Determinants of Developing Symptomatic Disease in Ethiopian COVID-19 Patients

ABSTRACTBackgroundStudies show that having some symptoms seems to be associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis. Therefore, knowing who is more susceptible to symptomatic COVID-19 disease is important to provide targeted preventive and management practice. The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of having symptomatic disease among COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia.MethodsA case-control study was conducted from August to September 2020 among a randomly selected 765 COVID-19 patients (372 Asymptomatic and 393 Symptomatic patients). Chi-square test and independent t-test were used to detect the presence of a statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the cases (symptomatic) and controls (asymptomatic), where p-value of <0.05 considered as having a statistically significant difference. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to assess a statistically significant association between the independent variables and developing symptomatic COVID-19 where Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% CIs for AOR, and P-values were used for testing significance and interpretation of results.ResultsThe result of the multivariable binary logistic regression shows that age group (AOR= 1.818, 95% CI= 1.210, 2.731, p-value=0.004 for 30-39 years; AOR= 1.611, 95% CI= 1.016, 2.554, p-value=0.043 for 40-49 years and AOR= 4.076, 95% CI= 2.582, 6.435, p-value=0.0001 for years and above), sex (AOR= 1.672, 95% CI= 1.216, 2.299, p-value=0.002) and history of diabetes mellitus (AOR= 2.406, 95% CI= 1.384, 4.181, p-value=0.002) were found to be significant factors that determine the development of symptomatic disease in COVID-19 patients.ConclusionsDeveloping a symptomatic COVID-19 disease was found to be determined by exposures of old age, male sex, and being diabetic. Therefore, patients with the above factors should be given enough attention in the prevention and management process, including inpatient management, to pick symptoms earlier and to manage accordingly so that these patients can have a favorable treatment outcome.

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Determinants of Developing Symptomatic Disease in Ethiopian COVID-19 Patients: A Case-Control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-136541/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tigist Workneh Leulseged ◽

Degu G. Alemahu ◽

Ishmael S. Hassen ◽

Endalkachew H. Maru ◽

Wuletaw C. Zewde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Management Practice ◽

Care Center ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

P Value ◽

Symptomatic Disease ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Studies show that having some symptoms seems to be associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis. Therefore, knowing who is more susceptible to symptomatic COVID-19 disease is important to provide targeted preventive and management practice. The aim of the study was to assess the determinants of having symptomatic disease among COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia.Methods: A case-control study was conducted from August to September 2020 among a randomly selected 765 COVID-19 patients (372 Asymptomatic and 393 Symptomatic patients). Chi-square test and independent t-test were used to detect the presence of a statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the cases (symptomatic) and controls (asymptomatic), where p-value of <0.05 considered as having a statistically significant difference. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to assess a statistically significant association between the independent variables and developing symptomatic COVID-19 where Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% CIs for AOR, and P-values were used for testing significance and interpretation of results. Results: The result of the multivariable binary logistic regression shows that age group (AOR= 1.818, 95% CI= 1.210, 2.731, p-value=0.004 for 30-39 years; AOR= 1.611, 95% CI= 1.016, 2.554, p-value=0.043 for 40-49 years and AOR= 4.076, 95% CI= 2.582, 6.435, p-value=0.0001 for years and above), sex (AOR= 1.672, 95% CI= 1.216, 2.299, p-value=0.002) and history of diabetes mellitus (AOR= 2.406, 95% CI= 1.384, 4.181, p-value=0.002) were found to be significant factors that determine the development of symptomatic disease in COVID-19 patients.Conclusions: Developing a symptomatic COVID-19 disease was found to be determined by exposures of old age, male sex, and being diabetic. Therefore, patients with the above factors should be given enough attention in the prevention and management process, including inpatient management, to pick symptoms earlier and to manage accordingly so that these patients can have a favorable treatment outcome.

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Predictors of Death in Severe COVID-19 Patients at Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

10.1101/2020.10.07.20205575 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Endalkachew H. Maru ◽

Tigist W. Leulseged ◽

Ishmael S. Hassen ◽

Wuletaw C. Zewde ◽

Nigat W. Chamesew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Control Study ◽

Care Center ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

P Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Control Study

ABSTRACTBackgroundAs the number of new cases and death due to COVID-19 is increasing, understanding the characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients and identifying characteristics that lead to death is a key to make an informed decision. In Ethiopia, as of September 27, 2020, a total of 72,700 cases and 1165 deaths were reported.ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess the determinants of death in Severe COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia.MethodsA case-control study of 147 Severe COVID-19 patients (49 deaths and 98 discharged alive cases) was conducted from August to September 2020. A comparison of underlying characteristics between cases (death) and controls (alive) was assessed using a chi-square test and an independent t-test with a p-value of <0.05 considered as having a statistically significant difference. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to assess a statistically significant association between the predictor variables and outcome of Severe COVID-19 (Alive Vs Death) where Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% CIs for AOR, and P-values were used for testing significance and interpretation of results.ResultsHaving diabetes mellitus (AOR= 3.257, 95% CI= 1.348, 7.867, p-value=0.00), fever (AOR=0.328, 95% CI: 0.123, 0.878, p-value= 0.027) and Shortness of breath (AOR= 4.034, 95% CI= 1.481, 10.988, p-value=0.006) were found to be significant predictors of death in Severe COVID-19 patients.ConclusionsThe outcome of death in Severe COVID-19 patients is found to be associated with exposures to being diabetic and having SOB at admission. On the other hand, having a fever at admission was associated with a favorable outcome of being discharged alive.

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Factors associated with development of symptomatic disease in Ethiopian COVID-19 patients: a case-control study

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06465-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tigist W. Leulseged ◽

Degu G. Alemahu ◽

Ishmael S. Hassen ◽

Endalkachew H. Maru ◽

Wuletaw C. Zewde ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Management Practice ◽

Care Center ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Symptomatic Disease ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Studies show that having some symptoms seems to be associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis. Therefore, knowing who is more susceptible to symptomatic COVID-19 disease is important to provide targeted preventive and management practice. The aim of the study was to assess factors associated with the development of symptomatic disease among COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 Care Center in Ethiopia. Methods A case-control study was conducted from August to September 2020 among a randomly selected 730 COVID-19 patients (337 Asymptomatic and 393 Symptomatic patients). Chi-square test and independent t-test were used to detect the presence of a statistically significant difference in the characteristics of the cases (symptomatic) and controls (asymptomatic), where p-value of < 0.05 considered as having a statistically significant difference. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to assess a statistically significant association between the independent variables and developing symptomatic COVID-19 where Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% CIs for AOR, and P-values were used for testing significance and interpretation of results. Results The result of the multivariable binary logistic regression shows that age group (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.25, 2.87, p-value = 0.002 for 30–39 years; AOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.73, p-value = 0.028 for 40–49 years and AOR = 4.42, 95% CI = 2.75, 7.12, p-value = 0.0001 for ≥50 years), sex (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.26, 2.45, p-value = 0.001) and history of diabetes mellitus (AOR = 3.90, 95% CI = 1.92, 7.94, p-value = 0.0001) were found to be significant factors that determine the development of symptomatic disease in COVID-19 patients. Conclusions Developing a symptomatic COVID-19 disease was found to be associated with exposures of old age, male sex, and being diabetic. Therefore, patients with the above factors should be given enough attention in the prevention and management process, including inpatient management, to pick symptoms earlier and to manage accordingly so that these patients can have a favorable treatment outcome.

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Feto-maternal outcomes following labor induction at a tertiary care center

Journal of Chitwan Medical College ◽

10.3126/jcmc.v10i2.29665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 29-32

Author(s):

Upendra Pandit ◽

Basant Sharma ◽

Rakshya Joshi ◽

Julli Chaudhari ◽

Prekshya Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apgar Score ◽

Care Center ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Fetal Distress ◽

Labor Induction ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Labor induction is one of the most common Obstetrics interventions worldwide. It has got significant risks and benefits. Careful selection of cases for induction improves the fetomaternal outcomes. So, the study was designed to assess the fetomaternal outcome and factors associated with mode of delivery following the induction of labor. Methods: It was a descriptive observational study conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from July 17, 2018, to July 16, 2019. The study comprised of 264 mothers admitted in the labor ward subjected to labor induction as clinical management of labor and delivery. Data analyzed with chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) wherever appropriate. Results: Of 2950 deliveries, the induction rate was 8.94%. Out of them, 264 mothers undergone labor induction. A caesarean was the highly associated mode of deliveries 168(63.63%) due to induction failure 94(55.97%) followed by fetal distress 37(22%). The mean birth weight of neonates was 3.09±0.41 kg. Apgar score in one minute and hospital stay showed a significant difference (p-value .002), in modes of deliveries. No significant association was observed in maternal and fetal complications like PPH, endometritis, and low Apgar score <7 in five minutes. The majority of neonates admitted for observation at the care unit. The neonatal mortality was two. Conclusions: Caesarean mode of delivery highly was associated with labor induction due to induction failure and fetal distress. Carefully selected cases improve morbidity and fetomaternal outcomes following labor induction.

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Orthodontics-Awareness Amongst Medical Students

Orthodontic Journal of Nepal ◽

10.3126/ojn.v10i3.35496 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

Türkan SEZEN ERHAMZA ◽

Kübra A ARSLAN ÇARPAR

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Statistical Evaluation ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Treatment Procedures

Introduction: The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of orthodontics, a specialty of dentistry,amongst Medical Students. Materials and Method: A sample of 550 students (279 female, 226 male aged between 18 and 36 years) were attented.Of the subjects, 58.6% (n = 296) were preclinical students, while 41.4% (n = 209) were clinical students. The students were informed about the questionnaire and asked to fill in the questionnaire forms. For the comparison of data between groups (gender, level of education), the chi-square test was used. A chi-square test was used for statistical evaluation and the p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: 385 students (76.2%) had heard the term orthodontics although 41.2% of the subjects knew that orthodonticswas concerned with malocclusions and their treatment. The question about treatment procedures was answeredas scaling by 35.8%, tooth polishing by 40%, tooth aligning by 89.9% of the students. The percentage of knowingorthodontics to be related to tooth aligning showed a significant difference between female and male (p = 0.006), andpreclinical and clinical students (p = 0.033). Of the participants, 42.8% thought that dentures, 83% brackets, 78.8% ofremovable appliances were used by orthodontists. Conclusion: Our results have shown that medical students should have more information about orthodontics, aspecialty of dentistry.

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A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of low dose mirtazapine once daily in patients of major depressive disorders on escitalopram

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20191602 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1067

Author(s):

Mallikarjuna Rao I. ◽

Usha Kiran Prayaga ◽

Dharma Rao Uppada ◽

Ramachandra Rao E. ◽

B. L. Kudagi

Keyword(s):

Depressive Disorders ◽

Low Dose ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Controlled Study ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Double Blind ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: The SSRIs being used as 1st line therapy in treatment of depression have delayed therapeutic effect which makes the patient vulnerable to an increased risk of suicide and decreased adherence to the treatment and will prematurely discontinue the therapy. The present study was conducted to evaluate if low dose mirtazapine-escitalopram combination therapy has any add on benefit over monotherapy with escitalopram.Methods: In a single-centered, comparative study involving patients with depression attending the out-patient after screening and exclusion, 60 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive tablet mirtazapine 7.5 mg plus tablet escitalopram 10 mg intervention or tablet escitalopram 10 mg plus placebo intervention in a double-blind 6-week treatment phase. The primary outcome measure was the change in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from baseline. Participants were evaluated at baseline, 1st, 2nd,4th and 6th week. Results were analyzed using Chi-Square test for adverse effects and independent t-test analysis for efficacy parameter.Results: In the analysis of results at 6th week the numbers of patients achieved remission in mirtazapine group are more with a p-value of 0.018 which is significant and the numbers of responders in mirtazapine group are also more which is statistically significant on chi-square test. There is no significant difference was observed between the two groups with reference to occurrence of adverse effect.Conclusions: Adding low dose mirtazapine has an added benefit in terms of efficacy and getting remission early with more number of responders in the treatment of major depression.

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Born Too Soon; Implications in a Tertiary Health Facility in Enugu State Nigeria

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 190-196

Author(s):

Nwoga Hope Obiageli ◽

Ajuba Miriam Obinwanne ◽

Igweagu Chukwuma Paulinus

Keyword(s):

Caesarean Section ◽

Health Facility ◽

Preterm Delivery ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Enugu State

Background: Preterm birth (PTB) is a complex complication of pregnancy with multiple etiologies. This results in long term medical burdens to the families and health care system at large. The objective of the study was to determine the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics that affect preterm delivery. Methods: The study was a prospective cohort study conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Data for the study were retrieved from the ante-natal and delivery card of the women that delivered at the unit within the time of data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 and variables were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation. Bivariate analysis was done using chi-square test. The level of significance was set at p value ≤ 0.05. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors that predicted preterm delivery. Results: Majority of them were married 746(96.9%), Igbos 763(99.1) and Christians 766(99.5%). Most of the women were civil servants 429(55.7%), while about 31.3% of them were unemployed 241(31.3%). Majority of the women 484(62.9%) had tertiary education. About 48% of them delivered through caesarean section while 53.9% booked within 14-28weeks gestation. Delivering through caesarean section and gestational age at booking predicted preterm delivery. Un-booked mothers have about 7times odds of having PTB when compared to those that booked at ≥28 week’s gestation. Conclusion: The prevalence of PTB is still high in Nigeria. Booking status of the mother and C/S delivery were found to be strongly associated with preterm delivery. Key words: Enugu State, Nigeria, Preterm delivery, Prevalence, Tertiary health facility.

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The Effect of the Covid-19 Free Operation Path Protocol on the Incidence of Lung Complications in Postoperative Elective Patients at dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta

BioScientia Medicina ◽

10.32539/bsm.v5i11.369 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 1030-1036

Author(s):

Galih Aktama ◽

Henky Agung Nugroho ◽

Muhammad David Perdana Putra

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Elective Surgery ◽

Pulmonary Complications ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Elective Surgical Procedures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Elective Patients

The pandemic that began in late 2019, COVID-19, affects all patients, including cancer patients. Patients with cancer that continues to spread and there is no other effective alternative treatment must undergo surgery so that cancer does not get worse. Given this problem, many health care centers have developed a protocol system in the form of a COVID-19-free surgical route. This study is a retrospective cohort study comparing the incidence of pulmonary complications in patients undergoing elective cancer surgery at dr. Moewardi Surakarta before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sample was adult patients aged ≥ 18 years which underwent elective surgical procedures with the aim of curative cancer starting before COVID-19 (March 2019-February 2020) until the time the COVID-19 pandemic emerged (March 2020 - February 2021). The data obtained were 768 patients. Of these patients, 384 were classified as having a COVID19-free operation route during the pandemic, and 384 others underwent elective surgery in the pre-pandemic period. Based on the Chi-Square test, a p-value of 0.850 was obtained (P>0.05) which shows that there is significant difference between cases of pulmonary complications in surgical patients before and after the pandemic who were carried out through the COVID-19-free protocol route. In conclusion, there is no significant change in effect of the covid-19 free operation path protocol on the incidence of lung complications in postoperative elective patients at dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta, although this patented and mandatory protocol can reduce cancer patients’ morbidity and mortality who undergoing elective surgery during a pandemic.

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Variation in lip print pattern between two ethnic groups, Oraon tribals and Bengalee Hindus, residing in West Bengal, India

Anthropological Review ◽

10.2478/anre-2019-0031 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 405-415

Author(s):

Archita Dey ◽

Mahua Chanak ◽

Kaustav Das ◽

Koel Mukherjee ◽

Kaushik Bose

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Groups ◽

West Bengal ◽

Personal Identification ◽

P Value ◽

Type Ii ◽

Ethnic Variation ◽

Criminal Cases ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Lip print pattern (LPP) is unique to each individual. For decades, forensic experts have used LPP for personal identification to solve criminal cases. However, studies investigating ethnic variation in LPP are scanty. Our study wanted to investigate variation in LPP between two ethnic groups, Oraon tribals and Bengalee Hindus, residing in West Bengal, India. A total of 280 participants included 112 Oraons and168 Bengalee Hindus of both. Prints were taken using dark shaded lipstick and transparent cellophane tape and recorded into white A4 sheet. Prints were divided into four quadrants and examined by magnifying glass. For analysis of results, classification of Suzuki and Tsuchihashi was followed. A p value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. It was observed that Type II pattern was dominant in first and second quadrants in both ethnic groups, irrespective of sex. Combination of Type II+III was found to be the most common pattern in males among both Oraons (16.2%) and Bengalee Hindus (12.2%) whereas in females Type II pattern (25.0%) among Oraons and Type III pattern among Bengalee Hindus (11.4%) was the most common. Chi square test showed statistically significant difference among females (p<0.05) and in third and fourth quadrants among males (p<0.01) of both ethnic groups. Our investigation clearly demonstrated sex and ethnic variations in LPP. Further studies are required to investigate ethnic variation in LPP among the various populations groups, both tribal as well as non-tribal, from different regions of India.

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Combination Therapy Of Tadalafil And Pentoxifylline In Severe Erectile Dysfunction; A Prospective Randomized Trial

Polish Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1515/pjs-2015-0075 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Santosh Kumar ◽

Rajesh Roat ◽

Swati Agrawal ◽

Kumar Jayant ◽

Ravimohan S. Mavuduru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Erectile Dysfunction ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Erectile Function ◽

T Test ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstractwas to assess efficacy of Tadalafil alone versus Tadalafil plus Pentoxifylline in the treatment of erectile dysfunction by using self administered IIEF-5 questionnaire.Two hundred and thirty seven patients presenting with ED at andrology OPD were evaluated for ED by a self administered IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) questionnaire. Patients were systematically randomized by computer generated random table into two groups groups namely, group A: Tadalafil only group, group B: combination of Tadalafil + Pentoxifyl-line. All the patients were re-assessed by IIEF-5 questionnaire after 8 weeks of medical therapy. Statistical analysis was performed using student’s unpaired t-test, paired t-test, chi square test. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Two hundred and thirty seven patients were included in the present study, in group A: 92 patients (78.6%) showed improvement in their IIEF score after 8 weeks of tadalafil treatment. While in group B, overall 104 patients(86.6%) showed improvement after combination of Tadalafil and Pentoxifylline. There was a statistically significant difference of percentage change in IIEF score was seen in group B (group A 90.7±15.2%, group B 95.6±13.4%; p value – 0.014). We found this difference even more statistically significant in patients with severe ED (group A 72.7±47.2%, group B 132.3±54.3%; p value – 0.000). There was no significant difference in between the two groups with regards to occur-rence of side effects.Both tadalafil and combination of Tadalafil + Pentoxifylline improve erectile function in patients of ED. Patients with severe ED showed much significant improvement in erectile function with combination therapy.

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