind their aggravation. Therefore, here we attempted to find the role of two secondary resistance genes (SRG) ccdB and repA2 in carbapenem resistance in E. coli (CRE).Methods: Influential genes belonging to secondary resistome that act as helper to the primary resistance genes like blaNDM and blaCTX-M in aggravating β-lactam resistance were selected from an earlier reported in silico study. Transcriptional expression of the selected genes in clinical isolates of E.coli that were discretely harboring blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4, blaNDM-5, blaNDM-7 and blaCTX-M-15 with and without carbapenem and cephalosporin stress (2µg/ml) was determined by real time PCR. Cured mutants sets that were lacking (i) primary resistance genes, (ii) secondary resistance genes and (iii) both primary and secondary resistance genes were prepared by SDS treatment. These sets were then subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Out of the 21 genes reported in the in silico study, 2 genes viz. repA2 and ccdB were selected for transcriptional expression analysis. repA2, coding replication regulatory protein, was downregulated in response to carbapenems and cephalosporins. ccdB, coding for plasmid maintenance protein, was also downregulated in response to carbapenems except imipenem and cephalosporins. Following plasmid elimination assay increase in diameter of zone of inhibition under stress of both antibiotics was observed as compared to uncured control hinting at the reversion of antibiotic susceptibility by the-then resistant bacteria. Conclusion: SRGs repA2 and ccdB help sustenance of blaNDM and blaCTX-M under carbapenem and cephalosporin stress.

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Cockroaches as a Source of High Bacterial Pathogens with Multidrug Resistant Strains in Gondar Town, Ethiopia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/2825056 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Feleke Moges ◽

Setegn Eshetie ◽

Mengistu Endris ◽

Kahsay Huruy ◽

Dagnachew Muluye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Control Measures ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gondar Town ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

And Control

Background. Cockroaches are source of bacterial infections and this study was aimed to assess bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial profiles from cockroaches in Gondar town, Ethiopia.Methods. A total of 60 cockroaches were collected from March 1 to May 30, 2014, in Gondar town. Bacterial species were isolated from external and internal parts of cockroaches. Disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20;Pvalues <0.005 were considered as statistically significant.Results. Of 181 identified bacteria species, 110 (60.8%) and 71 (39.2%) were identified from external and internal parts of cockroaches, respectively.Klebsiella pneumoniae32 (17.7%),Escherichia coli29 (16%), andCitrobacterspp. 27 (15%) were the predominant isolates. High resistance rate was observed to cotrimoxazole, 60 (33.1%), and least resistance rate was noted to ciprofloxacin, 2 (1.1%). Additionally, 116 (64.1%) of the isolates were MDR strains;Salmonellaspp. were the leading MDR isolates (100%) followed byEnterobacter(90.5%) andShigellaspp. (76.9%).Conclusion. Cockroaches are the potential source of bacteria pathogens with multidrug resistant strains and hence effective preventive and control measures are required to minimize cockroach related infections.

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