Aspects of intergranular corrosion of AISI 321 stainless steel in high-carbon-containing environments

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Ryl ◽  
Anna Arutunow ◽  
Mateusz T. Tobiszewski ◽  
Joanna Wysocka
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Aisi 321

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of unexpected sensitization to intergranular corrosion of highly resistant AISI 321 steel in petrochemical conditions, where it was subjected to the simultaneous influence of elevated temperature of ∼250°C and vapors from the asphalt production process. Design/methodology/approach – Corrosion coupons were exposed in an installation carrying asphalt vapors. To identify the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion a standard Strauss test was performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs show a degree of degradation as a result of local corrosion. Influence of the carburization process occurred during exposure and depletion of chromium in the passive layer and was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Findings – The paper provides information on origin of corrosion of AISI 321 steel in a high-carbon-containing environment. It was found out that long-term exposure can lead to intergranular corrosion in temperatures that are much lower than those that have been considered to be required for sensitization of austenitic steels. The high concentration of carbon introduced during the exposure is stated to be responsible for this effect. Practical implications – The formation of chromium carbides, leading to intergranular corrosion of the Type 321 stainless steel, is a major concern. The paper reports that in certain petrochemical environments, highly resistant stainless steels, such as AISI 321, can be susceptible to intergranular carbide degradation. Originality/value – The presence of titanium is not sufficient to increase resistance in multiple environments and sensitization can occur even at relatively low temperatures of ∼250°C.

scholarly journals Electropolishing of Stainless Steel in Laboratory and Industrial Scale

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Lochyński ◽  
Sylwia Charazińska ◽  
Edyta Łyczkowska-Widłak ◽  
Andrzej Sikora
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Process Scale ◽  
Metallographic Images ◽  
Industrial Samples ◽  
Difficult Issue

Transposing the process scale from laboratory to industrial conditions is a difficult issue that applies to many sectors of the industry. As far as electropolishing of stainless steel is concerned, the limitations connected with a significant increase in the area of electropolished surface should be considered, along with the possibility of defects that may emerge. This paper compares the results of electropolishing of stainless steel in the laboratory and in industrial conditions. For the analyzed conditions, it was determined that the best results, both in laboratory and industrial conditions, were obtained at temperature of 35 °C and current density of 8 A·dm−2. High temperatures resulted in the emergence of defects on the surface, in particular for industrial samples. The defects were visualized by metallographic images with Nomarski contrast and atomic force microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests were used to analyze the composition of the passive layer on the electropolished surfaces.

Role of Mn addition on the general corrosion and pitting corrosion behavior of 13Cr stainless steel

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun He ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Yanjing Su
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Product Film

Purpose The purpose of this study is to elucidate the effect of Mn addition on the corrosion behavior of stainless steel. Design/methodology/approach Chronoamperometry, quasi-steady-state polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the corrosion behavior of Mn added A13Cr-HS sample and original S13Cr samples. In addition, the corrosion product film was characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Findings The A13Cr-HS sample with 8 wt.% Mn addition maintained good general corrosion resistance in both acidic and alkaline solutions compared to the original S13Cr sample. Additionally, the A13Cr-HS sample had good pitting resistance in an alkaline solution containing Cl−, but a weaker resistance in an acidic solution. Originality/value The influence of Mn addition on the formation mechanism of the passive film was systematically analyzed.

Interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin and Lysozyme with Stainless Steel Studied by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Langmuir ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (47) ◽  
pp. 16306-16317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda S. Hedberg ◽  
Manuela S. Killian ◽  
Eva Blomberg ◽  
Sannakaisa Virtanen ◽  
Patrik Schmuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Secondary Ion

The influence of Ni on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of high-strength low alloy steel in the Cl-containing environment

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wang ◽  
Qingdong Zhong ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
Shujian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Hsla Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Alloy Steel ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray

Purpose This paper aims to search the optimum content of Ni on the microstructure, phase and electrochemical behavior of high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steel in the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Design/methodology/approach The microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ni-containing HSLA steel in the simulated marine environment was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques. Findings The sample containing 3.55 wt.% of nickel exhibited a finer grain size of 10 μm and a lower icorr of 2.169 µA cm−2. The XRD patterns showed that the Fe-Cr-Ni solid solution, FeC and Cr3C2 were observed in samples when Ni was added. Besides, the 3.55 wt.% of nickel addition enhanced the charge transfer resistance of the low alloy steel which suggested the sample possessed excellent inhibition of electrochemical reaction and corrosion resistance. The XPS spectrum suggested that nickel was beneficial to improve the corrosion resistance of steel by forming protective oxides, and the ratio of Fe2+/Fe3+ in protective oxides was increased. Practical implications Finding the comprehensive performance of HSLA steel which can be applied to unmanned surface vehicles in marine operations. Originality/value This study has a guiding significance for optimizing the composition of HSLA steel in a Cl- containing environment.

scholarly journals Surface Characteristics and Cell Adhesion Behaviors of the Anodized Biomedical Stainless Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6275
Author(s):  
Heng-Jui Hsu ◽  
Chia-Yu Wu ◽  
Bai-Hung Huang ◽  
Chi-Hsun Tsai ◽  
Takashi Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Vitro Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Culture Assay

In this study, an electrochemical anodizing method was applied as surface modification of the 316L biomedical stainless steel (BSS). The surface properties, microstructural characteristics, and biocompatibility responses of the anodized 316L BSS specimens were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, and in vitro cell culture assay. Analytical results revealed that the oxide layer of dichromium trioxide (Cr2O3) was formed on the modified 316L BSS specimens after the different anodization modifications. Moreover, a dual porous (micro/nanoporous) topography can also be discovered on the surface of the modified 316L BSS specimens. The microstructure of the anodized oxide layer was composed of amorphous austenite phase and nano-Cr2O3. Furthermore, in vitro cell culture assay also demonstrated that the osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) on the anodized 316L BSS specimens were completely adhered and covered as compared with the unmodified 316L BSS specimen. As a result, the anodized 316L BSS with a dual porous (micro/nanoporous) oxide layer has great potential to induce cell adhesion and promote bone formation.

Effect of Uniaxial Tension-Induced Plastic Strain on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3516 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salar Salahi ◽  
Mostafa Kazemipour ◽  
Ali Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Chromium Carbide ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Pitting Potential ◽  
Heat Treated Sample

This study aims to understand the correlation between the manufacturing process-induced plastic deformation, microstructure, and corrosion behavior of a 13Cr martensitic stainless steel tubing material (UNS S42000). Comparisons were made between the microstructure, crystallographic orientation, and corrosion performance of a texture-free, heat-treated sample and uniaxially tensioned samples to the elongations of 5% and 22%. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed on all samples in aerated 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte at room temperature. Overall, the corrosion resistance of the samples was found to decrease with increasing deformation level. A more stable and higher corrosion potential and pitting potential values with a better stability of the passive film were derived for the nondeformed sample, whereas the 5% and 22% elongated samples exhibited lower corrosion and pitting potential values and were characterized by having a less stable passive layer. All samples consistently revealed micropit formation on the lath boundaries where a high concentration of chromium carbide precipitates was detected. Increasing the level of plastic strain in 13Cr stainless steel was found to enlarge the size of sensitized regions along the matrix/coarse chromium carbide precipitates interface, leading to more regions susceptible to initiation and propagation of pitting.

Influence of nitrite on chemical composition of passivation film of steel bars under the coupling effects of carbonization and chloride

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzhe Liu ◽  
Jundi Geng ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Mingfang Ba ◽  
Zhiming He
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Coupling Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Passivation Film ◽  
Steel Bars ◽  
Micro Structures

Purpose This paper aims to study the influence of NaNO2 on the chemical composition of passivation film. Design/methodology/approach X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were selected to determine the composition of passivation film of steel bars in mortar. The specimens were exposed to the chloride solution, carbonation environment and the coupling effects of chloride solution and carbonation. The chemical composition and micro structures at 0 and 5 nm from the outer surface of the passivation film of steel bars were analyzed. Findings Results showed that the nitrite inhibitor improved the forming rate of the passivation film and increased the mass ratio of Fe3O4 to FeOOH on the surface of steel bars. The component of Fe3O4 at 5 nm of the steel passivation film was more than that at 0 nm. Sodium ferrite in the pore solution was easily hydrolyzed and then FeOOH was formed. Therefore, due to the nitrite inhibitor, a “double layer structure” of the passivation film was formed to prevent steels bars from corrosion. Originality/value This is original work and may help the researchers further understand the mechanism of rust resistance by nitrite inhibitor.

scholarly journals Silica-Copper Oxide Composite Thin Films as Solar Selective Coatings Prepared by Dipping Sol Gel

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Barrera-Calva ◽  
J. Méndez-Vivar ◽  
M. Ortega-López ◽  
L. Huerta-Arcos ◽  
J. Morales-Corona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Silica Matrix ◽  
Composite Thin Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Steel Substrates

Silica-copper oxide (silica-CuO) composite thin films were prepared by a dipping sol-gel route using ethanolic solutions comprised TEOS and a copper-propionate complex. Sols with different TEOS/Cu-propionate (Si/Cu) molar ratios were prepared and applied on stainless steel substrates using dipping process. During the annealing process, copper-propionate complexes developed into particulate polycrystalline CuO dispersed in a partially crystallized silica matrix, as indicated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The gel thermal analysis revealed that the prepared material might be stable up to400°C. The silica-CuO/stainless steel system was characterized as a selective absorber surface and its solar selectivity parameters, absorptance (α), and emittance (ε) were evaluated from UV-NIR reflectance data. The solar parameters of such a system were mostly affected by the thickness and phase composition of theSiO2-CuO film. Interestingly, the best solar parameters (α= 0.92 andε= 0.2) were associated to the thinnest films, which comprised a CuO-Cu2Omixture immersed in the silica matrix, as indicated by XPS.

Electropolishing of 316L Stainless Steel Using Sulfuric Acid-Free Electrolyte

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Han ◽  
Fengzhou Fang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Plateau Region ◽  
X Ray

Abstract The study is to investigate the electropolishing characteristics of 316L stainless steel in a sulfuric acid-free electrolyte of phosphoric acid and glycerol and to explore the possibility of using this eco-friendly electrolyte instead of the widely used sulfuric acid-based electrolyte. The influences of process parameters on polishing effects and the corrosion resistance of electropolished samples are investigated. The experimental results show that the electropolishing temperature and acid concentration are directly related to the mass transport mechanism in the limiting current plateau region. The grain boundaries of workpiece were electrochemically dissolved faster than the grain themselves at the beginning of the electropolishing process because they are more reactive than grains. Moreover, the conventional sulfuric—phosphoric acid electrolyte was also used to electropolish the 316L stainless steel, and the electropolished surfaces were compared with the sulfuric acid-free electrolyte proposed in this study. When the sulfuric acid-free electrolyte was used to electropolish the 316L stainless steel, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that atomic Cr/Fe ratio of 316L stainless steel was increased from 0.802 to 1.909 after electropolishing process in the sulfuric acid-free electrolyte of phosphoric acid and glycerol. The corrosion resistance of the electropolished 316L stainless steel is studied using electrochemical analysis, and the results are verified experimentally.

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