scholarly journals The relationship between transmission time and clustering methods inMycobacterium tuberculosisepidemiology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor J Meehan ◽  
Pieter Moris ◽  
Thomas A. Kohl ◽  
Jūlija Pečerska ◽  
Suriya Akter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Recent Transmission ◽  
Clustering Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractBackgroundTracking recent transmission is a vital part of controlling widespread pathogens such asMycobacterium tuberculosis. Multiple methods with specific performance characteristics exist for detecting recent transmission chains, usually by clustering strains based on genotype similarities. With such a large variety of methods available, informed selection of an appropriate approach for determining transmissions within a given setting/time period is difficult.MethodsThis study combines whole genome sequence (WGS) data derived from 324 isolates collected 2005-2010 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a high endemic setting, with phylodynamics to unveil the timing of transmission events posited by a variety of standard genotyping methods. Clustering data based on Spoligotyping, 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing, WGS based SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and core genome multi locus sequence typing (cgMLST) typing were evaluated.FindingsOur results suggest that clusters based on Spoligotyping could encompass transmission events that occurred over 70 years prior to sampling while 24-loci-MIRU-VNTR often represented two or more decades of transmission. Instead, WGS based genotyping applying low SNP or cgMLST allele thresholds allows for determination of recent transmission events in timespans of up to 10 years e.g. for a 5 SNP/allele cut-off.InterpretationWith the rapid uptake of WGS methods in surveillance and outbreak tracking, the findings obtained in this study can guide the selection of appropriate clustering methods for uncovering relevant transmission chains within a given time-period. For high resolution cluster analyses, WGS-SNP and cgMLST based analyses have similar clustering/timing characteristics even for data obtained from a high incidence setting.

scholarly journals The effect of age and study duration on the relationship between ‘clustering’ of DNA fingerprint patterns and the proportion of tuberculosis disease attributable to recent transmission

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. VYNNYCKY ◽  
N. NAGELKERKE ◽  
M. W. BORGDORFF ◽  
D. VAN SOOLINGEN ◽  
J. D. A. VAN EMBDEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Study Duration ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Recent Transmission ◽  
Dependent Risks ◽  
Age Structured ◽  
Age Structured Model ◽  
The Relationship

Though it is recognized that the extent of ‘clustering’ of isolates from tuberculosis cases in a given population is related to the amount of disease attributable to recent transmission, the relationship between the two statistics is poorly understood. Given age-dependent risks of disease and the fact that a long study (e.g. spanning several years) is more likely to identify transmission-linked cases than a shorter study, both measures, and thus the relationship between them, probably depend strongly on the ages of the cases ascertained and study duration. The contribution of these factors is explored in this paper using an age-structured model which describes the introduction and transmission of M. tuberculosis strains with different DNA fingerprint patterns in The Netherlands during this century, assuming that the number of individuals contacted by each case varies between cases and that DNA fingerprint patterns change over time through random mutations, as observed in several studies.Model predictions of clustering in different age groups and over different time periods between 1993 and 1997 compare well against those observed. According to the model, the proportion of young cases with onset in a given time period who were ‘clustered’ underestimated the proportion of disease attributable to recent transmission in this age group (by up to 25% in males); for older individuals, clustering overestimated this proportion. These under- and overestimates decreased and increased respectively as the time period over which the cases were ascertained increased. These results have important implications for the interpretation of estimates of the proportion of disease attributable to recent transmission, based on ‘clustering’ statistics, as are being derived from studies of the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in many populations.

scholarly journals Relevansi Delimitasi Perbatasan Maritim Dengan Faktor Lingkungan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Evi Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Introductioan: This article discusses the relevance of maritime border delimitation with environmental factors that affect the determination of delimitation.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to analyze the urgency of the role of the environment in the maritime border delimitation process. Specifically focused on analyzing whether there is a positive relationship between environmental considerations and the development of the delimitation process and to determine the environmental factors that influence the delimitation.Methods of the Research: This research uses normative research with a conceptual approach. Researchers use relevant environmental law concepts in the maritime border delimitation process.Results of the Research: The results of the study show that there is a relevance of environmental factors in determining maritime border delimitation, among others from factors: conservation of wildlife reserves, the principle of natural prolongation, the principle of sustainable development, mineral resources, and fisheries. The relationship between environmental factors and the delimitation process occurs in two ways: First, environmental considerations show a direct influence in the selection of the delimitation method. Here environmental factors are an important motive in the delimitation process. Second, environmental factors affect the delimitation process indirectly where there are a number of delimitation agreements that do not include specific provisions regarding the environment, but the evidence shows that the parties are motivated by environmental factors in negotiating delimitation.

scholarly journals ‘Don’t play if you can’t win’: does economic inequality undermine political equality?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Schäfer ◽  
Hanna Schwander
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate whether income inequality negatively affects voter turnout. Despite some progress, the answer to this question is still debated due to methodological disagreements and differences in the selection of countries and time periods. We contribute to this debate by triangulating data and methods. More specifically, we use three kinds of data to resolve the question: first, we use cross-sectional aggregate data of 21 OECD countries in the time period from 1980 to 2014 to study the relationship between inequality and electoral participation. Second, we zoom in on the German case and examine local data from 402 administrative districts between 1998 and 2017. Focusing on within-country variation eliminates differences that are linked to features of the political system. Finally, we combine survey data with macro-data to investigate the impact of inequality on individual voting. This final step also allows us to test whether the effect of income inequality on voter turnout differs across income groups. Taken together, we offer the most comprehensive analysis of the impact of social inequality on political inequality to date. We corroborate accounts that argue that economic inequality exacerbates participatory inequality.

Nondestructive Measurement Model of Apple Internal Browning Based on FT-NIR Spectroscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Scatter Correction ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Nondestructive Measurement ◽  
Internal Browning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

A rapid and nondestructive method for measuring internal browning of apple was put forward based on FT-NIR spectroscopy and the relationship between NIR spectroscopy nondestructive measurement and internal browning was developed. The NIR spectroscopies were acquired from 512 apples. Cluster analysis algorithm based on Euclidean distance was applied to selection of representative samples. The multivariable analysis concluding partial least squares (PLS) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were applied to build the regression models. The excellent model with high R2 (0.871) was obtained by PLS based on 3 wavelength ranges (950–1440 nm, 1480–1890 nm, 1960–2300 nm) and with multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) pretreatment. These suggest the model of apple internal browning was reliable with good predict ability and can meet the requirement to quick determination of internal browning of apples.

scholarly journals PECULARITIES OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGY OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE CHOREOGRAPHER’S PERSONALITY DURING PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Syao Djan
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Technological Chain ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
Training Professional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The article considers the features of pedagogical technology of professional self-determination of the choreographer’s personality during professional training. This paper states that one of the means of developing the pedagogical qualities of the student's personality in the professional training of a choreographer is the author’s pedagogical technology. We determine the relevance of the study of the pedagogical technology of professional self-determination of the choreographer during professional training by the influence of many objective and subjective factors and reveals a direct relationship between the specific historical situation in the country and the cultural needs of the population. That is why there is a need for scientific understanding of the above processes – their specifics, mechanisms, forms, methods, techniques, i.e. the entire technological chain. The article also states that no matter how perfect the technology is, it cannot take into account all the diversity of the creative process, so the unity of the technical component with the spiritual-personal and socio-pedagogical is necessary. In a living process, it is impossible to “separate” the technological subsystem, as all other components are interconnected. Therefore, it is necessary to abandon attempts to rigidly fix its scope. It is important to trace the “transition” of technology into the relationship between the subjects of the real process. Pedagogical skill is to find a technological solution for the development of the whole set of personality qualities. Methods of teaching choreographic disciplines, as a rule, are abstracted from specific concepts of personality. The construction of the technology of training choreographers involves the “selection” of those parts of the whole personality that are in the perspective of pedagogy. This means that the pedagogical interpretation of personality, having its own specifics, takes into account the knowledge of personality, which gives philosophy, psychology, sociology, but builds this knowledge as subordinates to the problems of pedagogical research. Keywords: choreographer, professional training, professional skill, technology, pedagogical technology, technological scheme, professional self-determination, pedagogical qualities of personality.

scholarly journals Fiscal decentralization and economic growth: A dilemma between theory and empiricism

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Azar Hasanli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

Abandoning fiscal decision-making, redistributing and dispersing authorities provided by central government in favor of local and regional-level governance bodies is one of the widely discussed issues across the world based on the theory of “fiscal decentralization”. Incumbent theoretical and empiric researches regarding to achieving economic growth in the light of global economic fragilities indicate that managerial allocation of public funds among central and local authorities casts significant attention in terms of optimizing economic efficiency. In the article, it is tried to introduce brief theoretical background and measurement techniques to depict empiric relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth. In addition to investigating empiric facts, an effort to reveal the impact of fiscal decentralization on acquiring economic growth is made. Based on the investigations conducted in the framework of the article, it becomes obvious that empirical approaches toward the issue can be differed in several aspects: the selection of different economies, the time period chosen, the economies’ level of development and the estimation methodology. However, there are few empirical studies that analyze the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth, and unfortunately the evidence on this topic is inconclusive.

Extending the linear range for kinetic reactions by considering the relationship between enzyme activity of the reagent and measurement intervals.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
M P Goren ◽  
J E Davis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Linear Range ◽  
Concentration Curve ◽  
Measurement Interval ◽  
Km Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Substrate Concentrations ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract We show that the rate-concentration curve is sigmoidal for enzyme-catalyzed procedures that are commonly applied to rapid automated analyzers. Linear data can be obtained by judicious selection of the reagent enzyme activity (Vm) and the measurement interval (t1 to t2). For determination of substrate concentrations much less than Km, conditions that balance linearity with sensitivity and accuracy are obtained when Vm/Km = [ln (t2/t1)]/(t2-t1). We also present theoretical and experimental data that show the linear range can be extended to concentrations exceeding the Km value. We illustrate the application of theoretically appropriate conditions by analysis of procedures reported to be optimized. Familiarity with these concepts can obviate laborious and potentially misleading experimentation.

THE INFLUENCE OF FINANCIAL RISK ON RESERVES REPORTING AND INVESTMENT DECISIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
J.S Boardman ◽  
R.J. Williams ◽  
G.B. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Average Ratio ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Technical Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Petroleum Reserves ◽  
Selection Of

The determination of petroleum resources is a technical function executed by geoscientists and reservoir engineers. The determination and valuation of petroleum reserves is a commercial function that requires input from development and cost engineers, economists and financial and risk analysts. While the technical aspects of both determinations are generally carried out with diligence, the financial considerations are frequently given scant regard. Of particular note are the infrequent acknowledgement of risk and the application of appropriately considered discount rates.It can be demonstrated that inappropriate selection of the discount rate can create material distortions in the determination and valuation of reserves.Our proposition is that the rate at which the cash flows are discounted should reflect the reserves uncertainty, specifically the relationship between the proved reserves, which can be financed out of debt, and probable reserves that are typically financed out of equity. Specifically, for the valuation of proved+probable reserves, rather than use a corporate WACC, i.e. one which reflects the average ratio of the costs of debt and equity, investors should instead use a WACC which is based on the ratio of proved: probable reserves weighted cost of debt: equity.

scholarly journals The Development of a Quantitative RCM/MSG Application using Microsoft Office

AVIA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sianturi ◽  
E Suwondo
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Development ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Microsoft Access ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The number of small to medium scale industries makes the development of a low cost and easy to use application to support maintenance programs development is necessary. Besides for industries, the developed application can be used also in the academic field for research. For cost reasons, the application is developed using Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel. The development of the application is carried out in three steps, i.e. the determination of application specifications, the programming in Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel, and the validation and user-friendly test. The application is developed by considering the relationship between the risk quantification of a failure effect and the selection of a maintenance task and its interval. The effectiveness assessments are based on the failure risk reduction up to an acceptable level. The developed application is named "Quantitative RCM/MSG". The application can conduct a database management according to the steps of the RCM/MSG method. The application can determine the required maintenance tasks and intervals for the category of evident and hidden failure effects by taking the safety and financial aspects into account. This application does its functions correctly and easy to use. For further application development, application can be developed using series and combination systems. Application with module redesign on default action

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