scholarly journals Estimating the cost of antibiotic use on future collateral resistance: a retrospective comparison of cefuroxime versus cefazolin and amoxicillin/clavulanate

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Chowers ◽  
Tamir Zehavi ◽  
Bat-Sheva Gottesman ◽  
Avi Baraz ◽  
Daniel Nevo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Positive Bacterial Culture ◽  
Retrospective Comparison ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Needed To Harm

Background: Quantitative estimates of collateral resistance induced by antibiotic use are scarce. This study compared the effects of treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefazolin, compared to cefuroxime, on future resistance to ceftazidime among hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with positive bacterial cultures hospitalized in an Israeli hospital during 2016-2019 was conducted. Patients were restricted to those treated with either amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefazolin, or cefuroxime and re-hospitalized with a positive bacterial culture during the following year. A 1:1 matching was performed for each patient in the amoxicillin/clavulanate and cefazolin groups, to a single patient from the cefuroxime group, yielding 185:185 and 298:298 matched patients. Logistic regression and g-formula (standardization) were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR), risk difference (RD), and number needed to harm (NNH). Results: Cefuroxime induced significantly higher resistance to ceftazidime than amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefazolin: the marginal OR was 1.76) 95%CI 1.16-2.83) compared to amoxicillin/clavulanate, and 1.98 (95%CI 1.41- 2.8) compared to cefazolin; The RD was 0.118 (95%CI 0.031-0.215) compared to amoxicillin/clavulanate, and 0.131 (95%CI 0.058-0.197) compared to cefazolin. We also estimated the NNH: replacing amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefazolin with cefuroxime would yield ceftazidime-resistance in one more patient for every 8.5 (95% CI 4.66-32.14) or 7.6 (95% CI 5.1-17.3) patients re-hospitalized in the following year. Conclusions: Our results indicate that treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanate or cefazolin is preferable to cefuroxime, in terms of future collateral resistance. The results presented here are a first step towards quantitative estimations of the ecological damage caused by different antibiotics.

Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy implant removal: A retrospective analysis of 129 cases

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 450-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Bergh ◽  
C. Wang ◽  
K. Wells ◽  
A. M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Tibial Plateau ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Implant Removal ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Positive Bacterial Culture ◽  
Operative Findings

SummaryObjective: To evaluate a cohort of dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) implant removal to determine key clinical features, prevalence, and indications for implant removal.Methods: Medical records of dogs undergoing TPLO implant removal at a private referral practice (Dallas Veterinary Surgical Center) between 2004–2008 were reviewed. Patient signalment, implant type, presence of concurrent medical disease, surgeon, antibiotic use, aerobic bacterial culture result, and operative findings were recorded. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Wilcoxon-rank sum test. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05.Results: The TPLO implants were removed from 126 dogs (n = 129, 4.8% of TPLO procedures) during the study period. Average time interval from TPLO to implant removal was 16.0 ± 17.8 months. The most common clinical signs were the presence of an open wound (n = 80), draining tract (n = 64), and lameness (n = 59). Culture of tissue or fluid from the implant bed or implants was positive for bacterial growth in 95/115 cases. A significantly greater proportion of the implants removed were Slocum TPLO plates (n = 109 6.1%) when compared to other TPLO plate types (n = 20 2.3%) (p <0.0001). No association was identified between a positive bacterial culture and measured variables.Clinical significance: Local bacterial infection and clinical signs of inflammation were the most common reasons for TPLO implant removal. There may be an increased implant-associated complication rate for Slocum TPLO plates in the study population.

Surveillance of Infections Associated With Intravenous Catheters in Dogs and Cats in an Intensive Care Unit

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Marsh-Ng ◽  
Derek P. Burney ◽  
Jennifer Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Positive Bacterial Culture ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Catheter Tip ◽  
Intravenous Catheters ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Catheter Location

Positive catheter-tip culture rates and risk factors associated with bacterial colonization of intravenous (IV) catheters were assessed in dogs and cats. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were performed on 151 catheters, and 24.5% were positive. Of the positive cultures, 46.0% grew Enterobacter spp. The type of catheter used, blood sampling through the catheter, the type of IV infusate administered, the duration the catheter was in place, the catheter location, complications with the catheter, and the final outcome of the animal were not associated with an increased risk of a positive bacterial culture from the catheter tip.

Double-Volume Intraoperative Lavage Reduce Bacterial Contamination After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

2020 ◽  
pp. 000313482095634
Author(s):  
Ryota Matsuki ◽  
Masanori Sugiyama ◽  
Hirokazu Momose ◽  
Masaharu Kogure ◽  
Yutaka Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Fistula ◽  
Peritoneal Lavage ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Preoperative Biliary Drainage ◽  
Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula ◽  
Drainage Fluid ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Positive Bacterial Culture ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Background To clarify whether double-volume peritoneal lavage can decrease the risk of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Materials and Methods Forty-nine patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and intraoperative peritoneal lavage using 6000 mL of saline before abdominal closure were studied retrospectively. Bacterial cultures of the lavage fluid were taken twice, after irrigation using 3000 mL of saline and then after an additional 3000 mL of saline. Bacterial culture of the drainage fluid was taken on day 1, and the relationship between the results of bacterial cultures and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula was examined. Results Double amount of peritoneal lavage significantly decreased the incidence of positive bacterial cultures than single amount of peritoneal lavage (45% vs. 29%, P < .05). Multivariate analysis showed that positive bacterial culture of drainage fluid on day 1 and main pancreatic duct size (<3 mm) were independent risk factors for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula. A positive bacterial culture of the final lavage fluid and preoperative biliary drainage were independent factors related to a positive bacterial culture on day 1. Discussion A positive bacterial culture on day 1 is an independent risk factor for clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula during pancreaticoduodenectomy. Double-volume intraperitoneal lavage may be effective for reducing the incidence of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula.

Etiology of Pertussis Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Keller ◽  
Rouben Aftandelians ◽  
James D. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Group ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Bordetella Parapertussis ◽  
Positive Bacterial Culture ◽  
Serologic Evidence ◽  
Family Contact ◽  
Culture Negative

One hundred patients with clinical pertussis were studied to determine the etiology of pertussis syndrome. Forty-two (42%) of the patients had either Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis isolated from the nasopharynx. In an additional 36 (36%) patients, B pertussis was isolated from the nasopharynx of the associated index case or family contact case. Thus, Bordetella was isolated from 78 (78%) of the patients or from their immediate family group. Of the 22 culture-negative patients residing in culture-negative families, 12 had serologic evidence of Bordetella infection and another was from a family group in which two members were seropositive. Therefore, 91 patients (91%) had bacteriologic or serologic evidence of Bordetella infection themselves or within their families. Viral cultures were obtained on 75 of the patients. Adenoviruses were isolated from 33% of those with positive cultures for B pertussis and from 14% of those with negative cultures. In the group without direct or indirect, bacteriologic or serologic evidence of Bordetella infection, the adenoviral isolation rate (13%) was not significantly different from the adenoviral isolation rate (33%) in patients with a positive bacterial culture. These data do not support a role for adenovirus alone in causing pertussis syndrome.

scholarly journals A study on antibiotic prescription among the hospitalized pediatric patients at a referral center in Puducherry, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
M. Bala Gopal ◽  
P. Thiyagarajan ◽  
Vinayagamoorthy Venugopal ◽  
Venkata Naveen Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Referral Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbial Resistance ◽  
The Cost

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has reached to a significant proportion globally. This antimicrobial resistance increases the cost of health care in addition to the existing burden of the prevalence of infectious disease in developing countries. We need to have institutional protocols based on the standard guidelines. It is important for the clinician to use antibiotics only when it is necessary. The aim of the study was to analyze the rationality of the antibiotics used among the hospitalized children in the referral centre located in the rural area, to evaluate the pattern of antibiotics prescribed among the hospitalized children and to find out the factors associated with the usage of antibiotics among them.  Methods: Analytical, cross sectional study was performed on all patients admitted to the inpatient pediatric medical service at a referral centre situated in the rural part of the Puducherry, India during the period from July 2015 to June 2016. Results: 959 children were included in our study.607 children belong to less than 5 years of age group. Overall 60% of the children have received either oral or parenteral antibiotics. Based on the categorization of children as per the final clinical diagnosis children requiring antibiotic, can be used and not required are 13% (125), 38.6% (370) and 48.4% (464) respectively. Respiratory, gastrointestinal and systemic infectious diseases were the major group of cases admitted in our centre. Antibiotic use in respiratory and systemic infectious disease were maximum with 248 (70.1%) and 179 (71.6%) respectively. Among the antibiotics cephalosporin, penicillin group and azithromycin constitute more than 90% of the antibiotics prescribed cases.Conclusions: Overuse of antibiotic is universal and seen in both developed and developing countries. This increases the cost of treatment and increases the chances of microbial resistance. As per the W.H.O. recommendations surveillance system is required in all the hospitals to assess the antibiotic use and to monitor the prevalence of microbial resistance. 

scholarly journals Role of single and mixed culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia ficaria in utilization of petroleum wastes of Dora- refineries.

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-548
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Agitated Culture ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria ◽  
Better Than

The ability of single and mixed bacterial culture to utilize Dora-refineries petroleum wastes was compared. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia ficaria mixed culture consumed the wastes better than the single bacterial cultures. The highest log. number of viable cells in mixed culture was 6.842 , while in single bacterial cultures it was 6.683 and 5.631, respectively. after 3 days in API medium containing the refinery wastes. The effect of some environmental conditions on the degradation of petroleum wastes was studied included aeration , NaCl concentration , pH and temperature. The growth of bacteria in the agitated culture was higher than stagnant culture the log. of cell no. was 6.021 in the first culture. The highest log. of cell no. stagnant culture was 5.771. Pseudomonas aeruginosa AA22 and Serratia ficaria AA39 were able to grow in medium containing 5 , 7 % NaCl , they favorite pH 7. The mixed culture of the two bacteria grew well of 45 oC.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orbital Fractures

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Reiss ◽  
Lamise Rajjoub ◽  
Tamer Mansour ◽  
Tony Chen ◽  
Aisha Mumtaz
Keyword(s):  
Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Orbital Fracture ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Orbital Fractures ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
George Washington ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Trauma Teams

Purpose: To determine whether prophylactic antibiotic use in patients with orbital fracture prevent orbital infection. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Participants: All patients diagnosed with orbital fracture between January 1, 2008 and March 1, 2014 at The George Washington University Hospital and Clinics. Main Outcome Measures: Development of orbital infection. Results: One hundred seventy-two patients with orbital fracture met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. No orbital infections were documented. Twenty subjects (12%) received no prophylactic antibiotic, and two (1%) received only one dose of antibiotics pre-operatively for surgery. For primary antibiotic, 136 subjects (79%) received oral antibiotics, and 14 (8%) received intravenous (IV) antibiotics (excluding cefazolin). Cephalexin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the most prescribed oral antibiotics that are equally effective. Five-to-seven day courses of antibiotics had no increased infections compared to ten-to-fourteen day courses. Calculated boundaries for effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics ranged from a Number Needed to Treat (NNT) of 75 to a Number Needed to Harm (NNH) of 198. Conclusion: Antibiotics for prevention of orbital infection in patients with orbital fractures have become widely used. Coordination between trauma teams and specialists is needed to prevent patient overmedication and antibiotic resistance. Should antibiotics be used, shorter courses and avoidance of broad spectrum agents are recommended. Additional studies are needed.

The Effects of Recombinant Human Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gel on Third-Degree Frostbite Wounds in Northeastern China: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Hang Zhang ◽  
Chang-Lei Cui ◽  
Hao-Yue Zhu ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yan Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Positive Bacterial Culture ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the rhGM-CSF gel on third-degree frostbite wounds. Sixty-two patients who had suffered third-degree frostbite on their hand or foot (91 wounds in total) were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly allocated to two groups: the rhGM-CSF group(31patients,45 frostbite wounds) received the rhGM-CSF gel when wound dressing change daily; however, the control group (31patients, 46 frostbite wounds) received aloe glue. The wound healing time, the score of inflammation about the wound and the positive bacterial culture of wound secretions were used to measure outcomes, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS (25.0), Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test and chi-square test or Fisher exact test were selected, as appropriate. The healing time of the rhGM-CSF group was (12.2 ± 5.0) days, which was significantly shorter than that of the control group (15.5 ± 4.7) days (P &lt; .0001). The rhGM-CSF group’s wound inflammation scores on the 7th and 14th day of treatment were (0.96 ± 0.21) and (1.88 ± 0.29), respectively, which were better than those of the control group (1.12 ± 0.24) and (1.38 ± 0.15) (both P &lt; .0001). The positive bacterial culture of wound secretions in the rhGM-CSF group was also better than that in the control group on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after treatment (P = .027, .004, .030, respectively). According to the results, using rhGM-CSF gel considerably increases the speed of frostbite wounds healing, and have an effect on protecting third-degree frostbite wounds regarding the positive effects. Trial Registration: This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR1900021299.

scholarly journals Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among febrile Indonesian Hajj pilgrims: A study on 28,197 returning pilgrims

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 236-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Amin ◽  
A Bakhtiar ◽  
M Subarjo ◽  
EB Aksono ◽  
P Widiyanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Oropharyngeal Swab ◽  
Tract Infections

There were 211,000 Indonesian Hajj pilgrims going to Mecca through 11 main airports in 2015 who were at risk of contracting the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We aimed to find out whether there was any occurrence of MERS-CoV by performing screening on 28,197 returning pilgrims. Those with a body temperature of > 38 °C and respiratory symptoms were sent to the airport clinic to have an oropharyngeal swab and a bacterial culture. Fifteen pilgrims had fever (> 38 °C) accompanied by respiratory symptoms; of these, 12 patients were diagnosed with upper and lower respiratory tract infections and three patients with pneumonia. However, none of them were found to be infected with MERS-CoV. The bacterial cultures showed evidence of normal flora growth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document