scholarly journals Superfluid vortices in four spatial dimensions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben McCanna ◽  
Hannah M. Price
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darshil Doshi ◽  
Andrey Gromov

AbstractFracton phases of matter feature local excitations with restricted mobility. Despite the substantial theoretical progress they lack conclusive experimental evidence. We discuss a simple and experimentally available realization of fracton physics. We note that superfluid vortices form a Hamiltonian system that conserves total dipole moment and trace of the quadrupole moment of vorticity; thereby establishing a relation to a traceless scalar charge theory in two spatial dimensions. Next we consider the limit where the number of vortices is large and show that emergent vortex hydrodynamics also conserves these moments. Finally, we show that on curved surfaces, the motion of vortices and that of fractons agree; thereby opening a route to experimental study of the interplay between fracton physics and curved space. Our conclusions also apply to charged particles in a strong magnetic field.


Author(s):  
M.J. Kim ◽  
L.C. Liu ◽  
S.H. Risbud ◽  
R.W. Carpenter

When the size of a semiconductor is reduced by an appropriate materials processing technique to a dimension less than about twice the radius of an exciton in the bulk crystal, the band like structure of the semiconductor gives way to discrete molecular orbital electronic states. Clusters of semiconductors in a size regime lower than 2R {where R is the exciton Bohr radius; e.g. 3 nm for CdS and 7.3 nm for CdTe) are called Quantum Dots (QD) because they confine optically excited electron- hole pairs (excitons) in all three spatial dimensions. Structures based on QD are of great interest because of fast response times and non-linearity in optical switching applications.In this paper we report the first HREM analysis of the size and structure of CdTe and CdS QD formed by precipitation from a modified borosilicate glass matrix. The glass melts were quenched by pouring on brass plates, and then annealed to relieve internal stresses. QD precipitate particles were formed during subsequent "striking" heat treatments above the glass crystallization temperature, which was determined by differential thermal analysis.


2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2470-2475
Author(s):  
Bheku Khumalo

This paper seeks to discuss why information theory is so important. What is information, knowledge is interaction of human mind and information, but there is a difference between information theory and knowledge theory. Look into information and particle theory and see how information must have its roots in particle theory. This leads to the concept of spatial dimensions, information density, complexity, particle density, can there be particle complexity, and re-looking at the double slit experiment and quantum tunneling. Information functions/ relations are discussed.


2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Bačík ◽  
Michal Klobučník

Abstract The Tour de France, a three week bicycle race has a unique place in the world of sports. The 100th edition of the event took place in 2013. In the past of 110 years of its history, people noticed unique stories and duels in particular periods, celebrities that became legends that the world of sports will never forget. Also many places where the races unfolded made history in the Tour de France. In this article we tried to point out the spatial context of this event using advanced technologies for distribution of historical facts over the Internet. The Introduction briefly displays the attendance of a particular stage based on a regional point of view. The main topic deals with selected historical aspects of difficult ascents which every year decide the winner of Tour de France, and also attract fans from all over the world. In the final stage of the research, the distribution of results on the website available to a wide circle of fans of this sports event played a very significant part (www.tdfrance.eu). Using advanced methods and procedures we have tried to capture the historical and spatial dimensions of Tour de France in its general form and thus offering a new view of this unique sports event not only to the expert community, but for the general public as well.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam

<p>This paper undertakes a detailed analysis of 2010 Census Population and Household Tables (Final), to assess governorate wise variations in home ownership, type of living accommodations and housing infrastructure - material used for construction, electricity, water and sewage facilities.</p> <p>The data published by the Ministry of Economics and Planning in its “Population and Housing, 2010 Census” analyzed in detail using SPSS20, applying statistical methods such as, cross tabulations and chi-square; mean and standard deviation; and One-Way ANOVA. Governorates classified into small, medium and large, according to the number of Saudi persons, have been analyzed across 13 regions quantifying homeownership status. Further governorates are classified according to the percentage of owning homes in order to analyze the type of living accommodations, built up material of housing, source of electricity, water and sewage facilities. </p> <br>


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam

<p>This paper undertakes a detailed analysis of 2010 Census Population and Household Tables (Final), to assess governorate wise variations in home ownership, type of living accommodations and housing infrastructure - material used for construction, electricity, water and sewage facilities.</p> <p>The data published by the Ministry of Economics and Planning in its “Population and Housing, 2010 Census” analyzed in detail using SPSS20, applying statistical methods such as, cross tabulations and chi-square; mean and standard deviation; and One-Way ANOVA. Governorates classified into small, medium and large, according to the number of Saudi persons, have been analyzed across 13 regions quantifying homeownership status. Further governorates are classified according to the percentage of owning homes in order to analyze the type of living accommodations, built up material of housing, source of electricity, water and sewage facilities. </p> <br>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee

Gravity has been leaking in higher dimensions in the bulk. Gravity being a closed string is not attached or does not have any endpoints unlike photons to any Dirichlet (p)-Branes and therefore can travel inter-dimensional without any hindrance. In LHC, CERN, Gravitons are difficult to detect as they last for such a short span of time and in most of the cases invisible as because they can escape to higher spatial dimensions to the maximum of 10, as per 'M'-Theory. Gravity being one of the 4-Fundamental forces is weaker than all 3 (strong and weak nuclear force, electromagnetism) and therefore a famous problem has been made in particle physics called the 'hierarchy problem'. Through comprehensive analysis and research I have come to the conclusion that if dimension is 5 (or 4 if we neglect the temporal dimensions) then an old approach is there for the compactification of the dimensions as per Kaluza-Klein theory and the most important implications of this theory is that an unification of electromagnetism with gravitation occurs in the fifth dimensions, therefore we can conclude that both the charge (electric as well as magnetic and gravity) are dependent of each other in case of Dimensions greater than 4 (5 if time is added). Now, basic principles of electromagnetic theory states that the field-flux density through a closed surface like a T 2 Torus when integrated over the surface area leads to a zero flux. That means there is no flux outside this closed surface integral. However, if the surface is open then the field flux density is not zero and this preserves the concept of magnetic monopoles. However, in a paper in 1931,[1] Dirac approaches monopole theory of magnetism through a different perspectives that, if all the electrical charges of the universe is quantized[2] then there is a suitable (not yet proved though) existence of monopoles; however this are not well understood as of today's scenario. In condensed matter physics, plasma physics and magneto hydrodynamics, there are flux tubes and as the both ends of the flux tubes are independent of each other then the net flux through the cylinder is zero as the amount of field lines entering the tube on one side is equal to the amount of field lines exit from the other end. And in the sides of the cylinder or the flux tube there is no escape of field lines, hence, net flux is conserved. There also exists a type of 'Quasiparticles' that can act as a monopole.[3][4][5] Now, from the perspectives of the Guess law of electromagnetism, if there exists a magnetic monopole then the net charge or flux density over a surface is not zero rather the divergence of the flux density B is 4 [6]and an alternative approach of the 'monopole' can be achieved by increasing the spatial dimensions by a factor of 1 or more. The Gravity has no such poles and therefore can be considered as a unipolar flux density existing throughout the universe and is applicable to the inverse square law of decreasing magnitude via distance as 1/r 2. However, a magnet is always of bipolar with a north and South Pole. If a magnet can be broken then also the broken parts develop the other poles and become bipolar. However, there are tiny domains inside a magnet and if a magnet can be heated to approx. 700℃ then all the poles disappeared and if its cooled quickly, rather very quickly then the tiny domains inside the magnet would not get enough time to rearrange themselves and multipolar magnet is developed therefore to preserve the bipolar properties, the magnet should be cooled slowly allowing the time given to the tiny domains top rearrange themselves. Therefore, even multipole can be achieved quite easily but not the monopoles. So, the equation for a closed surface integral of a flux density without monopole is ∯(S) B dS = 0 or ∇ • B = 0 and that closed surface can be considered as 2 types namely (we will discuss about torus) as because in string theory compactification of higher spatial dimensions occurs in torus.


Author(s):  
Zachary P. Neal

The first law of geography holds that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things, where distance refers to topographical space. If a first law of network science exists, it would similarly hold that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things, but where distance refers to topological space. Frequently these two laws collide, together holding that everything is related to everything else, but topographically and topologically near things are more related than topographically and topologically distant things. The focus of the spatial study of social networks lies in exploring a series of questions embedded in this combined law of geography and networks. This chapter explores the questions that have been asked and the answers that have been offered at the intersection of geography and networks.


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