scholarly journals Hippocampal-neocortical interactions sharpen over time for predictive actions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Hindy ◽  
Emily W. Avery ◽  
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The World ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhen an action is familiar, we are able to anticipate how it will change the state of the world. These expectations can result from retrieval of action-outcome associations in the hippocampus and the reinstatement of anticipated outcomes in visual cortex. How does this role for the hippocampus in action-based prediction change over time? We used high-resolution fMRI and a dual-training behavioral paradigm to examine how the hippocampus interacts with visual cortex during predictive and nonpredictive actions learned either three days earlier or immediately before the scan. Just-learned associations led to comparable background connectivity between the hippocampus and V1/V2, regardless of whether actions predicted outcomes. However, three-day-old associations led to stronger background connectivity and greater differentiation between neural patterns for predictive vs. nonpredictive actions. Hippocampal prediction may initially reflect indiscriminate binding of co-occurring of events, with action information pruning weaker associations and leading to more selective and accurate predictions over time.

scholarly journals Reliability and Change in Erosion Measurements by High-Resolution peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography in a Longitudinal Dataset of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

2020 ◽  
pp. jrheum.191391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Finzel ◽  
Sarah L. Manske ◽  
Cheryl Barnabe ◽  
Andrew J. Burghardt ◽  
Hubert Marotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Objective The aim of this multi-reader exercise was to assess the reliability and change over time of erosion measurements in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Methods HR-pQCT scans of 23 patients with RA were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Four experienced readers examined the dorsal, palmar, radial, and ulnar surfaces of the metacarpal head (MH) and phalangeal base (PB) of the 2nd and 3rd digits, blinded to time order. In total, 368 surfaces (23 patients x16 surfaces) were evaluated per time point to characterize cortical breaks as pathological (erosion) or physiological, and to quantify erosion width and depth. Reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), percentage agreement, and Light’s kappa; change over time was defined by means ± SD of erosion numbers and dimensions. Results ICCs for the mean measurements of width and depth of the pathological breaks ranged between 0.819 - 0.883, and 0.771 - 0.907 respectively. Most physiological cortical breaks were found at the palmar PB, whereas most pathological cortical breaks were located at the radial MH. There was a significant increase in both the numbers and the dimensions of erosions between baseline and follow-up (p=0.0001 for erosion numbers, width, and depth in axial plane, and p=0.001 for depth in perpendicular plane). Conclusion This exercise confirmed good reliability of HR-pQCT erosion measurements and their ability to detect change over time.

Belief Movement, Uncertainty Reduction, and Rational Updating*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Matthew Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Market Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

Abstract When a Bayesian learns new information and changes her beliefs, she must on average become concomitantly more certain about the state of the world. Consequently, it is rare for a Bayesian to frequently shift beliefs substantially while remaining relatively uncertain, or, conversely, become very confident with relatively little belief movement. We formalize this intuition by developing specific measures of movement and uncertainty reduction given a Bayesian’s changing beliefs over time, showing that these measures are equal in expectation and creating consequent statistical tests for Bayesianess. We then show connections between these two core concepts and four common psychological biases, suggesting that the test might be particularly good at detecting these biases. We provide support for this conclusion by simulating the performance of our test and other martingale tests. Finally, we apply our test to data sets of individual, algorithmic, and market beliefs.

Symbolic Goods in Israeli Posters

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
Michal Pal Bracha
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
The World ◽  
Zionist Movement ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Bible Stories ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Over Time

"This article deals with symbolic goods in posters in Israel from the period before the establishment of the state to the present day. The poster and the symbolic goods that appear in it, serve as an agent of ideological companies. In this study, I will examine the nature of the relationship between the symbolic goods and the Zionist-Israeli ideology, by comparing the symbolic goods represented in them over time and space. The questions the research asks are: What are the contribution and importance of symbolic goods as an ideological tool in Israeli posters? Has the world of symbolic goods that served Zionist ideology origin or been borrowed from other ideologies? The methodology is Qualitative research by: study case, Visual – genealogical. The conclusions of the study indicate the importance of the symbolic goods in the foundation of the State of Israel by posters and other media. The symbolic goods that characterize the posters in Israel, consist in part of content related to Jewish tradition and religion (Bible stories and myths) and its other part is influenced by the symbolic goods appropriated from ideologies around the globe. Keywords: Symbolic Goods, Posters, Marketing, Ideology, Zionist Movement, Israel. "

9. The death penalty

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
World Today ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
The World ◽  
Procedural Safeguards ◽  
Rights Issue ◽  
Over Time

Attitudes with regard to what constitutes a human rights issue change over time. Is the death penalty a human rights issue? If we believe that torture and inhuman punishment is absolutely prohibited, then the ultimate irrevocable punishment of execution should also be prohibited at least as a form of inhuman punishment. ‘The death penalty’ considers how the human rights treaties that allow for the death penalty have been interpreted to include procedural safeguards, limits on which crimes may be punished with a death sentence, who may be executed, and prohibitions on certain forms of execution where the death penalty is still used around the world today.

scholarly journals High-Resolution CT Change over Time in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis on Antifibrotic Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Balestro ◽  
Elisabetta Cocconcelli ◽  
Chiara Giraudo ◽  
Roberta Polverosi ◽  
Davide Biondini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Over Time

Antifibrotic treatment slows down functional decline and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is useful to diagnose IPF; however, little is known about whether and to what extent HRCT changes reflect functional changes during antifibrotic therapy. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess HRCT change over time after 1 year of treatment and to evaluate whether these changes correlate with functional decline over the same period of time. Sixty-eight IPF patients on antifibrotic treatment (i.e., pirfenidone or nintedanib) were functionally categorized as stable or progressors based on whether (or not) they had a decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) >5% predicted/year, and their HRCT were scored blindly and independently by two expert thoracic radiologists at treatment initiation (HRCT1) and after 1 year of treatment (HRCT2). Ground glass opacities (Alveolar Score, AS), reticulations (Interstitial Score, IS) and honeycombing (HC) were quantified and correlated with FVC decline between HRCT1 and HRCT2. At treatment initiation, HRCT scores were similar in both stable patients and progressors. After one year of treatment, in the entire population, AS and HC increased significantly, while IS did not. However, when stratified by the rate of functional decline, in stable patients, HC increased significantly while AS and IS did not. On the other hand, among progressors AS and HC increased significantly whereas IS did not. In the entire population, the combined score of fibrosis (IS + HC) correlated significantly with FVC decline. In conclusion, IPF patients on antifibrotic treatment exhibit different patterns of HRCT change over time based on their rate of functional decline. HRCT data should be integrated to lung function data when assessing response to antifibrotic treatment in patients with IPF.

Five Laws of Politics

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (03) ◽  
pp. 415-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred G. Cuzán
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The State ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Organic Unity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Ruling Party ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTDrawing on more than 500 elections from around the world, this article presents five empirical laws of politics. Four of these laws span democracies and dictatorships, and one sets a boundary between the two. In both regimes the governing party or coalition represents a minority of the electorate. In democracies this minority usually represents a plurality that amounts to about one third of the electorate. Judging by the outcome of the first free elections in regimes undergoing a transition, there is reason to believe that in dictatorships the minority is much smaller. Even as they have an advantage over the opposition, the incumbents experience an erosion of support over time. In democracies this leads to alternation in office, which in turn ensures that across many elections about two-thirds of the electorate gets to see its favorite party or coalition in government from time to time. In dictatorships, during long periods in office, support for the ruling party shrinks to insignificance. Also in democracies, it is rare for incumbents to receive more than 60 percent of the vote, and itneverhappens twice within the same spell in government. This appears to be a reliable indicator that differentiatesalldemocracies frommostdictatorships. The conclusion is inescapable—the dictatorial “passion for unanimity” and illusion of “organic unity” notwithstanding, the state is a plurality. The will of the electorate emerges as a result of competition among political parties.

scholarly journals Trends and Contributing Factors of the Change of HIV Prevalence Over Time Among Reproductive Age Group Women in Ethiopia Evidenced by Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) Data: a Cross-sectional Study: Multivariate Decomposition Analysis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilkal Negesse ◽  
Dereje Alemayehu ◽  
Melsew Setegn ◽  
Abebaw Addisu ◽  
Wondimagegn Wondimu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Abstract Background: Human immunodeficiency virus remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. At the beginning of the epidemic, around 76.1 million people were infected and 32 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses in the world. Sub-Saharan Africa regions are the most affected regions and accounted for 67% of HIV infections worldwide, and 72% of the world’s AIDS-related deaths.Objective: To show trends and contributing factors for the change of HIV prevalence over time among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia.Methods: This study was conducted based on Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys data. A total of 10423 in 2005, 15153 in 2011, and 14159 in 2016 women were involved in the study. Multivariate decomposition analysis was performed using the mvdcmp Stata package to identify the contributing factors of change of HIV prevalence over time. The 95% confidence interval was used for the test of significance. Results: This study showed that 90.4 % of the change in HIV prevalence over time was attributable to behavioral change over time, particularly in women who were rural residents and not exposed to media. The behavioral change of women who live in rural areas was the major factor for the decline of HIV for the last ten years. The behavioral change of women who hadn’t exposure to media contributed 98.4% to the decline of HIV prevalence over the past ten years.Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia was significantly declined over the last ten years and the decline was due to behavioral change over time. The major factor for the reduction of HIV prevalence overtime was the behavioral change of rural resident women. Therefore Ethiopian government should primarily focus on the strengthening and scaling up of behavioral change packages related to HIV prevention and control methods.

scholarly journals A Review on Impact Analysis of Accident Using AI

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Divya Mishra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
Logical Data ◽  
Over Time

In recent years, road collisions have become a global problem and have been classified as the 10th leading cause of death in the world. Due to the large number of road losses consistently, it has become a major problem in Bangladesh. It is totally unacceptable and sad to allow a citizen to kill in a road accident. The purpose is to show you how to extract logical data from a raw database and visualize it. The results show that hourly planning, day-to-day intelligence, lunar intelligence and year-round planning allow you to look at how road accidents change over time. Two types of road accidents have occurred in particular, and data analysis of road accidents have led to conclusions that will help reduce the number of accidents.

scholarly journals Made From Movement: Michael Snow's That/Cela/Dat, Marie Menken's Arabesque for Kenneth Anger, and Richard Serra's Double Torqued Ellipse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela G Joosse
Keyword(s):  
Careful Study ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Critical Writing ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
The World ◽  
16Mm Film ◽  
Over Time

Made from Movement works towards a theory of art that is grounded in movement. Thinking through movement allows for consideration of the temporal presence and experience of artworks, and enables an approach to art that crosses aesthetic boundaries. This study is carried out through close hermeneutic studies of three distinct artworks: Michael Snow's video gallery installation That/Cela/Dat (2000), Marie Menken's 16mm film Arabesque for Kenneth Anger (1958 – 1961), and Richard Serra's steel sculpture Double Torqued Ellipse (1997). Movement in these artworks does not appear merely as change over time or change of place, but rather as something that is coherent and consistent with itself but does not conclude itself, something that is in continual flux but does not try to achieve an end point, and something that holds forth and protects potent encounters with otherness. Movement, grasped in this way, is irreducible, generative, and tensile. The particular approach to this study is drawn from Samuel Mallin's phenomenological method of Body Hermeneutics. The method continues Heidegger's focus on singular artworks, and accepts that any particularly strong work of art is as worthy of careful study as any noteworthy work of philosophy or theory. Furthermore, drawing on Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, the method works from a conception of human consciousness that includes our affective, movingbody, perceptual, as well as cognitive integrations with the world. All four of these distinct, yet overlapping, regions of consciousness are embodied, and thus require physical situatedness with the phenomena to be described. Hence, the phenomenological descriptions in the dissertation are developed from writing done in the presence of the artworks, and the themes of movement are drawn from the phenomena shown by the artworks themselves. Through its embodied approach, and by working itself out through themes of movement encountered in three distinct works of art, Made from Movement contributes insights into topics of temporality, technology, language, femininity, perception, cinema, and art. In addition to offering critical writing on artworks by Snow, Menken, and Serra, the three hermeneutic studies also contribute philosophical reflection on the work of Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, Irigaray, and Wittgenstein, among others.

Who Wouldn’t Want to Be a Person?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Smith
Keyword(s):  
Law And Literature ◽  
The State ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

In an influential 2005 article, Julie Stone Peters analyzed the state of law and literature scholarship and offered her prognosis for the future of an “interdisciplinary illusion.” This chapter reviews trends in law and literature scholarship of the decade that followed. It observes the prominence of historical approaches that treat law and literature not as universals but as contingent fields and institutions whose relations change over time. It goes on to show how historicism has re-evaluated the key concept of personhood, seeking forms of agency and belonging that do not conform to liberal ideals of individual autonomy or contractual consent. A “postcritical” turn in interpretive scholarship and a rising interest in mixed, compromised forms of selfhood are considered in relation to the precarious conditions of legal and literary studies within the contemporary university.

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