scholarly journals Reducing false reassurance following negative results from asymptomatic coronavirus (Covid-19) testing: an online experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Batteux ◽  
Stefanie Bonfield ◽  
Leah Ffion Jones ◽  
Holly Carter ◽  
Natalie Gold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Science ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Residual Risk ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Control Message ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Protective Behaviours

Objectives. Individuals who receive a negative lateral flow coronavirus (Covid-19) test result may misunderstand it as meaning no risk of infectiousness, giving false reassurance. This experiment tested the impact of adding information to negative test result messages about (a) residual risk and (b) need to continue protective behaviours. Design. 4 (residual risk) x 2 (post-test result behaviours) between-subjects design. Setting. Online. Participants. 1200 adults from a representative UK sample recruited via Prolific (12-15 March 2021). Interventions. Participants were randomly allocated to one of eight messages. Residual risk messages were: 1) 'Your coronavirus test result is negative' (control); 2) Message 1 plus 'It's likely you were not infectious when the test was done' (Current NHS Test and Trace); 3) Message 2 plus 'But there is still a chance you may be infectious' (Elaborated NHS Test and Trace); 4) Message 3 plus infographic depicting residual risk (Elaborated NHS Test and Trace + infographic). Each message contained either no additional information or information about behaviour, i.e. the need to continue following guidelines and protective behaviours. Outcome measures. (i) proportion understanding residual risk of infectiousness and (ii) likelihood of engaging in protective behaviours (score range 0-7). Results. The control message decreased understanding relative to the current NHS T&T message: 54% vs 71% (AOR=0.37 95% CI [0.22, 0.61], p<.001). Understanding increased with the elaborated NHS T&T (89%; AOR=3.27 95% CI [1.78, 6.02], p<.001) and elaborated NHS T&T + infographic (91%; AOR=4.03 95% CI [2.14, 7.58], p<.001) compared to current NHS T&T message. Likelihood of engaging in protective behaviours was unaffected by information (F(1,1192)=0.43, p=.513), being high (M=6.4, SD=0.9) across the sample. Conclusions. The addition of a single sentence ('But there is still a chance you may be infectious') to current NHS Test and Trace wording increased understanding of the residual risk of infection. Trial registration. Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/byfz3/

scholarly journals ‘Immunity Passports’ for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e040448
Author(s):  
Jo Waller ◽  
G James Rubin ◽  
Henry W W Potts ◽  
Abigail L Mottershaw ◽  
Theresa M Marteau
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Positive Test Result ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and protective behaviours.Design2×3 experimental design.SettingOnline.Participants1204 adults from a UK research panel.InterventionParticipants were randomised to receive one of six descriptions of an antibody test and results showing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, differing in the terms describing the type of test (Immunity vs Antibody) and the test result (Passport vs Certificate vs Test).Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome: proportion of participants perceiving no risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 given an antibody-positive test result. Other outcomes include: intended changes to frequency of hand washing and physical distancing.ResultsWhen using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), 19.1% of participants (95% CI 16.1% to 22.5%) (vs 9.8% (95% CI 7.5% to 12.4%)) perceived no risk of catching coronavirus given an antibody-positive test result (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.91 (95% CI 1.52 to 5.55)). Using the terms Passport or Certificate—as opposed to Test—had no significant effect (AOR: 1.24 (95% CI 0.62 to 2.48) and AOR: 0.96 (95% CI 0.47 to 1.99) respectively). There was no significant interaction between the effects of the test and result terminology. Across groups, perceiving no risk of infection was associated with an intention to wash hands less frequently (AOR: 2.32 (95% CI 1.25 to 4.28)); there was no significant association with intended avoidance of physical contact (AOR: 1.37 (95% CI 0.93 to 2.03)).ConclusionsUsing the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent hand washing.Trial registration numberOpen Science Framework: https://osf.io/tjwz8/files/

scholarly journals Task-based language teaching methods integrated with local wisdom: The impact on students' writing skills

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Balqis Husain ◽  
Suhernita Suhernita ◽  
Zulhasmi Abasa ◽  
Fahmi Djaguna
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Language Teaching Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

The researcher conducts the study to increase students’ writing skills through TBLT (Task-Based Language Teaching). The subject of this research consists of 32 students in the VIII A class. The objectives of this research are categorized into 2; (1) to find out whether the implementation of the Task-Based Learning method can improve the students’ writing skills, and (2) to find out what kind of writing aspects improve significantly after using Task-Based Learning method. Research design uses pre-test and post-test. Therefore, both groups are given a pre-test, conduct a treatment, then pass a post-test. This research is conducted at eighth grade in 2019/2020 for one month, from August to September 2020. This research shows that after being taught task-based language teaching, students' writing skills, especially in narrative text, improved substantially. It can be analyzed on post-test performance; no one has reached the excellent, good, and fair categories (0 percent). 37.5 percent of students have reached the appropriate category. 65.2 percent of students had failed in the category unless they had handled it for seven meetings. This result is slightly different from the pre-test result. However, only 25 percent of students fall into the decent category, and 75 percent fail. There are no students who are in weak, moderate, decent, and outstanding categories.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pijat Bayi Terhadap Bounding Attachment di Ruang Dahlia RSD dr. Soebandi Jember

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Dini Kurniawati ◽  
Hanny Rasni
Keyword(s):  
Family Support ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

Bounding attachment is very important for newborn to be adapted to the new environment. Mother’stouch can help babies adapt to environmental differences between inside the womb and outside thewomb. How to improve the bounding attachment is early breastfeeding initiation, rooming in,kangaroo mother care for premature, and baby massage. The purpose of this research is todetermine the impact of baby massage to bounding attachment. The method of research was quasiexperimental with design of research pretest-post test with control group. This research is in Dahliaroom in dr. Soebandi general Hospital, with samples as 40 respondent with 20 people forexperimental group and 20 people for control group. The research use standard operationalprocedure of baby massage and quality of bounding attachment questionnaire. Take the sample bypurposive sampling. The results of research is give difference in average pretest-post test on theexperimental group of -7,35 whereas on the control group of -2,55. Statistic test result obtained the pvalue 0.001, this mean on the alpha 5% can be expressed there is influence of baby massage forbounding attachment. There are several factors that influence to the bounding attachment that isemotional health of parent, family support, the proximity and match of the parents and baby. Theresult of this research are recommended as the nursing treatment and to the public especiallymother postpartum.Keywords : baby massage, bounding attachment

scholarly journals ANALISA PEMBELAJARAN MATA KULIAH AKUNTANSI MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DENGAN PENDEKATAN VISUAL LEARNING PADA MAHASISWA AKUNTANSI DI PERGURUAN TINGGI DI KOTA PALEMBANG

AKUNTABILITAS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hidayat ◽  
Patmawati Patmawati ◽  
Dwirini Dwirini ◽  
Muhammad Ichsan Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Lecture Material ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Accounting Student ◽  
High Information

The development of high information technology has an impact on the learning process carried out by lecturers in the classroom. The impact of this technology is the creation of lecture material in a visual form both in the form of pictures and videos that are able to provide an overview of the field of science being studied so that students become more interested in the field of science they are learning.  This Research is Experimental Research where the accounting student get pre-test and post-test after they get visual learning method. The population in this study is all accounting student at the University at Palembang City. Samples were taken using a purposive random sampling technique. Data was collected using a test result annd questionnaire. Data were analyzed by  Paired Sample T-Test. the results of the study showed that there were differences between the learning outcomes of conventional methods and learning using visual learning methods

scholarly journals “Immunity Passports” for SARS-CoV-2: an online experimental study of the impact of antibody test terminology on perceived risk and behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Waller ◽  
G. James Rubin ◽  
Henry W. W. Potts ◽  
Abi Mottershaw ◽  
Theresa M Marteau
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
List Type ◽  
Positive Test Result ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Protective Behaviours

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPICTest results indicating the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are often referred to as Immunity Passports or Certificates.Due to the limitations of such tests, including uncertainty about the duration of immunity conferred by detected antibodies, those receiving results indicating the presence of antibodies retain a risk of becoming infected by SARS-CoV-2.It is unknown whether the use of the terms Immunity Passports or Certificates reduces awareness of the residual risk inherent in an antibody-positive test result and adherence to protective behaviours, thereby increasing risk of transmission.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDSUsing the term Immunity - as opposed to Antibody - to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 more than doubled the proportion who erroneously perceived they would have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future given an antibody-positive test result, from 9.8% for Antibody to 19.1% for Immunity.Perceiving no risk of infection with coronavirus given an antibody-positive test result was associated with an intention to wash hands less frequently.Using the terms Passport, Certificate or Test had no significant effect.Objective:To assess the impact of describing an antibody-positive test result using the terms Immunity and Passport or Certificate, alone or in combination, on perceived risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 and intention to continue protective behaviours.Design:2 × 3 experimental design.Setting:Online with data collected between 28th April and 1st May 2020.Participants:1,204 adults registered with a UK research panel.Intervention:Participants were randomised to receive one of six descriptions of an antibody test and results showing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, differing in the terms used to describe the type of test (Immunity vs Antibody) and the test result (Passport vs Certificate vs Test).Main outcome measures:The primary outcome was the proportion of participants perceiving no risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 given an antibody positive test result. Other outcomes include intended changes to frequency of handwashing and physical distancing.Results:When using the term Immunity (vs Antibody), 19.1% of participants [95% CI: 16.1 to 22.5] (vs 9.8% [95% CI: 7.5 to 12.4]) perceived no risk of catching coronavirus at some point in the future given an antibody-positive test result (AOR: 2.91 [95% CI: 1.52 to 5.55]). Using the terms Passport or Certificate – as opposed to Test – had no significant effect (AOR: 1.24 [95% CI: 0.62 to 2.48] and AOR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.47 to 1.99] respectively). There was no significant interaction between the effects of the test and result terminology. Across groups, perceiving no risk of infection was associated with an intention to wash hands less frequently (AOR: 2.32 [95% CI: 1.25 to 4.28]) but there was no significant association with intended avoidance of physical contact with others outside of the home (AOR: 1.37 [95% CI: 0.93-2.03]).Conclusions:Using the term Immunity (vs Antibody) to describe antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 increases the proportion of people believing that an antibody-positive result means they have no risk of catching coronavirus in the future, a perception that may be associated with less frequent handwashing. The way antibody testing is described may have implications for the likely impact of testing on transmission rates.Study registration:Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/tjw78/files/

Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Android untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Dian Puspita Eka Putri
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Multimedia Learning ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Increase Student Achievement ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Result

This study aims to review  the effectiveness of using android-based multimedia learning  to improve achievement cognitive learning outcome of students. The research method is the analysis of field studies. The focus in this research is Multimedia which can influence cognitive learning outcomes of students. data obtained in this study from the literature and direct field observations. The research subjects were high school students in Yogyakarta. The result of analysis and discussion of research indicate that there is the influence of multimedia learning to increase student achievement, which is indicated by increasing post-test result  than before  not using multimedia learning. Posttest value is greater than pretest.

Implicit and explicit corrective feedback and feedback exposure conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-48
Author(s):  
Takehiro Iizuka ◽  
Kimi Nakatsukasa
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Corrective Feedback ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Picture Description ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Instructional Settings ◽  
The Impact

This exploratory study examined the impact of implicit and explicit oral corrective feedback (CF) on the development of implicit and explicit knowledge of Japanese locative particles (activity de, movement ni and location ni) for those who directly received CF and those who observed CF in the classroom. Thirty-six college students in a beginning Japanese language course received either recast (implicit), metalinguistic (explicit) or no feedback during an information-gap picture description activity, and completed a timed picture description test (implicit knowledge) and an untimed grammaticality judgement test (explicit knowledge) in a pre-test, immediate post-test and delayed post-test. The results showed that overall there was no significant difference between CF types, and that CF benefited direct and indirect recipients similarly. Potential factors that might influence the effectiveness of CF, such as instructional settings, complexity of target structures and pedagogy styles, are discussed.

News and Idiosyncratic Volatility: The Public Information Processing Hypothesis*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F Engle ◽  
Martin Klint Hansen ◽  
Ahmet K Karagozoglu ◽  
Asger Lunde
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Autoregressive Process ◽  
Return Volatility ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Financial News ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Motivated by the recent availability of extensive electronic news databases and advent of new empirical methods, there has been renewed interest in investigating the impact of financial news on market outcomes for individual stocks. We develop the information processing hypothesis of return volatility to investigate the relation between firm-specific news and volatility. We propose a novel dynamic econometric specification and test it using time series regressions employing a machine learning model selection procedure. Our empirical results are based on a comprehensive dataset comprised of more than 3 million news items for a sample of 28 large U.S. companies. Our proposed econometric specification for firm-specific return volatility is a simple mixture model with two components: public information and private processing of public information. The public information processing component is defined by the contemporaneous relation with public information and volatility, while the private processing of public information component is specified as a general autoregressive process corresponding to the sequential price discovery mechanism of investors as additional information, previously not publicly available, is generated and incorporated into prices. Our results show that changes in return volatility are related to public information arrival and that including indicators of public information arrival explains on average 26% (9–65%) of changes in firm-specific return volatility.

scholarly journals Grading Investment Diversification Options in Presence of Non-Historical Financial Information

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Clara Calvo ◽  
Carlos Ivorra ◽  
Vicente Liern ◽  
Blanca Pérez-Gladish
Keyword(s):  
Risk Measure ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Risk ◽  
Reduction Index

Modern portfolio theory deals with the problem of selecting a portfolio of financial assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk. The forecast of the expected individual assets’ returns and risk is usually based on their historical returns. In this work, we consider a situation in which the investor has non-historical additional information that is used for the forecast of the expected returns. This implies that there is no obvious statistical risk measure any more, and it poses the problem of selecting an adequate set of diversification constraints to mitigate the risk of the selected portfolio without losing the value of the non-statistical information owned by the investor. To address this problem, we introduce an indicator, the historical reduction index, measuring the expected reduction of the expected return due to a given set of diversification constraints. We show that it can be used to grade the impact of each possible set of diversification constraints. Hence, the investor can choose from this gradation, the set better fitting his subjective risk-aversion level.

Revisiting rating scale development for rater-mediated language performance assessments: Modelling construct and contextual choices made by scale developers

2021 ◽  
pp. 026553222199405
Author(s):  
Ute Knoch ◽  
Bart Deygers ◽  
Apichat Khamboonruang
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Language Assessment ◽  
Performance Assessments ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Scale Development And Validation ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Rating scale development in the field of language assessment is often considered in dichotomous ways: It is assumed to be guided either by expert intuition or by drawing on performance data. Even though quite a few authors have argued that rating scale development is rarely so easily classifiable, this dyadic view has dominated language testing research for over a decade. In this paper we refine the dominant model of rating scale development by drawing on a corpus of 36 studies identified in a systematic review. We present a model showing the different sources of scale construct in the corpus. In the discussion, we argue that rating scale designers, just like test developers more broadly, need to start by determining the purpose of the test, the relevant policies that guide test development and score use, and the intended score use when considering the design choices available to them. These include considering the impact of such sources on the generalizability of the scores, the precision of the post-test predictions that can be made about test takers’ future performances and scoring reliability. The most important contributions of the model are that it gives rating scale developers a framework to consider prior to starting scale development and validation activities.

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