Calorie Restriction Maintains Mitochondrial Function and Redox Balance Avoiding Lipidomic Reprogramming during Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy

Cardiac hypertrophy induces a metabolic shift, leading to a preferential consumption of glucose (over fatty acids) to support the high energetic demand. Typically, health cardiac tissue utilizes more fat than any other organ. Calorie restriction is a dietary procedure that induces health benefits and lifespan extension in many organisms. Given the beneficial effects of calorie restriction and the metabolic dysregulation seen during cardiac hypertrophy, we hypothesized that calorie restriction prevents cardiac hypertrophy, lipid, mitochondrial, and redox dysregulations. Strikingly, calorie restriction reversed isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, lowered succinate driven mitochondrial H2O2 production, improved mitochondrial function (indicated as a higher Respiratory Control Ratio – RCR) and avoided mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) repression. To gain insight into how calorie restriction could interfere with the metabolic changes induced by cardiac hypertrophy, we performed lipidomic profiling. Calorie restriction protected against the consumption of several triglycerides (TG) linked to unsaturated fatty acids, and the accumulation of TGs containing saturated fatty acids observed in hypertrophic samples. Cardiac hypertrophy induced an increase in ceramides, phosphoethanolamines and acylcarnitines (12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0) that were also reversed by calorie restriction. Altogether, our data demonstrate that hypertrophy changes the cardiac lipidome, causes mitochondrial disturbances and oxidative stress. All these changes are prevented by calorie restriction intervention in vivo. This study uncovers calorie restriction as a resource protect cardiac tissue and prevent cardiac hypertrophy-induced lipidomic remodeling.

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Antagonism Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids in ROS Mediated Lipotoxicity in Rat Insulin-Producing Cells

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000430261 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 852-865 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Wiebke Gehrmann ◽

Wiebke Würdemann ◽

Thomas Plötz ◽

Anne Jörns ◽

Sigurd Lenzen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

H2o2 Production ◽

Β Cell ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Insulin Producing Cells ◽

H2o2 Formation

Background/Aims: Elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are under suspicion to mediate β-cell dysfunction and β-cell loss in type 2 diabetes, a phenomenon known as lipotoxicity. Whereas saturated fatty acids show a strong cytotoxic effect upon insulin-producing cells, unsaturated fatty acids are not toxic and can even prevent toxicity. Experimental evidence suggests that oxidative stress mediates lipotoxicity and there is evidence that the subcellular site of ROS formation is the peroxisome. However, the interaction between unsaturated and saturated NEFAs in this process is unclear. Methods: Toxicity of rat insulin-producing cells after NEFA incubation was measured by MTT and caspase assays. NEFA induced H2O2 formation was quantified by organelle specific expression of the H2O2 specific fluorescence sensor protein HyPer. Results: The saturated NEFA palmitic acid had a significant toxic effect on the viability of rat insulin-producing cells. Unsaturated NEFAs with carbon chain lengths >14 showed, irrespective of the number of double bonds, a pronounced protection against palmitic acid induced toxicity. Palmitic acid induced H2O2 formation in the peroxisomes of insulin-producing cells. Oleic acid incubation led to lipid droplet formation, but in contrast to palmitic acid induced neither an ER stress response nor peroxisomal H2O2 generation. Furthermore, oleic acid prevented palmitic acid induced H2O2 production in the peroxisomes. Conclusion: Thus unsaturated NEFAs prevent deleterious hydrogen peroxide generation during peroxisomal β-oxidation of long-chain saturated NEFAs in rat insulin-producing cells.

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Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Prevent Altered-Muc2 Secretion Induced by Palmitic Acid by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in LS174T Goblet Cells

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11092179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2179

Author(s):

Quentin Escoula ◽

Sandrine Bellenger ◽

Michel Narce ◽

Jérôme Bellenger

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Er Stress ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

The Impact

Diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) represent a risk factor for the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, partly through their impact on the epithelial cell barrier integrity. We hypothesized that unsaturated FA could alleviate saturated FA-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in intestinal secretory goblet cells, and consequently the reduced synthesis and secretion of mucins that form the protective mucus barrier. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated well-differentiated human colonic LS174T goblet cells with palmitic acid (PAL)—the most commonly used inducer of lipotoxicity in in vitro systems—or n-9, n-6, or n-3 unsaturated fatty acids alone or in co-treatment with PAL, and measured the impact of such treatments on ER stress and Muc2 production. Our results showed that only eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids protect goblet cells against ER stress-mediated altered Muc2 secretion induced by PAL, whereas neither linolenic acid nor n-9 and n-6 FA are able to provide such protection. We conclude that EPA and DHA could represent potential therapeutic nutrients against the detrimental lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids, associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity or inflammatory bowel disease. These in vitro data remain to be explored in vivo in a context of dietary obesity.

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Differential oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in vivo in the rat

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19870046 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 383-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 349

Author(s):

J. Leyton ◽

P. J. Drury ◽

M. A. Crawford

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Oxidation Rates ◽

Weanling Rats ◽

Metabolism Chamber ◽

Arachidonic Acids

1. The oxidation rates of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, α-linolenic, linoleic, γ-linolenic, dihomo- γ-linolenic and arachidonic acids were studied by use of a radioisotope tracer technique in weanling rats at rest in a metabolism chamber over 24 h.2. Of the saturated fatty acids, lauric acid (12:O) was the most efficient energy substrate: the longer the chain length of the saturated fatty acids, the slower the rate of oxidation.3. Oleic acid (18:1) was oxidized at a remarkably fast rate, similar to that of lauric acid.4. Of the ω6 essential fatty acids studied, linoleic acid (18:2ω6) was oxidized at a faster rate than any of its metabolites, with arachidonic acid (20:4ω6) being oxidized at the slowest rate.5. The rate of oxidation of γ-linolenic acid (18:3ω3) was almost as fast as that of lauric and oleic acids.

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A New Atherogenic Effect of Saturated Fatty Acids

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.932443 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. POLEDNE

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽

Culture Studies ◽

Clinical Experiments

There is increasing evidence that dietary saturated fatty acids (SAFA) have not only an indirect atherogenic effect due to increasing LDL-cholesterol concentration but also a direct effect by activating the inflammation process. This review summarizes several recent publications in this field. The effect of SAFA on the inflammation process mediated by Toll-like receptor 4/NF-κB pathway has been well documented in various in vitro culture studies of macrophages and adipocytes or in their co-culture. In contrast to these in vitro data, in vivo epidemiological studies or clinical experiments in men are less consistent. Well controlled cross-over studies in volunteers might enlighten the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids dietary intake and proatherogenic inflammation effects.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F

Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s ◽

10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1764 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

A. Levitsky ◽

A. Lapinska ◽

I. Selivanskaya

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Model ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

The Body ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Omega 3 ◽

White Rats ◽

Arachidonic Acids

The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency.

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EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

Jurnal Agroindustri ◽

10.31186/j.agroind.4.1.31-39 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Siwitri Kadarsih

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords :

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Differential Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Body Composition and Adiposity

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401314666181010100002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 142-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hadi Emamat ◽

Zahra Yari ◽

Hossein Farhadnejad ◽

Parvin Mirmiran

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Fats ◽

Total Body

Recent evidence has highlighted that fat accumulation, particularly abdominal fat distribution, is strongly associated with metabolic disturbance. It is also well-recognized that the metabolic responses to variations in macronutrients intake can affect body composition. Previous studies suggest that the quality of dietary fats can be considered as the main determinant of body-fat deposition, fat distribution, and body composition without altering the total body weight; however, the effects of dietary fats on body composition have controversial results. There is substantial evidence to suggest that saturated fatty acids are more obesogen than unsaturated fatty acids, and with the exception of some isomers like conjugate linoleic acid, most dietary trans fatty acids are adiposity enhancers, but there is no consensus on it yet. On the other hand, there is little evidence to indicate that higher intake of the n-3 and the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids can be beneficial in attenuating adiposity, and the effect of monounsaturated fatty acids on body composition is contradictory. Accordingly, the content of this review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the potential effects of the different types of dietary fatty acids on body composition and adiposity. It also refers to the putative mechanisms underlying this association and reflects on the controversy of this topic.

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COVID-19: Opinion in Prevention and dietary based management hypothesis

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701999200623172916 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Ashraf Talaat Youssef

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lung Damage ◽

Gastric Aspirate ◽

Enveloped Viruses ◽

Multiple Organs ◽

Fold Reduction ◽

Antiviral Activities

The pandemic of COVID-19 had started in Wuhan city china in late 2019 with a subsequent worldwide spread. The viral infection can seriousely affect multiple organs mainly lungs, kidneys, heart, liver and brain and may lead to respiratory, renal, cardiac or hepatic failure.Vascular thrombosis of unexplained mechanism that may lead to widespread blood clots in multiple organs and cytokine storms that result of overstimulation of the immune system subsequent of lung damage may lead to sudden decompensation due to hypotension and more damage to liver, kidney, brain or lungs.Until now no drug had proved efficient in getting rid of the problem and controlling the pandemic mainly depends on preventive measures.Many preventive measures can be considered to prevent the worldwide spread of viral transmission. Polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids (PUFAs) and the medium chain saturated fatty acids (MCSFAs) and their corresponding monoglycerides had high antiviral activities against the enveloped viruses which reach to more than 10,000 -fold reduction in the viral titres in vitro and in vivo after testing of its gastric aspirate, and can contribute to the systemic immunity against the enveloped viruses.

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Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02952-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lihong Ma ◽

Xinqi Cheng ◽

Chuan Wang ◽

Xinyu Zhang ◽

Fei Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Gene Network ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

Time Points ◽

Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

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Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids inhibit ACE2-controlled SARS-CoV-2 binding and cellular entry

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84850-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anna Goc ◽

Aleksandra Niedzwiecki ◽

Matthias Rath

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Cathepsin L ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

In Vivo Experiments ◽

Lipid Compounds

AbstractThe strain SARS-CoV-2, newly emerged in late 2019, has been identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the pandemic declared by WHO in early 2020. Although lipids have been shown to possess antiviral efficacy, little is currently known about lipid compounds with anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry properties. To address this issue, we screened, overall, 17 polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, as wells as lipid-soluble vitamins. In performing target-based ligand screening utilizing the RBD-SARS-CoV-2 sequence, we observed that polyunsaturated fatty acids most effectively interfere with binding to hACE2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Using a spike protein pseudo-virus, we also found that linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid significantly block the entry of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid showed higher efficacy than linolenic acid in reducing activity of TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L proteases, but neither of the fatty acids affected their expression at the protein level. Also, neither reduction of hACE2 activity nor binding to the hACE2 receptor upon treatment with these two fatty acids was observed. Although further in vivo experiments are warranted to validate the current findings, our study provides a new insight into the role of lipids as antiviral compounds against the SARS-CoV-2 strain.

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