scholarly journals Thermal asymmetries influence effects of warming on stage and size-dependent predator-prey interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pepi ◽  
Tracie Hayes ◽  
Kelsey Lyberger
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Impact

AbstractClimate warming directly influences the developmental and feeding rates of organisms. Changes in these rates are likely to have consequences for species interactions, particularly for organisms affected by stage- or size-dependent predation. However, because of differences in species-specific responses to warming, predicting the impact of warming on predator and prey densities can be difficult. We present a general model of stage-dependent predation with temperature-dependent vital rates to explore the effects of warming when predator and prey have different thermal optima. We found that warming generally favored the interactor with the higher thermal optimum. Part of this effect occurred due to the stage-dependent nature of the interaction, and part due to thermal asymmetries. Furthermore, large differences in thermal optima between predators and prey (i.e., a high degree of asymmetry) led to a weaker interaction. Interestingly, below the predator and prey thermal optima, warming caused prey densities to decline, even as increasing temperature improved prey performance. We also parameterize our model using values from a well-studied system, Arctia virginalis and Formica lasioides, in which the predator has a warmer optimum. Overall, our results provide a general framework for understanding stage- and temperature-dependent predator-prey interactions, and illustrate that the thermal niche of both predator and prey are important to consider when predicting the effects of climate warming.

scholarly journals The importance of species interactions in eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Åkesson ◽  
Alva Curtsdotter ◽  
Anna Eklöf ◽  
Bo Ebenman ◽  
Jon Norberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEco-evolutionary dynamics are essential in shaping the biological response of communities to ongoing climate change. Here we develop a spatially explicit eco-evolutionary framework which features more detailed species interactions, integrating evolution and dispersal. We include species interactions within and between trophic levels, and additionally, we incorporate the feature that species’ interspecific competition might change due to increasing temperatures and affect the impact of climate change on ecological communities. Our modeling framework captures previously reported ecological responses to climate change, and also reveals two key results. First, interactions between trophic levels as well as temperature-dependent competition within a trophic level mitigate the negative impact of climate change on biodiversity, emphasizing the importance of understanding biotic interactions in shaping climate change impact. Second, our trait-based perspective reveals a strong positive relationship between the within-community variation in preferred temperatures and the capacity to respond to climate change. Temperature-dependent competition consistently results both in higher trait variation and more responsive communities to altered climatic conditions. Our study demonstrates the importance of species interactions in an eco-evolutionary setting, further expanding our knowledge of the interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes.

Biotic interactions under climate warming: temperature-dependent and species-specific effects of the oligochaete Chaetogaster limnaei on snails

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 1304-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Höckendorff ◽  
Denise Früh ◽  
Nico Hormel ◽  
Peter Haase ◽  
Stefan Stoll
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals Size-by-environment interactions: a neglected dimension of species’ responses to environmental variation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Tredennick ◽  
Brittany J. Teller ◽  
Peter B. Adler ◽  
Giles Hooker ◽  
Stephen P. Ellner
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Vital Rate ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn both plant and animal systems, size can determine whether an individual survives and grows under different environmental conditions. However, it is less clear whether and when size-dependent responses to the environment affect population dynamics. Size-by-environment interactions create pathways for environmental fluctuations to influence population dynamics by allowing for negative covariation between sizes within vital rates (e.g., small and large individuals have negatively covarying survival rates) and/or size-dependent variability in a vital rate (e.g., survival of large individuals varies less than small individuals through time). Whether these phenomena affect population dynamics depends on how they are mediated by elasticities (they must affect the sizes and vital rates that matter) and their projected impacts will depend on model functional form (the impact of reduced variance depends on the relationship between the environment and vital rate). We demonstrate these ideas with an analysis of fifteen species from five semiarid plant communities. We find that size-by-environment interactions are common but do not impact long-term population dynamics. Size-by-environment interactions may yet be important for other species. Our approach can be applied to species in other ecosystems to determine if and how size-by-environment interactions allow them to cope with, or exploit, fluctuating environments.

scholarly journals Seasonal food webs with migrations: multi-season models reveal indirect species interactions in the Canadian Arctic tundra

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2181) ◽  
pp. 20190354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Hutchison ◽  
Frédéric Guichard ◽  
Pierre Legagneux ◽  
Gilles Gauthier ◽  
Joël Bêty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Static Model ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Summer Time ◽  
The Impact

Models incorporating seasonality are necessary to fully assess the impact of global warming on Arctic communities. Seasonal migrations are a key component of Arctic food webs that still elude current theories predicting a single community equilibrium. We develop a multi-season model of predator–prey dynamics using a hybrid dynamical systems framework applied to a simplified tundra food web (lemming–fox–goose–owl). Hybrid systems models can accommodate multiple equilibria, which is a basic requirement for modelling food webs whose topology changes with season. We demonstrate that our model can generate multi-annual cycling in lemming dynamics, solely from a combined effect of seasonality and state-dependent behaviour. We compare our multi-season model to a static model of the predator–prey community dynamics and study the interactions between species. Interestingly, including seasonality reveals indirect interactions between migrants and residents not captured by the static model. Further, we find that the direction and magnitude of interactions between two species are not necessarily accurate using only summer time-series. Our study demonstrates the need for the development of multi-season models and provides the tools to analyse them. Integrating seasonality in food web modelling is a vital step to improve predictions about the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning’.

scholarly journals Evolving ecological networks and the emergence of biodiversity patterns across temperature gradients

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1731) ◽  
pp. 1051-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Stegen ◽  
Regis Ferriere ◽  
Brian J. Enquist
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Diversity Pattern ◽  
Trophic Networks ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Increasing Temperature

In ectothermic organisms, it is hypothesized that metabolic rates mediate influences of temperature on the ecological and evolutionary processes governing biodiversity. However, it is unclear how and to what extent the influence of temperature on metabolism scales up to shape large-scale diversity patterns. In order to clarify the roles of temperature and metabolism, new theory is needed. Here, we establish such theory and model eco-evolutionary dynamics of trophic networks along a broad temperature gradient. In the model temperature can influence, via metabolism, resource supply, consumers' vital rates and mutation rate. Mutation causes heritable variation in consumer body size, which diversifies and governs consumer function in the ecological network. The model predicts diversity to increase with temperature if resource supply is temperature-dependent, whereas temperature-dependent consumer vital rates cause diversity to decrease with increasing temperature. When combining both thermal dependencies, a unimodal temperature–diversity pattern evolves, which is reinforced by temperature-dependent mutation rate. Studying coexistence criteria for two consumers showed that these outcomes are owing to temperature effects on mutual invasibility and facilitation. Our theory shows how and why metabolism can influence diversity, generates predictions useful for understanding biodiversity gradients and represents an extendable framework that could include factors such as colonization history and niche conservatism.

scholarly journals Effects of Short-Duration and Diel-Cycling Hypoxia on Predation of Mussels and Oysters in Two Tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Ellen Neff ◽  
Jessica MacGregor ◽  
Keryn B. Gedan
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Callinectes Sapidus ◽  
Eastern Oyster ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Stress Models ◽  
The Impact

Although the effects of persistent hypoxia have been well established, few studies have explored the community-level effects of short-duration and diel-cycling hypoxia, for example on predator–prey interactions. Consumer stress models predict that mobile predators will flee hypoxia, while prey stress models predict that sessile species, unable to avoid hypoxic water, will be more susceptible to predation. To test these hypotheses, we studied the effects of diel-cycling hypoxia on predation of the hooked mussel, Ischadium recurvum, and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in field experiments in two Chesapeake Bay, USA tributaries. We conducted a complementary laboratory experiment that tested the impact of short-duration hypoxia on predation of the two bivalve species by the ecologically and commercially important blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Although we did not observe a significant effect of diel-cycling hypoxia on predation in the field, we did observe an effect of short-duration hypoxia in the laboratory. Callinectes sapidus exhibited depressed feeding rates and reduced preference for I. recurvum in hypoxic conditions. In both field and lab results, we observed a strong preference of predators for I. recurvum over C. virginica, indicating that the relatively understudied mussel I. recurvum merits greater consideration as a part of estuarine food webs.

scholarly journals Temperature variability alters the stability and thresholds for collapse of interacting species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Dee ◽  
Daniel Okamtoto ◽  
Anna Gårdmark ◽  
Jose M. Montoya ◽  
Steve J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Stable Coexistence ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractTemperature variability and extremes can have profound impacts on populations and ecological communities. Predicting impacts of thermal variability poses a challenge because it has both direct physiological effects and indirect effects through species interactions. In addition, differences in thermal performance between predators and prey and non-linear averaging of temperature-dependent performance can result in complex and counterintuitive population dynamics in response to climate change. Yet the combined consequences of these effects remain underexplored. Here, modeling temperature-dependent predator-prey dynamics, we study how changes in temperature variability affect population size, collapse, and stable coexistence of both predator and prey, relative to under constant environments or warming alone. We find that the effects of temperature variation on interacting species can lead to a diversity of outcomes, from predator collapse to stable coexistence, depending on interaction strengths and differences in species’ thermal performance. Temperature variability also alters predictions about population collapse – in some cases allowing predators to persist for longer than predicted when considering warming alone, and in others accelerating collapse. To inform management responses that are robust to future climates with increasing temperature variability and extremes, we need to incorporate the consequences of temperature variation in complex ecosystems.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Atmospheric Warming on Staple Crop Growth in China in the 1960s and 2000s

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Yongqiang Yu ◽  
Tingting Li ◽  
Lijun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
East China ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

Responses of crop growth to climate warming are fundamental to future food security. The response of crops to climate change may be subtly different at their growing stages. Close insights into the differentiated stage-dependent responses of crops are significantly important in making adaptive adjustments of crops’ phenological optimization and cultivar improvement in diverse cropping systems. Using the Agro-C model, we studied the influence of past climate warming on crops in typical cropping systems in China. The results showed that while the temperature had increased distinctly from the 1960s to 2000s, the temperature frequency distributions in the growth season of crops moved to the high-temperature direction. The low temperature days during the crop growth periods that suppress crop growth decreased in the winter wheat area in North and East China, rice and maize areas in Northeast China, and the optimum temperature days increased significantly. As a result, the above ground biomass (AGB) of rice and maize in Northeast China and winter wheat in North and East China increased distinctly, while that of rice in South China had no significant change. A comparison of the key growth periods before and after heading (silking) showed that the warming before heading (silking) made a great contribution to the increase in the AGB, especially for winter wheat.

scholarly journals Codon harmonization reduces amino acid misincorporation in bacterially expressed P. falciparum proteins and improves their immunogenicity

AMB Express ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraja Punde ◽  
Jennifer Kooken ◽  
Dagmar Leary ◽  
Patricia M. Legler ◽  
Evelina Angov
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Codon usage frequency influences protein structure and function. The frequency with which codons are used potentially impacts primary, secondary and tertiary protein structure. Poor expression, loss of function, insolubility, or truncation can result from species-specific differences in codon usage. “Codon harmonization” more closely aligns native codon usage frequencies with those of the expression host particularly within putative inter-domain segments where slower rates of translation may play a role in protein folding. Heterologous expression of Plasmodium falciparum genes in Escherichia coli has been a challenge due to their AT-rich codon bias and the highly repetitive DNA sequences. Here, codon harmonization was applied to the malarial antigen, CelTOS (Cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites). CelTOS is a highly conserved P. falciparum protein involved in cellular traversal through mosquito and vertebrate host cells. It reversibly refolds after thermal denaturation making it a desirable malarial vaccine candidate. Protein expressed in E. coli from a codon harmonized sequence of P. falciparum CelTOS (CH-PfCelTOS) was compared with protein expressed from the native codon sequence (N-PfCelTOS) to assess the impact of codon usage on protein expression levels, solubility, yield, stability, structural integrity, recognition with CelTOS-specific mAbs and immunogenicity in mice. While the translated proteins were expected to be identical, the translated products produced from the codon-harmonized sequence differed in helical content and showed a smaller distribution of polypeptides in mass spectra indicating lower heterogeneity of the codon harmonized version and fewer amino acid misincorporations. Substitutions of hydrophobic-to-hydrophobic amino acid were observed more commonly than any other. CH-PfCelTOS induced significantly higher antibody levels compared with N-PfCelTOS; however, no significant differences in either IFN-γ or IL-4 cellular responses were detected between the two antigens.

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