scholarly journals Efficient genome editing of human natural killer cells by CRISPR RNP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Rautela ◽  
Elliot Surgenor ◽  
Nicholas D. Huntington
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Genetically Modify ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Human Natural Killer Cells ◽  
Viral Gene Delivery ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

AbstractThe ability to genetically modify CD8 T cells using viral gene delivery has facilitated the development of next generation of cancer immunotherapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to specifically kill tumor cells. Development of immunotherapies targeting natural killer (NK) cells have stalled in part by their resistance to viral gene delivery. Here, we describe an efficient approach to genetically edit human NK cells by electroporation and CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. We detail electroporation pulse codes and buffer optimization for protein uptake by human NK cells and viability, and the efficiency of this approach over other methods. To highlight the transformative step this technique will have for NK cell immunotherapy drug discovery, we deleted NKp46 and CIS in primary human NK cells and validated murine findings on their key roles in regulating NK cell anti-tumor function.

scholarly journals Receptor-induced death in human natural killer cells: involvement of CD16.

1995 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Ortaldo ◽  
A T Mason ◽  
J J O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Human Natural Killer Cells ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Propriocidal regulation of T cells refers to apoptosis induced by interleukin 2 (IL-2) activation with subsequent antigen receptor stimulation. We examined whether natural killer (NK) cells exhibited cytokine- and ligand-induced death similar to activated T cells. Peripheral NK cells were examined for ligand-induced death using antibodies to surface moieties (CD2, CD3, CD8, CD16, CD56), with and without prior activation of IL-2. Only those NK cells stimulated first with IL-2 and then with CD16 exhibited ligand-induced death; none of the other antibody stimuli induced this phenomenon. Next we examined various cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, IL-13, interferon alpha and gamma) that can activate NK cells and determined if CD16-induced killing occurred. Only IL-2 and IL-12 induced NK cell death after occupancy of this receptor by aggregated immunoglobulin or by cross-linking with antireceptor antibody. The CD16-induced death was inhibited by herbimycin A, indicating that cell death was dependent upon protein tyrosine kinases. Identical to T cells, the form of cell death for NK cells was demonstrated to be receptor-induced apoptosis. Overall these data indicate that highly activated NK cells mediate ligand-induced apoptosis via signaling molecules like CD16. Whereas the propriocidal regulation of T cells is antigen specific, this is not the case for NK cells due to the nature of the receptor. The clinical implications of this finding are considered.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas9–Mediated TIM3 Knockout in Human Natural Killer Cells Enhances Growth Inhibitory Effects on Human Glioma Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3489
Author(s):  
Takayuki Morimoto ◽  
Tsutomu Nakazawa ◽  
Ryosuke Matsuda ◽  
Fumihiko Nishimura ◽  
Mitsutoshi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Lymphocyte Activation ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
Human Natural Killer Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Natural Killer (NK) cells are potent cytotoxic effector cells against tumor cells inducing GBM cells; therefore, NK cell based- immunotherapy might be a promising target in GBM. T cell immunoglobulin mucin family member 3 (TIM3), a receptor expressed on NK cells, has been suggested as a marker of dysfunctional NK cells. We established TIM3 knockout in NK cells, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). Electroporating of TIM3 exon 2- or exon 5-targeting guide RNA- Cas9 protein complexes (RNPs) inhibited TIM3 expression on NK cells with varying efficacy. T7 endonuclease I mutation detection assays showed that both RNPs disrupted the intended genome sites. The expression of other checkpoint receptors, i.e., programmed cell death 1 (PD1), Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), and TACTILE (CD96) were unchanged on the TIM3 knockout NK cells. Real time cell growth assays revealed that TIM3 knockout enhanced NK cell–mediated growth inhibition of GBM cells. These results demonstrated that TIM3 knockout enhanced human NK cell mediated cytotoxicity on GBM cells. Future, CRISPR-Cas9 mediated TIM3 knockout in NK cells may prove to be a promising immunotherapeutic alternative in patient with GBM.

Differential requirement for the transcription factor PU.1 in the generation of natural killer cells versus B and T cells

Blood ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 2625-2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Colucci ◽  
Sandrine I. Samson ◽  
Rodney P. DeKoter ◽  
Olivier Lantz ◽  
Harinder Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Stringent Requirement ◽  
Nk Cell Differentiation ◽  
Ets Family

Abstract PU.1 is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors required for the development of various lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, but its role in natural killer (NK) cell development is not known. The study shows that PU.1 is expressed in NK cells and that, on cell transfer into alymphoid Rag2/γc−/−mice, hematopoietic progenitors of PU.1−/−fetal liver cells could generate functional NK cells but not B or T cells. Nevertheless, the numbers of bone marrow NK cell precursors and splenic mature NK cells were reduced compared to controls. Moreover,PU.1−/− NK cells displayed reduced expression of the receptors for stem cell factor and interleukin (IL)-7, suggesting a nonredundant role for PU.1 in regulating the expression of these cytokine receptor genes during NK cell development.PU.1−/− NK cells also showed defective expression of inhibitory and activating members of the Ly49 family and failed to proliferate in response to IL-2 and IL-12. Thus, despite the less stringent requirement for PU.1 in NK cell development compared to B and T cells, PU.1 regulates NK cell differentiation and homeostasis.

scholarly journals Prognostic significance of natural killer cell-associated markers in gastric cancer: quantitative analysis using multiplex immunohistochemistry

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Young Na ◽  
Yujun Park ◽  
Soo Kyung Nam ◽  
Jiwon Koh ◽  
Yoonjin Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Prognostic Significance

Abstract Background Natural killer (NK) cells mediate the anti-tumoral immune response as an important component of innate immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance and functional implication of NK cell-associated surface receptors in gastric cancer (GC) by using multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Methods We performed an mIHC on tissue microarray slides, including 55 GC tissue samples. A total of 11 antibodies including CD57, NKG2A, CD16, HLA-E, CD3, CD20, CD45, CD68, CK, SMA, and ki-67 were used. CD45 + CD3-CD57 + cells were considered as CD57 + NK cells. Results Among CD45 + immune cells, the proportion of CD57 + NK cell was the lowest (3.8%), whereas that of CD57 + and CD57- T cells (65.5%) was the highest, followed by macrophages (25.4%), and B cells (5.3%). CD57 + NK cells constituted 20% of CD45 + CD57 + immune cells while the remaining 80% were CD57 + T cells. The expression of HLA-E in tumor cells correlated with that in tumoral T cells, B cells, and macrophages, but not CD57 + NK cells. The higher density of tumoral CD57 + NK cells and tumoral CD57 + NKG2A + NK cells was associated with inferior survival. Conclusions Although the number of CD57 + NK cells was lower than that of other immune cells, CD57 + NK cells and CD57 + NKG2A + NK cells were significantly associated with poor outcomes, suggesting that NK cell subsets play a critical role in GC progression. NK cells and their inhibitory receptor, NKG2A, may be potential targets in GC.

scholarly journals Recognition of virus-infected cells by natural killer cell clones is controlled by polymorphic target cell elements.

1993 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Malnati ◽  
P Lusso ◽  
E Ciccone ◽  
A Moretta ◽  
L Moretta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Target Cell ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Class I ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Nk Cell Recognition

Natural killer (NK) cells provide a first line of defense against viral infections. The mechanisms by which NK cells recognize and eliminate infected cells are still largely unknown. To test whether target cell elements contribute to NK cell recognition of virus-infected cells, human NK cells were cloned from two unrelated donors and assayed for their ability to kill normal autologous or allogeneic cells before and after infection by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), a T-lymphotropic herpesvirus. Of 132 NK clones isolated from donor 1, all displayed strong cytolytic activity against the NK-sensitive cell line K562, none killed uninfected autologous T cells, and 65 (49%) killed autologous T cells infected with HHV-6. A panel of representative NK clones from donors 1 and 2 was tested on targets obtained from four donors. A wide heterogeneity was observed in the specificity of lysis of infected target cells among the NK clones. Some clones killed none, some killed only one, and others killed more than one of the different HHV-6-infected target cells. Killing of infected targets was not due to complete absence of class I molecules because class I surface levels were only partially affected by HHV-6 infection. Thus, target cell recognition is not controlled by the effector NK cell alone, but also by polymorphic elements on the target cell that restrict NK cell recognition. Furthermore, NK clones from different donors display a variable range of specificities in their recognition of infected target cells.

Human natural killer cells: a unique innate immunoregulatory role for the CD56bright subset

Blood ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 3146-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan A. Cooper ◽  
Todd A. Fehniger ◽  
Sarah C. Turner ◽  
Kenneth S. Chen ◽  
Bobak A. Ghaheri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immunoregulatory Cytokines ◽  
Human Natural Killer Cells

Abstract During the innate immune response to infection, monocyte-derived cytokines (monokines), stimulate natural killer (NK) cells to produce immunoregulatory cytokines that are important to the host's early defense. Human NK cell subsets can be distinguished by CD56 surface density expression (ie, CD56bright and CD56dim). In this report, it is shown that CD56bright NK cells produce significantly greater levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-β, granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor, IL-10, and IL-13 protein in response to monokine stimulation than do CD56dim NK cells, which produce negligible amounts of these cytokines. Further, qualitative differences in CD56bright NK-derived cytokines are shown to be dependent on the specific monokines present. For example, the monokine IL-15 appears to be required for type 2 cytokine production by CD56bright NK cells. It is proposed that human CD56bright NK cells have a unique functional role in the innate immune response as the primary source of NK cell–derived immunoregulatory cytokines, regulated in part by differential monokine production.

scholarly journals Enhanced adaptive immune responses in lung adenocarcinoma through natural killer cell stimulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (35) ◽  
pp. 17460-17469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Schmidt ◽  
Banu Eskiocak ◽  
Ryan Kohn ◽  
Celeste Dang ◽  
Nikhil S. Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cell Stimulation ◽  
Established Disease

Natural killer (NK) cells inhibit tumor development in mouse models and their presence in tumors correlates with patient survival. However, tumor-associated NK cells become dysfunctional; thus, stimulation of NK cells in cancer is emerging as an attractive immunotherapeutic strategy. In a mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma, NK cells localized to tumor stroma with immature phenotypes and low functional capacity. To test their responsiveness within established disease, we engineered a system for inducible expression of activating ligands in tumors. After stimulation, NK cells localized inside tumors, with increased cytokine production capacity. Strikingly, T cells were also recruited to tumors in an NK cell-dependent manner, and exhibited higher functionality. In neoantigen-expressing tumors, NK cell stimulation enhanced the number and function of tumor-specific T cells and, in long-term settings, reduced tumor growth. Thus, even in established disease NK cells can be activated to contribute to antitumor immunity, supporting their potential as an important target in cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Generation of human natural killer cells from immature progenitors does not require marrow stromal cells

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Silva ◽  
R Hoffman ◽  
EF Srour ◽  
JL Ascensao
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Specific Lysis ◽  
Human Natural Killer Cells

Abstract Human natural killer (NK) cells comprise 10% to 15% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and have an important role in immune responses against tumors, viral infections, and graft rejection. NK cells originate in bone marrow (BM), but their progenitors and lineage development have not been completely characterized. We studied the generation of NK cells from purified CD34+HLADR- and CD34+HLADR+ BM progenitors and the influence of various cytokines on their production. We show that CD3-CD56+ cytotoxic NK cells can develop from both progenitors populations when interleukin-2 (IL-2) is present in an in vitro suspension culture system containing IL-1 alpha and stem cell factor. Up to 83.8% and 98.6% CD3-CD56+ cells were detected in CD34+HLADR- and CD34+DR+ cultures, respectively, after 5 weeks of culture; significant numbers of NK cells were first detected after 2 weeks. Cytotoxic activity paralleled NK cell numbers; up to 70% specific lysis at an effector:target ratio of 10:1 was observed at 5 weeks. IL-7 also triggered development of CD3-CD56+ cells from these immature progenitors (up to 24% and 55% appeared in CD34+HLADR- and CD34+HLADR+ cultures, respectively). Our data suggest that BM stromas are not necessary for NK cell development and that IL-2 remains essential for this lineage development and differentiation.

scholarly journals Slaying the Trojan Horse: Natural Killer Cells Exhibit Robust Anti-HIV-1 Antibody-Dependent Activation and Cytolysis against Allogeneic T Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayarana L. Gooneratne ◽  
Jonathan Richard ◽  
Wen Shi Lee ◽  
Andrés Finzi ◽  
Stephen J. Kent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Inhibitory Receptors ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTMany attempts to design prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines have focused on the induction of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) that block infection by free virions. Despite the focus on viral particles, virus-infected cells, which can be found within mucosal secretions, are more infectious than free virus bothin vitroandin vivo. Furthermore, assessment of human transmission couples suggests infected seminal lymphocytes might be responsible for a proportion of HIV-1 transmissions. Although vaccines that induce neutralizing Abs are sought, only some broadly neutralizing Abs efficiently block cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. As HIV-1 vaccines need to elicit immune responses capable of controlling both free and cell-associated virus, we evaluated the potential of natural killer (NK) cells to respond in an Ab-dependent manner to allogeneic T cells bearing HIV-1 antigens. This study presents data measuring Ab-dependent anti-HIV-1 NK cell responses to primary and transformed allogeneic T-cell targets. We found that NK cells are robustly activated in an anti-HIV-1 Ab-dependent manner against allogeneic targets and that tested target cells are subject to Ab-dependent cytolysis. Furthermore, the educated KIR3DL1+NK cell subset from HLA-Bw4+individuals exhibits an activation advantage over the KIR3DL1−subset that contains both NK cells educated through other receptor/ligand combinations and uneducated NK cells. These results are intriguing and important for understanding the regulation of Ab-dependent NK cell responses and are potentially valuable for designing Ab-dependent therapies and/or vaccines.IMPORTANCENK cell-mediated anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent functions have been associated with protection from infection and disease progression; however, their role in protecting from infection with allogeneic cells infected with HIV-1 is unknown. We found that HIV-1-specific ADCC antibodies bound to allogeneic cells infected with HIV-1 or coated with HIV-1 gp120 were capable of activating NK cells and/or trigging cytolysis of the allogeneic target cells. This suggests ADCC may be able to assist in preventing infection with cell-associated HIV-1. In order to fully utilize NK cell-mediated Ab-dependent effector functions, it might also be important that educated NK cells, which hold the highest activation potential, can become activated against targets bearing HIV-1 antigens and expressing the ligands for self-inhibitory receptors. Here, we show that with Ab-dependent stimulation, NK cells expressing inhibitory receptors can mediate robust activation against targets expressing the ligands for those receptors.

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