Evolution of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody and IgG Avidity Post Pfizer and Moderna mRNA Vaccinations

Messenger RNA (mRNA) based vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna) are highly effective at providing immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there is uncertainty about the duration of immunity, evolution of IgG antibody levels and IgG avidity (an index of antibody-antigen binding strength), and differences in the immune responses between vaccines. Here we performed a prospective pilot study of 71 previously COVID-19 free subjects upon receiving both doses of either the Pfizer (n = 54) or Moderna (n = 17) mRNA vaccine. Anti-spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG antibodies were measured longitudinally using a qualitative finger stick MidaSpot rapid test at the point-of-care for initial screening and a quantitative dry blood spot-based pGOLD laboratory test over ~ four months post-vaccination. The average anti-RBD IgG antibody levels peaked at ~ two weeks after the second dose vaccine and declined thereafter, while antibody avidity increased, suggesting antibody maturation. Moderna vaccine recipients compared to Pfizer vaccine recipients exhibited higher side effect severity, higher peak anti-RBD IgG antibody levels, and higher avidity up to the 90 days period. Differences in antibody levels diminished at ~ 120 days post-vaccination, in line with the similar efficacy observed in the two vaccines. The MidaSpot rapid test detected 100% anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD positivity for fully vaccinated subjects in both Pfizer and Moderna cohorts post full vaccination but turned negative greater than 90 days post-vaccination for 5.4% of subjects in the Pfizer cohort, whose quantitative anti-IgG were near the minimum levels of the group. Immune responses were found to vary greatly among vaccinees. Personalized longitudinal monitoring of antibodies could be necessary to assessing the immunity duration of vaccinated individuals.

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Long-Term Course of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Outpatients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.732787 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Schiffner ◽

Insa Backhaus ◽

Jens Rimmele ◽

Sören Schulz ◽

Till Möhlenkamp ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Disease Course ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Moderate Disease ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Antibody Levels

Characterization of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to investigate how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive in 316 of 412 (76.7%) and borderline in 31 of 412 (7.5%) patients. Our confirmation assay for the presence of neutralizing antibodies was positive in 215 of 412 (52.2%) and borderline in 88 of 412 (21.4%) patients. Likewise, in 274 of 412 (66.5%) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within 300 days. Statistically, production of IgG and IFN-γ were closely associated, but on an individual basis, we observed patients with high-antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection after a mild or moderate disease course. Since, so far, no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of the immunity status.

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Immunoglobulin G and A Antibody Responses to Bacteroides forsythus and Prevotella intermedia in Sera and Synovial Fluids of Arthritis Patients

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.10.6.1043-1050.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1043-1050 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Ketil Moen ◽

Johan G. Brun ◽

Tor Magne Madland ◽

Turid Tynning ◽

Roland Jonsson

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Prevotella Intermedia ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Iga Antibodies ◽

Iga Antibody ◽

Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to investigate immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, and Candida albicans in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA (RA-SF samples), and the SF of patients without RA (non-RA-SF samples). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine IgG and IgA antibody levels in 116 serum samples from patients with RA, 52 RA-SF samples, and 43 non-RA-SF samples; and these were compared with those in SF samples from 9 patients with osteoarthritis (OA-SF samples) and the blood from 100 donors (the control [CTR] group). Higher levels of IgG antibodies against B. forsythus (P < 0.0001) and P. intermedia (P < 0.0001) were found in non-RA-SF samples than in OA-SF samples, and higher levels of IgG antibodies against B. forsythus (P = 0.003) and P. intermedia (P = 0.024) were found in RA-SF samples than in OA-SF samples. Significantly higher levels of IgA antibodies against B. forsythus were demonstrated in both RA-SF and non-RA-SF samples than in OA-SF samples. When corrected for total Ig levels, levels of IgG antibody against B. forsythus were elevated in RA-SF and non-RA-SF samples compared to those in OA-SF samples. Lower levels of Ig antibodies against B. forsythus were found in the sera of patients with RA than in the plasma of the CTR group for both IgG (P = 0.003) and IgA (P < 0.0001). When corrected for total Ig levels, the levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against B. forsythus were still found to be lower in the sera from patients with RA than in the plasma of the CTR group (P < 0.0001). The levels of antibodies against P. gingivalis and C. albicans in the sera and SF of RA and non-RA patients were comparable to those found in the respective controls. The levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against B. forsythus were elevated in SF from patients with RA and non-RA-SF samples compared to those in OA-SF samples. Significantly lower levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against B. forsythus were found in the sera of patients with RA than in the plasma of the CTR group. This indicates the presence of an active antibody response in synovial tissue and illustrates a potential connection between periodontal and joint diseases.

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Evaluation of the IgG antibody response to SARS CoV-2 infection and performance of a lateral flow immunoassay: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis over 11 months

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e048142

Author(s):

Louise J Robertson ◽

Julie S Moore ◽

Kevin Blighe ◽

Kok Yew Ng ◽

Nigel Quinn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Northern Ireland ◽

Post Infection ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

The Uk ◽

Antibody Levels

ObjectiveTo evaluate the dynamics and longevity of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and assess the performance of professional use of the UK-RTC AbC-19 Rapid Test lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the target condition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG antibodies.DesignNationwide serological study.SettingNorthern Ireland, UK, May 2020–February 2021.ParticipantsPlasma samples were collected from a diverse cohort of individuals from the general public (n=279), Northern Ireland healthcare workers (n=195), pre-pandemic blood donations and research studies (n=223) and through a convalescent plasma programme (n=183). Plasma donors (n=101) were followed with sequential samples over 11 months post-symptom onset.Main outcome measuresSARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in plasma samples using Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgA/IgM, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG and EuroImmun IgG SARS-CoV-2 ELISA immunoassays over time. UK-RTC AbC-19 LFIA sensitivity and specificity, estimated using a three-reference standard system to establish a characterised panel of 330 positive and 488 negative SARS-CoV-2 IgG samples.ResultsWe detected persistence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies for up to 10 months post-infection, across a minimum of two laboratory immunoassays. On the known positive cohort, the UK-RTC AbC-19 LFIA showed a sensitivity of 97.58% (95.28% to 98.95%) and on known negatives, showed specificity of 99.59% (98.53 % to 99.95%).ConclusionsThrough comprehensive analysis of a cohort of pre-pandemic and pandemic individuals, we show detectable levels of IgG antibodies, lasting over 46 weeks when assessed by EuroImmun ELISA, providing insight to antibody levels at later time points post-infection. We show good laboratory validation performance metrics for the AbC-19 rapid test for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG antibody detection in a laboratory-based setting.

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Durability of antibody response to vaccination and surrogate neutralization of emerging variants based on SARS-CoV-2 exposure history

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96879-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas W. McDade ◽

Alexis R. Demonbreun ◽

Amelia Sancilio ◽

Brian Mustanski ◽

Richard T. D’Aquila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Booster Vaccination ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Vaccine Responses ◽

Clinical Protection ◽

Exposure History ◽

Antibody Levels

AbstractTwo-dose messenger RNA vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection. However, the durability of protection is not known, nor is the effectiveness against emerging viral variants. Additionally, vaccine responses may differ based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure history. To investigate protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants we measured binding and neutralizing antibody responses following both vaccine doses. We document significant declines in antibody levels three months post-vaccination, and reduced neutralization of emerging variants, highlighting the need to identify correlates of clinical protection to inform the timing of and indications for booster vaccination.

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Diverse humoral immune responses and changes in IgG antibody levels against mycobacterial lipid antigens in active tuberculosis

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.27790-0 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 151 (6) ◽

pp. 2065-2074 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Yukiko Fujita ◽

Takeshi Doi ◽

Koji Sato ◽

Ikuya Yano

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Response Patterns ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Lipid Antigens ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Humoral Immune Responses ◽

Antigen Elisa ◽

Positive Rate ◽

Smear Negative ◽

Antibody Levels

Humoral immune responses of active TB patients against six mycobacterial lipid antigens [trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM) from Mycobacterium bovis BCG (TDM-T) and Mycobacterium avium complex (TDM-M), trehalose 6-monomycolate (TMM) from M. bovis BCG (TMM-T) and M. avium complex (TMM-M), triacyl (PL-2) and tetraacyl (PL-1) phosphatidylinositol dimannosides] were examined by ELISA. IgG antibodies of TB patients with active disease reacted against the six lipid antigens distinctively, but heterogeneously. If tests were combined and an overall positive was scored cumulatively when any one of the six tests was positive, a good discrimination between patient and normal subject was obtained. A positive result in any one of the six tests was obtained in 91·5 % of all 924 hospitalized patients and 93·3 % of 210 patients at their first visit to the outpatient clinic. The IgG antibody response differed considerably from patient to patient, and the response patterns were grouped into several types. IgG antibody levels paralleled the bacterial burden; however, the smear-negative (culture-positive) patient group also showed high positive rates and mean ELISA ΔA values against the six lipid antigens. There were also marked differences in positive rate and mean ΔA values between cavity-positive and -negative groups, the former being higher than the latter. After anti-TB chemotherapy was initiated, IgG antibody levels decreased dramatically, paralleling the decrease in the amount of excretion of bacteria. Since multiple-antigen ELISA using particular lipid antigens was highly sensitive, and IgG antibody levels vary greatly at different stages of the disease, this technique is applicable for early diagnosis of smear-negative (and -positive) active TB and the prognosis for completion of anti-TB chemotherapy.

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Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and in the general population: a multicentre study

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220647 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. annrheumdis-2021-220647

Author(s):

Victoria Furer ◽

Tali Eviatar ◽

Devy Zisman ◽

Hagit Peleg ◽

Daphna Paran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Vaccine Dose ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Control Group ◽

Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Antibody Levels

IntroductionVaccination represents a cornerstone in mastering the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on immunogenicity and safety of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) are limited.MethodsA multicentre observational study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of the two-dose regimen BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in adult patients with AIIRD (n=686) compared with the general population (n=121). Serum IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike S1/S2 proteins were measured 2–6 weeks after the second vaccine dose. Seropositivity was defined as IgG ≥15 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL. Vaccination efficacy, safety, and disease activity were assessed within 6 weeks after the second vaccine dose.ResultsFollowing vaccination, the seropositivity rate and S1/S2 IgG levels were significantly lower among patients with AIIRD versus controls (86% (n=590) vs 100%, p<0.0001 and 132.9±91.7 vs 218.6±82.06 BAU/mL, p<0.0001, respectively). Risk factors for reduced immunogenicity included older age and treatment with glucocorticoids, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and abatacept. Rituximab was the main cause of a seronegative response (39% seropositivity). There were no postvaccination symptomatic cases of COVID-19 among patients with AIIRD and one mild case in the control group. Major adverse events in patients with AIIRD included death (n=2) several weeks after the second vaccine dose, non-disseminated herpes zoster (n=6), uveitis (n=2), and pericarditis (n=1). Postvaccination disease activity remained stable in the majority of patients.ConclusionmRNA BNTb262 vaccine was immunogenic in the majority of patients with AIIRD, with an acceptable safety profile. Treatment with glucocorticoids, rituximab, MMF, and abatacept was associated with a significantly reduced BNT162b2-induced immunogenicity.

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Does reactogenicity after a second injection of the BNT162b2 vaccine predict spike IgG antibody levels in healthy Japanese subjects?

10.1101/2021.06.08.21258444 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Masaaki Takeuchi ◽

Yukie Higa ◽

Akina Esaki ◽

Yosuke Nabeshima ◽

Akemi Nakazono

Keyword(s):

Antibody Production ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Japanese Subjects

Adverse reactions are more common after the second injection of messenger RNA vaccines such as Pfizer/BioNTech's BNT162b2. We hypothesized that the degree and severity of reactogenicity after the second injection reflects the magnitude of antibody production against the SARS CoV-2 virus spike protein (spike IgG). Blood samples were obtained from 67 healthy Japanese healthcare workers three weeks after the first injection and two weeks after the second injection of the BNT162b2 vaccine to measure spike IgG levels. Using questionnaires, we calculated an adverse event (AE) score (0-11) for each participant. The geometric mean of spike IgG titers increased from 1,047 antibody units (AU/mL) (95% CI: 855±1282 AU/mL) after the first injection to 17,378 AU/mL (14,622±20,663 AU/mL) after the second injection. The median AE score increased from 2 to 5. Spike IgG levels after the second injection were negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with spike IgG after the first injection. AE scores after the second injection were not significantly associated with log-transformed spike IgG after the second injection, when adjusted for age, sex, and log-transformed spike IgG after the first injection. Although the sample size was relatively small, reactogenicity after the second injection may not accurately reflect antibody production.

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Comparative Evaluation of Immune Responses and Protection of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Oil-Emulsion Adjuvants in Avian Coronavirus Inactivated Vaccines in Chickens

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9121457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1457

Author(s):

Priscila Diniz Lopes ◽

Cintia Hiromi Okino ◽

Filipe Santos Fernando ◽

Caren Pavani ◽

Viviane Casagrande Mariguela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽

Single Administration ◽

Complete Protection ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Oil Emulsion ◽

Inactivated Vaccines ◽

Protection Against Infection ◽

Antibody Levels

Efficient vaccines are the main strategy to control the avian coronavirus (AvCoV), although several drawbacks related to traditional attenuated and inactivated vaccines have been reported. These counterpoints highlight the importance of developing new alternative vaccines against AvCoV, especially those able to induce long-lasting immune responses. This study evaluated and compared two inactivated vaccines formulated with AvCoV BR-I variants, one composed of chitosan nanoparticles (AvCoV-CS) and the second by Montanide oily adjuvant (AvCoV-O). Both developed vaccines were administered in a single dose or associated with the traditional Mass attenuated vaccine. The AvCoV-CS vaccine administered alone or associated with the Mass vaccine was able to induce strong humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses and complete protection against IBV virulent infection, wherein single administration was characterized by high IgA antibody levels in the mucosa, whereas when associated with the Mass vaccine, the serum IgG antibody was predominantly observed. On the other hand, single administration of the oily vaccine presented poor humoral and CMI responses and consequently incomplete protection against virulent challenge, but when associated with the Mass vaccine, immune responses were developed, and complete protection against infection was observed. Both of our experimental vaccines were able to induce full protection against virulent IBV challenge. A single dose of AvCoV-CS vaccine was sufficient to achieve complete protection, while AvCoV-O required a previous priming by a Mass strain to complete the protection.

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Lower probability and shorter duration of infections after Covid-19 vaccine correlate with anti-SARS-CoV-2 circulating IgGs

10.1101/2021.09.24.21263978 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chiara Ronchini ◽

Sara Gandini ◽

Sebastiano Pasqualato ◽

Luca Mazzarella ◽

Federica Facciotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Median Duration ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Lower Probability ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

European Institute ◽

Duration Of Infection ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Circulating Antibody

The correlation between immune responses and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infections and its duration remains unclear. We performed a sanitary surveillance at the European Institute of Oncology (IEO) in Milan over a 27 months period. Pre-vaccination, in 1493 participants, we scored 266 infections (17.8%) and 8 possible reinfections (3%). Post-vaccination, we identified 30 infections in 2029 vaccinated individuals (1.5%). We report that the probability of infection post-vaccination is i) significantly lower compared to natural infection, ii) associated with a significantly shorter median duration of infection than that of first infection and reinfection, iii) anticorrelated with circulating antibody levels.

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Long Term Humoral Immunity Decline in Hemodialysis Patients Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

10.1101/2021.12.01.21265957 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Eibhlin Goggins ◽

Binu Sharma ◽

Jennie Z. Ma ◽

Jitendra Gautam ◽

Brendan Bowman

Keyword(s):

Humoral Immunity ◽

Average Rate ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Vaccine Response ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Early Results ◽

Protein Receptor ◽

Antibody Levels

AbstractDialysis patients are extremely vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection with high rates of hospitalization and mortality rates estimated at 20-30%. In January of 2021, the University of Virginia Dialysis Program initiated a program wide vaccination campaign administering Pfizer BioNTech mRNA SARS-CoV-2 (BNT162b2) vaccine. To characterize the time-dependent decline in humoral immunity, we performed a prospective cohort study measuring serial monthly semi quantitative IgG antibody levels to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain in fully vaccinated in-center hemodialysis patients. Measurements were taken beginning at 2 months post full vaccination through 6 months after full vaccination. Early results showed similar seroconversion rates as prior studies with 88% obtaining positive antibody levels. Those with prior infection obtained the highest antibody levels. Over the ensuing months, patient antibody levels declined at an adjusted average rate of 31% per month. At the conclusion of the study, 40% of patients remaining in the cohort possessed either negative or borderline IgG antibody levels. Projecting future antibody levels based on the slopes of antibody level decay suggests 65% of the cohort will progress to borderline or negative antibody levels at 10 months post full vaccination. In summary, we studied long term vaccine response following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Our data adds to the limited pool of data in this patient population and will help to inform the discussion about vaccine booster needs and frequency.

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