scholarly journals Differentiation signals from glia are fine-tuned to set neuronal numbers during development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anadika R Prasad ◽  
Matthew P Bostock ◽  
Ines Lago-Baldaia ◽  
Zaynab Housseini ◽  
Vilaiwan M Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Visual System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Hedgehog Signalling ◽  
Target Field ◽  
Eye Disc ◽  
And Function ◽  
Circuit Formation ◽  
Fine Tune

Precise neuronal numbers are required for circuit formation and function. Known strategies to control neuronal numbers involve regulating either cell proliferation or survival. In the developing Drosophila visual system photoreceptors from the eye-disc induce their target field, the lamina, one column at a time. Although each column initially contains ~6 precursors, only 5 differentiate into neurons of unique identities (L1-L5); the extra precursor undergoes apoptosis. We uncovered that Hedgehog signalling patterns columns, such that the 2 precursors experiencing the lowest signalling activity are specified as L5s; only one differentiates while the other extra precursor dies. We showed that a glial population called the outer chiasm giant glia (xgO), which reside below the lamina, relays differentiation signals from photoreceptors to induce L5 differentiation. The precursors nearest to xgO differentiate into L5s and antagonise inductive signalling to prevent the extra precursors from differentiating, resulting in their death. Thus, tissue architecture and feedback from young neurons fine-tune differentiation signals from glia to limit the number of neurons induced.

scholarly journals A Novel Mechanism of S-equol Action in Neurons and Astrocytes: The Possible Involvement of GPR30/GPER1

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winda Ariyani ◽  
Wataru Miyazaki ◽  
Noriyuki Koibuchi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Neurite Growth ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cerebellar Development ◽  
Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
And Function ◽  
Nuclear Estrogen Receptors ◽  
G Protein Coupled

S-equol is a major bacterial metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein. It is known to be a phytoestrogen that acts by binding to the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) that are expressed in various brain regions, including the cerebellum. However, the effects of S-equol on cerebellar development and function have not yet been extensively studied. In this study, the effects of S-equol were evaluated using a mouse primary cerebellar culture, Neuro-2A clonal cells, and an astrocyte-enriched culture. S-equol augmented the dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells induced by triiodothyronine (T3) and the neurite growth of Neuro-2A cell differentiation. Such augmentation was suppressed by G15, a selective G-protein coupled ER (GPR30) antagonist, and ICI 182,780, an antagonist for ERs in both cultures. On the other hand, in astrocytes, S-equol induced cell proliferation and cell migration with an increase in the phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and F-actin rearrangements. Such effects were suppressed by G15, but not by ICI. These findings indicated that S-equol may enhanced cerebellar development by affecting both neurons and astrocytes through several signaling pathways, including GPR30 and ERs. We here report a novel mechanism of S-equol in cerebellar development that may provide a novel possibility to use S-equol supplementation during development.

Platelet Suruival and Function in Rats with Enhanced Thrombotic Tendency

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (04) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Delaini ◽  
Elisabetta Dejana ◽  
Ine Reyers ◽  
Elisa Vicenzi ◽  
Germana De Bellis Vitti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thrombotic Tendency

SummaryWe have investigated the relevance of some laboratory tests of platelet function in predicting conditions of thrombotic tendency. For this purpose, we studied platelet survival, platelet aggregation in response to different stimuli, TxB2 and 6-keto-PGFlα production in serum of rats bearing a nephrotic syndrome induced by adriamycin. These animals show a heavy predisposition to the development of both arterial and venous thrombosis. The mean survival time was normal in nephrotic rats in comparison to controls. As to aggregation tests, a lower aggregating response was found in ADR-treated rats using ADP or collagen as stimulating agents. With arachidonic acid (AA) we observed similar aggregating responses at lower A A concentrations, whereas at higher AA concentrations a significantly lower response was found in nephrotic rats, despite their higher TxB2 production. Also TxB2 and 6-keto-PGFlα levels in serum of nephrotic rats were significantly higher than in controls. No consistent differences were found in PGI2-activity generated by vessels of control or nephrotic rats.These data show that platelet function may appear normal or even impaired in rats with a markedly increased thrombotic tendency. On the other hand, the significance of high TxB2 levels in connection with mechanisms leading to thrombus formation remains a controversial issue.

Tead1 Reciprocally Regulates Adult β-Cell Proliferation and Function to Maintain Glucose Homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongkyung Lee ◽  
Ruya Liu ◽  
Byung S. Kim ◽  
Yiqun Zhang ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
And Function

Reduced Hedgehog signalling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy impairs muscle regeneration and function

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. S13
Author(s):  
S. Devenport ◽  
C.M. Penton ◽  
N. Salgado ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
K. Flanigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Hedgehog Signalling ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Relationship between the Geotourism Potential and Function in the Polish Part of the Roztocze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Teresa Brzezińska-Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partial Indices ◽  
Function Index ◽  
Intensive Exploitation ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Current Product ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development

The Polish part of the Roztocze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve area is characterized by diversified geotourism resources with relatively high value. However, their potential seems not to be fully used in the current product offer. The aim of the study was therefore to assess the spatial variability of the geotourism potential and function and to determine their interrelations in view of further development of geotourism in the Roztocze TBR and the perspective of creation of the “Kamienny Las na Roztoczu” geopark. The study was carried out with the use of the taxonomic method of multidimensional comparative analysis consisting of calculation and analysis of general, total, and partial indices of the geotourism potential and function in 22 communes. The results showed the highest total indicator of geotourism potential in two communes, i.e. Józefów and Krasnobród, and the highest value of the total geotourism function index in Krasnobród. The results of the analysis of the relationships between the geotourism potential and function indicate that the geotourism resources and products are fully used in terms of the development of the function only in Krasnobród commune. In turn, the value of the total geotourism function index in the Zwierzyniec commune exceeds the geotourism potential indicator, which implies that this area is overloaded by tourist movement. The total indicators of geotourism potential in the other communes, especially Józefów, Krasnobród, Lubycza Królewska, and Susiec, indicate the possibility of more intensive exploitation of geotourism resources in preparation of interesting products in compliance with the principles of sustainable development and, consequently, the development of the geotourism function.

scholarly journals Contribution of the CK2 Catalytic Isoforms α and α’ to the Glycolytic Phenotype of Tumor Cells

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Francesca Zonta ◽  
Christian Borgo ◽  
Camila Paz Quezada Meza ◽  
Ionica Masgras ◽  
Andrea Rasola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cell ◽  
Monomeric Form ◽  
New Information

CK2 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase overexpressed in many cancers. It is usually present in cells as a tetrameric enzyme, composed of two catalytic (α or α’) and two regulatory (β) subunits, but it is active also in its monomeric form, and the specific role of the different isoforms is largely unknown. CK2 phosphorylates several substrates related to the uncontrolled proliferation, motility, and survival of cancer cells. As a consequence, tumor cells are addicted to CK2, relying on its activity more than healthy cells for their life, and exploiting it for developing multiple oncological hallmarks. However, little is known about CK2 contribution to the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells. With this study we aimed at shedding some light on it, especially focusing on the CK2 role in the glycolytic onco-phenotype. By analyzing neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma cell lines depleted of either one (α) or the other (α’) CK2 catalytic subunit, we also aimed at disclosing possible pro-tumor functions which are specific of a CK2 isoform. Our results suggest that both CK2 α and α’ contribute to cell proliferation, survival and tumorigenicity. The analyzed metabolic features disclosed a role of CK2 in tumor metabolism, and suggest prominent functions for CK2 α isoform. Results were also confirmed by CK2 pharmacological inhibition. Overall, our study provides new information on the mechanism of cancer cells addiction to CK2 and on its isoform-specific functions, with fundamental implications for improving future therapeutic strategies based on CK2 targeting.

scholarly journals Validation of MicroRNA-188-5p Inhibition Power on Tumor Cell Proliferation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 096368972091830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Andrew Irving ◽  
Huifang Wu ◽  
Juan Luo ◽  
Johana Aguirre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Tumor Cell Proliferation ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
And Function

Given the crucial role of microRNAs in the cellular proliferation of various types of cancers, we aimed to analyze the expression and function of a cellular proliferation-associated miR-188-5p in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Here we demonstrate that miR-188-5p is downregulated in PTC tumor tissues compared with the associated noncancerous tissues. We also validate that the miR-188-5p overexpression suppressed the PTC cancer cell proliferation. In addition, fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is observed to be downregulated in the PTC tumor tissues compared with the associated noncancerous tissues. Subsequently, FGF5 is identified as the direct functional target of miR-188-5p. Moreover, the silencing of FGF5 was found to inhibit PTC cell proliferation, which is the same pattern as miR-188-5p overexpression. These results suggest that miR-188-5p-associated silencing of FGF5 inhibits tumor cell proliferation in PTC. It also highlights the importance of further evaluating miR-188-5p as a potential biomarker and therapy target in PTC.

scholarly journals Transgenic over-expression of MafK suppresses T cell proliferation and function in vivo

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 1055-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keigyou Yoh ◽  
Takehiko Sugawara ◽  
Hozumi Motohashi ◽  
Yousuke Takahama ◽  
Akio Koyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Proliferation ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
And Function

Immobilization of poly (ethylene imine) on poly (l-lactide) promotes MG63 cell proliferation and function

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2317-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen-Mei Liu ◽  
Soo-Yeon Lee ◽  
Sukhéna Sarun ◽  
Dieter Peschel ◽  
Thomas Groth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mg63 Cell ◽  
Ethylene Imine ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
And Function

An evolutionary and developmental approach toward understanding of growth variations of two closely related dwarfism of Galium verum

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keum Jeong ◽  
Jae-Hong Pak ◽  
Jeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mrna Differential Display ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Differential Display Method ◽  
Low Activity

AbstractGalium L. is one of the largest and most widespread genus of Rubiaceae, consisting of more than 650 species worldwide. Galium verum var. asiaticum (G. verum a.) is a perennial herbaceous and widely distributed in in Korea peninsula. On the other hand, Galium verum var. asiaticum for. pusillum (G. verum a.p.) is endemic to Korea, inhabiting only on high land of Mt. Halla of Jeju. G. verum a.p. appears to be a dwarfism of G. verum a. We wondered what physiological, environmental, or genetic factors rendered those two taxa morphologically differentiated. We found that G. verum a.p. shows a low activity of the cell proliferation and was not associated with responsiveness contents of auxin and gibberellins. In order to search for genetic factors involved, we carried out an mRNA differential display method using the ACPs, and isolated several different expression genes between the two taxa. We chose one of those genes, which encoded RADIALIS-like proteins: GvaRADL1 from G. verum a. and GvapRADL1 from G. verum a.p. We discuss the relevancy of the genetic variations in regard to the differential expression patterns of those genes and the differential growth patterns of the two variants.

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