Enhancing the mechanical properties of bismaleimide resin with montmorillonite modified by two intercalators (amino-terminated polyoxypropylene and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Chen ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Yulong Liu ◽  
Hongyue CHU
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Bismaleimide Resin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Matrix

Purpose Bismaleimide (BMI) is a kind of thermosetting resin and its application is usually limited by low toughness. In this paper, two kinds of reinforcement intercalator amino-terminated polyoxypropylene (POP) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTAC) were designed and synthesized to toughen BMI resin and the toughening effect was compared and analyzed. The purpose of this paper is to toughen BMI resin and analyze the toughening effect of two reinforcements intercalator amino-terminated polyoxypropylene (POP) and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (OTAC). Design/methodology/approach Sodium-based montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was modified by POP and OTAC, and the ion-exchange reaction obtained organic montmorillonite (POP-MMT and OTAC-MMT). The polymer matrix (MBAE) was synthesized, in which 4,4’-diamino diphenyl methane BMI was used as the monomer and 3,3’-diallyl bisphenol A and bisphenol A diallyl ether were used as active diluents. And then, POP-MMT/MBAE and OTAC-MMT/MBAE composites were prepared using MBAE as matrix and POP-MMT or OTAC-MMT as reinforcement. The Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the filler and microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite were characterized to the better reinforcement. Findings POP-MMT and OTAC-MMT enhanced BMI-cured products’ toughness by generating microcracks in the polymer to absorb more fracture energy. Meanwhile, POP-MMT and OTAC-MMT were the main stress components and the enhancement of the interface interaction was beneficial to transfer the external force from the matrix to the reinforcement and improved the mechanical properties of the composite. Furthermore, with the intercalation rate increasing, the compatibility of the two phases was increased and the performance of MBAE was also elevated. Research limitations/implications BMI is generally used as aerospace structural materials, functional materials, impregnating paint and other fields. However, high crosslinking density leads to moulding material’s brittleness and limits a wider range of applications. Therefore, it has become an urgent priority to explore and improve the mechanical properties of BMI resin. Originality/value POP and OTAC have successfully intercalated Na-MMT layers to get POP-MMT and OTAC-MMT, and the interplanar crystal spacing and the intercalation rate were calculated, respectively. The results were corresponding with the SEM images of POP-MMT and OTAC-MMT. After that, the morphology of composites illustrated the compatibility was related to the intercalation rate. According to the mechanism of modified MMT toughening epoxy resin, when they were dispersed uniformly in the matrix, the composite’s mechanical properties had been significantly improved. Additionally, OTAC-MMT with a higher intercalation rate had better compatibility and interfacial force with the matrix, so that the mechanical properties of OTAC-MMT/MBAE were the best.

Influence of Different Nano-Structured Fillers on the Performance of Epoxy Nanocomposites

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Amr Osman ◽  
Abdelmoty Elhakeem ◽  
Saleh Kaytbay ◽  
Abdalla Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Electrical Percolation ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Excellent Adhesion

Nowadays, multi-functional materials are strongly needed to meet the requirements of next-generation electronic devices. In this work, two different nanostructured fillers, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and nanoalumina, were chosen to study their effect on the thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of the prepared epoxy composites at different loadings (0.5 to 2 wt%). RGO was firstly prepared and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and TEM confirming its production. The results revealed that RGO showed excellent adhesion with the polymer. Whilst, alumina aggregated and debonded from the matrix, as confirmed by SEM images. Hence, at only 2 wt%, RGO/epoxy composites exhibited the highest thermal conductivity (0.391 W/m-K), which was 1.96 times higher than the neat epoxy. Whereas, the alumina/epoxy composites showed lower increment at the same loading (0.206 W/m-K). However, at 2 wt% RGO, electrical percolation networks had been formed across the matrix (DC conductivity = 2×10-7 S/cm). While, epoxy filled with alumina remained insulative at any loading (~ 10-12 S/cm at 100 Hz). Besides, the tensile strength of the composites was improved by 75% and 37% when filled with 0.5 wt% RGO and alumina, respectively. These results are very useful for preparing multi-functional polymeric materials, which are critically required for packaging industries.

scholarly journals Molecular imprinting of bovine serum albumin and lysozyme within the matrix of polyampholyte hydrogels based on acrylamide, sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Alexey Shakhvorostov ◽  
Sarkyt Kudaibergenov
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Cationic Monomer ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Molecularly-imprinted polyampholyte (MIP) hydrogels based on nonionic monomer – acrylamide (AAm), anionic monomer – sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and cationic monomer – (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride (APTAC) were obtained by immobilization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme in situ polymerization conditions. It was found that the best amphoteric hydrogel for sorption of BSA is APTAC-75H while for sorption of lysozyme is AMPS-75H. The sorption capacity of APTAC-75H and AMPS-75H with respect to BSA and lysozyme is 305.7 and 64.1-74.8 mg per 1 g of hydrogel respectively. Desorption of BSA and lysozyme from MIP template performed by aqueous solution of 1M NaCl is equal to 82-88%. Separation of BSA and lysozyme from their mixture was performed on MIP templates. The results of adsorption-desorption cycles of BSA on adjusted to BSA polyampholyte hydrogel APTAC-75H and of lysozyme on adjusted to lysozyme polyampholyte hydrogel AMPS-75H show that the mixture of BSA and lysozyme can be selectively separated with the help of MIP hydrogels.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PMMA-ZrO2 Nanocomposites for Dental CAD/CAM

2013 ◽  
Vol 785-786 ◽  
pp. 533-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Bao Li ◽  
Yi Min Zhao ◽  
Jian Feng Zhang ◽  
Cheng Xie ◽  
Dong Mei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Zirconia Ceramics ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
Organic Resin

A novel PMMA-ZrO2 composite (PZC) was prepared by resin infiltrated to ceramic method. The composite mechanical properties were evaluated and correlated to its microstructure. Partially sintered zirconia ceramics (PSZC) were made by isostatic pressing and partially sintering. Subsequently, the PZC was prepared by vacuum infiltrating prepolymerized MMA into PSZC, followed by in-situ polymerization. When PSZC-70% was used as the matrix, the bending strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness of the prepared composite i.e PZC-70% were 202.56±12.09 MPa, 58.71±3.98 GPa, and 4.60±0.26 MPa·m1/2, corresponding to 25.69%, 23.31%, and 169.01% improvement, respectively, in comparison with the control matrix. Among them, the fracture toughness improvement was the most prominent. According to SEM images of the fracture surfaces, each pore of zirconia skeleton was filled by organic resin contributing to the bending strength improvement. These weak interfaces between zirconia skeleton and organic resin absorbed energy and terminated the growth of microcracks which might be responsible for significant improvement in fracture toughness. This PZC material is anticipated to be a new member of the dental CAD/CAM family.

scholarly journals The Effect of Incorporating Silica Stone Waste on the Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concretes

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Abbasi ◽  
Mohammad Hemen Jannaty ◽  
Rabar H. Faraj ◽  
Shahriar Shahbazpanahi ◽  
Amir Mosavi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
First Time

Incorporating various industrial waste materials into concrete has recently gained attention for sustainable construction. This paper, for the first time, studies the effects of silica stone waste (SSW) powder on concrete. The cement of concrete was replaced with 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the SSW powder. The mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive and tensile strength, were studied. Furthermore, the microstructure of concrete was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) tests. Compressive and tensile strength of samples with 5% SSW powder was improved up to 18.8% and 10.46%, respectively. As can be observed in the SEM images, a reduced number of pores and higher density in the matrix can explain the better compressive strength of samples with 5% SSW powder.

scholarly journals Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heterogeneous Ceramic-Polymer Composite Using Interpenetrating Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Eun-Hee Kim ◽  
Yeon-Gil Jung ◽  
Chang-Yong Jo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Strength ◽  
Porous Alumina ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Porous Matrix ◽  
Interpenetrating Network ◽  
Polyurethane Acrylate ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Distribution Of Stress

Prepolymer, which can be polymerized by a photo, has been infiltrated into a porous ceramic to improve the addition effect of polymer into the ceramic, as a function of the functionality of prepolymer. It induces the increase in the mechanical properties of the ceramic. The porous alumina (Al2O3) and the polyurethane acrylate (PUA) with a network structure by photo-polymerization were used as the matrix and infiltration materials, respectively. The porous Al2O3matrix without the polymer shows lower values in fracture strength than the composites, since the stress is transmitted more quickly via propagation of cracks from intrinsic defects in the porous matrix. However, in the case of composites, the distribution of stress between heterophases results in the improved mechanical properties. In addition, the mechanical properties of composites, such as elastic modulus and fracture strength, are enhanced with increasing the functionality of prepolymer attributed to the crosslinking density of polymer.

Physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane thermoset matrices reinforced with green coconut fibres

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (30) ◽  
pp. 4841-4852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Lamounier Faria ◽  
Laércio Mesquita Júnior ◽  
Ana Angélica Resende ◽  
Daiane Erika Lopes ◽  
Lourival Marin Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Coconut Fibre

Currently, the use of composites to replace parts made only with plastics has been gradually employed. The advantages of these composites are low cost, high availability of raw materials and good physical and mechanical properties. Thus, this work aimed at producing and characterizing composites produced with coconut fibre reinforced polyurethane matrices. The coconut fibres were studied as to their chemical constituents, aspect ratio, bulk density, pH, tensile properties, and surface SEM images. The composites were prepared using the hand lay-up process and four different concentrations of coconut fibre were evaluated: 30, 40, 50, and 60%. The composites were assessed as for water absorption after 20 days of immersion, bulk density, impact IZOD, tensile tests, and visualize the matrix-reinforcement interface using SEM. The electron micrographs showed a great deal of impurities on the surface of coconut fibres, such as greases, waxes, and gums, due to the high amount of extraction material (19.78%), which damages the adherence of the polymer onto the coconut fibre and, as observed, cause detachment between the reinforcement and the matrix. The tensile strength of the composites tended to increase as greater amounts of coconut fibres were added to the matrix. The averages were around 6.51 to 6.72 MPa for composites with 30 and 60% fibres, respectively. Therefore, coconut fibres can be considered as an alternative to synthetic fibres commonly used in composites, and they can be used at a ratio of 60% without prejudicing the properties of the composites, making them lighter and cheaper.

Effect of Weight Percentage on Mechanical Properties of Boron Carbide Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Dhinakaran ◽  
T.V. Moorthy
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Aluminium Matrix ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Aluminium Matrix Composites ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Particulate Reinforced

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) play a vital role as advanced engineering materials due to their excellent mechanical properties like light weight, strength, wear resistance, toughness. This work focuses on the fabrication of aluminium (AA6061) matrix composites reinforced with 3%, 6% and 9% B4C particle of 104μm using stir casting method. The wettability of B4C particles in the matrix has been improved by adding K2TiF6flux in to the molten metal. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated AMCs are analyzed. Uniform distribution of B4C particle in the matrix was confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. It was found that the tensile strength and hardness of the fabricated AMCs increases with increased B4C particle content.

scholarly journals Hema-Functionalized Graphene Oxide: a Versatile Nanofiller for Poly(Propylene Fumarate)-Based Hybrid Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugeniu Vasile ◽  
Andreea M. Pandele ◽  
Corina Andronescu ◽  
Aida Selaru ◽  
Sorina Dinescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Functionalized Graphene Oxide ◽  
Poly Propylene

AbstractPoly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) is a linear unsaturated polyester which has been widely investigated for tissue engineering due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In order to extend the range of possible applications and enhance its mechanical properties, current approaches consist in the incorporation of various fillers or obtaining blends with other polymers. In the current study we designed a reinforcing agent based on carboxylated graphene oxide (GO-COOH) grafted with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (GO@HEMA) for poly(propylene fumarate)/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PPF/PEGDMA), in order to enhance the nanofiller adhesion and compatibility with the polymer matrix, and in the same time to increase the crosslinking density. The covalent modification of GO-COOH was proved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical properties, water uptake capacity, morphology, biodegradability, mineralization and in vitro cytotoxicity of PPF/PEGDMA hybrid materials containing GO@HEMA were investigated. A 14-fold increase of the compressive modulus and a 2-fold improvement in compressive strength were observed after introduction of the nanofiller. Moreover, the decrease in sol fraction and solvent swelling in case of the hybrid materials containing GO@HEMA suggests an increase of the crosslinking density. SEM images illustrate an exfoliated structure at lower nanofiller content and a tendency for agglomeration at higher concentrations. Finally, the synthesized hybrid materials proved non-cytotoxic to murine pre-osteoblast cells and induced the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals under mineralization conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Jute Fiber Modification on Mechanical Properties of Jute Fiber Composite

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Wang ◽  
Hafeezullah Memon ◽  
Elwathig A. M. Hassan ◽  
Md. Sohag Miah ◽  
Md. Arshad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Jute Fibers ◽  
Initial Modulus ◽  
The Matrix

Recently, the demand for reinforced plastics from natural, sustainable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly fibers has been rising worldwide. However, the main shortcoming of natural fibers reinforced plastics is the poor compatibility between reinforcing fibers and the matrix. Hence, it is necessary to form a strong attachment of the fibers to the matrix to obtain the optimum performance. In this work, chemical treatments (acid pretreatment, alkali pretreatment, and scouring) were employed on jute fibers to modify them. The mechanical properties, surface morphology, and Fourier transform infrared spectra of treated and untreated jute fibers were analyzed to understand the influence of chemical modifications on the fiber. Then, jute fiber/epoxy composites with a unidirectional jute fiber organization were prepared. Basic properties of the composites such as the void fraction, tensile strength, initial modulus, and elongation at break were studied. The better interfacial adhesion of treated fibers was shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fractured coupons. Hence, the chemical treatment of jute fiber has a significant impact on the formation of voids in the composites as well as the mechanical properties of jute fiber composites.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and heat-resistance properties of bismaleimide composites modified synergistically by alumina and two kinds of thermoplastic resins

2020 ◽  
pp. 095400832096891
Author(s):  
Yufei Chen ◽  
Lei Dong ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Zhenda Liu ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Matrix Resin ◽  
The Matrix

Al2O3-PES-SPEEK/MBAE composites has been prepared, polymer matrix (MBAE) was obtained with 4,4’-diamino diphenyl methane bismaleimide (BMI) as reaction monomer, 3,3’-diallyl bisphenol A (BBA) and bisphenol A diallyl ether (BBE) as the reactive diluent, and two kinds of thermal plastic resins (polyether sulfone PES and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) SPEEK) as the reinforcements, nano-alumina (Al2O3) prepared by Sol–Gel method as the filler. The microstructure of SPEEK, Al2O3 and the composites were characterized, the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the composites were also studied and analyzed. The results reveal that there are sulfonic acid groups in SPEEK structure and the microstructure is more loose, and the degree of sulfonation is about 41.3%. Al2O3 is a nano-sized short-fibrous crystal with hydroxyl groups on its surface. The micromorphology of Al2O3-PES-SPEEK/MBAE composites show that the proper amount of PES, SPEEK and Al2O3 are uniformly dispersed in the matrix resin, which improves the fracture surface morphology of the composite, the shape of the section is fish scale and the fracture cracks are irregular and divergent, and the composites are ductile fracture. The mechanical properties indicate that the flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of the composite is the maximum value 172.9 MPa, 4.7 GPa and 21.4 kJ/m2, which is 73.1%, 74.1% and 125.3%, higher than the matrix resin, respectively, when the PES content is 3 wt%, 2 wt% SPEEK and 3 wt% Al2O3 in the composite. At this time, the thermal decomposition temperature of the composite material is 453.5°C, which is 15.4°C higher than that of the matrix resin, and the mechanical properties and heat-resistance properties of the Al2O3-PES-SPEEK/MBAE composite are significantly improved.

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