scholarly journals Lower probability and shorter duration of infections after Covid-19 vaccine correlate with anti-SARS-CoV-2 circulating IgGs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ronchini ◽  
Sara Gandini ◽  
Sebastiano Pasqualato ◽  
Luca Mazzarella ◽  
Federica Facciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
European Institute ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Circulating Antibody

The correlation between immune responses and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infections and its duration remains unclear. We performed a sanitary surveillance at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan over a 27 months period. Pre-vaccination, in 1493 participants, we scored 266 infections (17.8%) and 8 possible reinfections (3%). Post-vaccination, we identified 30 infections in 2029 vaccinated individuals (1.5%). We report that the probability of infection post-vaccination is i) significantly lower compared to natural infection, ii) associated with a significantly shorter median duration of infection than that of first infection and reinfection, iii) anticorrelated with circulating antibody levels.

scholarly journals COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: impact of vaccination on antibody levels, breakthrough infections and reinfection rate.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo La Raja ◽  
Monia Pacenti ◽  
Ileana Grimaldi ◽  
Caterina Boldrin ◽  
Margherita Cattai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Reinfection Rate ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The One ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
The Impact

From April 2020 through May 2021 in Padova Province 3395 COVID-19 recovered patients were recruited as potential convalescent plasma donors and tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Since January 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign began in Italy, the impact of vaccination on antibody levels and suspect vaccine breakthrough infections in these subjects were investigated. Post-vaccination anti-Sars-Cov-2 antibody level in 54 previously infected subjects had an exponential increase compared to pre-vaccination level regardless of the number of vaccine doses. However after 100 days from vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody level tends to decline. Post-vaccination primary infections were detected in 15 cases, with 3 possible breakthrough infections after a full vaccination course. In these cases, antibody response after infection was present but weaker than the one of subjects vaccinated after natural infection. A trend toward stronger antibody response was observed with increasing distance between natural infection and vaccination. Additionally, 2 cases of asymptomatic reinfections are also discussed.

scholarly journals Long-Term Course of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Outpatients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schiffner ◽  
Insa Backhaus ◽  
Jens Rimmele ◽  
Sören Schulz ◽  
Till Möhlenkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Antibody Levels

Characterization of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to investigate how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive in 316 of 412 (76.7%) and borderline in 31 of 412 (7.5%) patients. Our confirmation assay for the presence of neutralizing antibodies was positive in 215 of 412 (52.2%) and borderline in 88 of 412 (21.4%) patients. Likewise, in 274 of 412 (66.5%) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within 300 days. Statistically, production of IgG and IFN-γ were closely associated, but on an individual basis, we observed patients with high-antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection after a mild or moderate disease course. Since, so far, no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of the immunity status.

scholarly journals Infection with Plasmodium berghei Boosts Antibody Responses Primed by a DNA Vaccine Encoding Gametocyte Antigen Pbs48/45

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 2043-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Haddad ◽  
Jorge Maciel ◽  
Nirbhay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Repeat Infection

ABSTRACT An important consideration in the development of a malaria vaccine for individuals living in areas of endemicity is whether vaccine-elicited immune responses can be boosted by natural infection. To investigate this question, we used Plasmodium berghei ANKA blood-stage parasites for the infection of mice that were previously immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding the P. berghei sexual-stage antigen Pbs48/45. Intramuscular immunization in mice with one or two doses of DNA-Pbs48/45 or of empty DNA vaccine as control did not elicit detectable anti-Pbs48/45 antibodies as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An infection with P. berghei ANKA 6 weeks after DNA vaccination elicited comparable anti-Pbs48/45 antibody levels in mice which had been primed with DNA-Pbs48/45 or with empty DNA vaccine. However, a repeat infection with P. berghei ANKA resulted in significantly higher anti-Pbs48/45 antibody levels in mice which had been primed with the DNA-Pbs48/45 vaccine than the levels in the mock DNA-vaccinated mice. In parallel and as an additional control to distinguish the boosting of Pbs48/45 antibodies exclusively by gametocytes during infection, a separate group of mice primed with DNA-Pbs48/45 received an infection with P. berghei ANKA clone 2.33, which was previously described as a “nongametocyte producer.” To our surprise, this parasite clone too elicited antibody levels comparable to those induced by the P. berghei gametocyte producer clone. We further demonstrate that the nongametocyte producer P. berghei clone is in fact a defective gametocyte producer that expresses Pbs48/45, much like the gametocyte producer clone, and is therefore capable of boosting antibody levels to Pbs48/45. Taken together, these results indicate that vaccine-primed antibodies can be boosted during repeat infections and warrant further investigation with additional malaria antigens.

scholarly journals Impact of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies in a longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Zhong ◽  
Shaoming Xiao ◽  
Amanda K Debes ◽  
Emily R Egbert ◽  
Patrizio Caturegli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sample ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Longitudinal Cohort ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Antibody Levels

Waning serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have sparked discussions about long-term immunity and need for vaccine boosters. We examined SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies in a longitudinal cohort, comparing antibody decay in individuals who received an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We completed a longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers (HWs) between June 2020 and September 2021. HWs were included if they had a serum sample collected after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or a serum sample collected ≥ 14 days after second dose of an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Linear regression models adjusting for vaccine type, age, and sex were used to compare post-vaccination antibody levels between 1) HWs with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2) HWs with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection ≤ 90 days and > 90 days prior to first vaccine. Serum was collected from 98 HWs after SARS-CoV-2 infection and before vaccine, and 1960 HWs ≥ 14 days following second vaccine dose. Serum spike antibody levels were higher after vaccination than after natural infection. Compared to SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, those with prior infection maintained higher post-vaccination mean spike IgG values at 1, 3, and 6 months, after adjusting for age, sex, and vaccine type. Individuals with PCR-confirmed infection > 90 days before vaccination had higher post-vaccination antibody levels than individuals infected ≤ 90 days before vaccination. Individuals with three exposures to spike protein maintain the highest antibody levels particularly when first and second exposures were greater than 90 days apart. A booster dose provides a third exposure and may similarly induce a more durable antibody response.

Immune response toTrichinellaepitopes: the antiphosphorylcholine plaque-forming cell response during the biological cycle

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Ubeira ◽  
J. Leiro ◽  
M. T. Santamarina ◽  
T. G. Villa ◽  
M. L. Sanmartín-Durán
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Microsomal Fraction ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Antibody Levels

Phosphorylcholine (PC), an immunodominant component of the cell wall of certain bacteria, fungi and nematodes, is known to induce low anti-PC antibody levels during natural infection byTrichinella spiralis. This article reports a study in which spleen cells from BCF1 mice infected withTrichinellasp. larvae were found to produce large numbers of direct haemolytic plaques in response to PC conjugated to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after muscle-encysted larvae had been killed by treatment with mebendazole. Inhibition of the response by PC-chloride, immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic studies with the anti-PC IgA (TEPC-15) and anti-idiotype T15 serum assays showed the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to be specific for PC. The absence of haemolytic plaques when unconjugated SRBC or TNP-SRBC were used as indicator cells ruled out involvement of a polyclonal response. Greatest anti-PC PFC response was found to be associated with a microsomal fraction designated FCpl, a particulate fraction behaving as a thymus-dependent antigen. The FCpl fractions from all four strains ofTrichinellaemployed induced anti-PC PFC responses when injected into mice. These results suggest that FCpl is a suitable antigen for use in detailed studies of immune responses toTrichinellaand related parasites.

scholarly journals Evolution of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody and IgG Avidity Post Pfizer and Moderna mRNA Vaccinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin P. Bliden ◽  
Tiancheng Liu ◽  
Deepika Sreedhar ◽  
Jessica Kost ◽  
Jessica Hsiung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Igg Avidity ◽  
Protein Receptor ◽  
Antibody Levels

Messenger RNA (mRNA) based vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna) are highly effective at providing immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there is uncertainty about the duration of immunity, evolution of IgG antibody levels and IgG avidity (an index of antibody-antigen binding strength), and differences in the immune responses between vaccines. Here we performed a prospective pilot study of 71 previously COVID-19 free subjects upon receiving both doses of either the Pfizer (n = 54) or Moderna (n = 17) mRNA vaccine. Anti-spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG antibodies were measured longitudinally using a qualitative finger stick MidaSpot rapid test at the point-of-care for initial screening and a quantitative dry blood spot-based pGOLD laboratory test over ~ four months post-vaccination. The average anti-RBD IgG antibody levels peaked at ~ two weeks after the second dose vaccine and declined thereafter, while antibody avidity increased, suggesting antibody maturation. Moderna vaccine recipients compared to Pfizer vaccine recipients exhibited higher side effect severity, higher peak anti-RBD IgG antibody levels, and higher avidity up to the 90 days period. Differences in antibody levels diminished at ~ 120 days post-vaccination, in line with the similar efficacy observed in the two vaccines. The MidaSpot rapid test detected 100% anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD positivity for fully vaccinated subjects in both Pfizer and Moderna cohorts post full vaccination but turned negative greater than 90 days post-vaccination for 5.4% of subjects in the Pfizer cohort, whose quantitative anti-IgG were near the minimum levels of the group. Immune responses were found to vary greatly among vaccinees. Personalized longitudinal monitoring of antibodies could be necessary to assessing the immunity duration of vaccinated individuals.

scholarly journals Long-term course of humoral and cellular immune responses in outpatients after SARS-CoV-2 infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schiffner ◽  
Insa Backhaus ◽  
Jens Rimmele ◽  
Soeren Schulz ◽  
Till Moehlenkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Characterisation of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to determine how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were identified in 316/412 (76.7%) of the patients and 215/412 (52.2%) had positive neutralizing antibody levels. Likewise, in 274/412 (66.5 %) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within three hundred days. Statistically, IgG and IFN-γ production were closely associated, but on an individual basis we observed patients with high antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection. Since no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists so far, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of immunity status.

Nonhypoalbuminemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs as Disease Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Hernandez ◽  
Elodie Rouillé ◽  
Florian Chocteau ◽  
Marie Allard ◽  
Karine Haurogné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Interindividual Variability ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Antibody Levels

Abstract Background The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the need of relevant models, as dogs spontaneously affected by IBD may be, for better knowledge of the disease’s physiopathology. Methods We studied 22 client-owned dogs suffering from IBD without protein loss and 14 control dogs. Biopsies were obtained from the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Inflammatory grade was assessed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and chemokine analysis. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in mucosa was immunohistochemically evaluated. Antibody levels against bacterial ligands (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] and flagellin) were measured in sera using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results Dogs with IBD showed low to severe clinical disease. Histopathologically, the gut of dogs with IBD did not exhibit significant alterations compared with controls except in the colon. The number of CD3+ T lymphocytes was decreased in the ileum and colon of dogs with IBD compared with controls, whereas the numbers of Foxp3+, CD20+, and CD204+ cells were similar in the 2 groups. Three chemokines, but no cytokines, were detected at the protein level in the mucosa, and the disease poorly affected their tissue concentrations. Dogs with IBD exhibited higher serum reactivity against LPS and flagellin than controls but similar immunoreactivity against the receptors TLR4 and TLR5. In addition, TLR2 and TLR9 showed similar expression patterns in both groups of dogs. Conclusions Our data described dysregulated immune responses in dogs affected by IBD without protein loss. Despite fairly homogeneous dog cohorts, we were still faced with interindividual variability, and new studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate the dog as a model.

scholarly journals Two Complex, Adenovirus-Based Vaccines That Together Induce Immune Responses to All Four Dengue Virus Serotypes

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Holman ◽  
Danher Wang ◽  
Kanakatte Raviprakash ◽  
Nicholas U. Raja ◽  
Min Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dengue Vaccine ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Dengue Virus Serotypes

ABSTRACT Dengue virus infections can cause hemorrhagic fever, shock, encephalitis, and even death. Worldwide, approximately 2.5 billion people live in dengue-infested regions with about 100 million new cases each year, although many of these infections are believed to be silent. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus; thus, immunity from one serotype will not cross-protect from infection with the other three. The difficulties that hamper vaccine development include requirements of the natural conformation of the envelope glycoprotein to induce neutralizing immune responses and the necessity of presenting antigens of all four serotypes. Currently, the only way to meet these requirements is to use a mixture of four serotypes of live attenuated dengue viruses, but safety remains a major problem. In this study, we have developed the basis for a tetravalent dengue vaccine using a novel complex adenovirus platform that is capable of expressing multiple antigens de novo. This dengue vaccine is constructed as a pair of vectors that each expresses the premembrane and envelope genes of two different dengue virus serotypes. Upon vaccination, the vaccine expressed high levels of the dengue virus antigens in cells to mimic a natural infection and induced both humoral and cellular immune responses against multiple serotypes of dengue virus in an animal model. Further analyses show the humoral responses were indeed neutralizing against all four serotypes. Our studies demonstrate the concept of mimicking infections to induce immune responses by synthesizing dengue virus membrane antigens de novo and the feasibility of developing an effective tetravalent dengue vaccine by vector-mediated expression of glycoproteins of the four serotypes.

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