The Research and Design of Bio-Fuel Raw Material Drying System Based on High-Temperature Hot Water as the Medium

Hot water circulating pump for high temperature and high pressure is important equipment applied in the wide range of industry. However, in China, the seal of this pump is not so good and could not meet the use requirements. In this paper, based on investigations of the seal for this pump in China, the main problem of the seal was found out. Also, a new sealing device of hot water circulating pump for high temperature and high pressure was designed, which was composed of floating ring seal, combined seal, packing seal and special double-decker cooling system. The experiment results show that the new design could improve the seal performance of the pump and meet the use requirements.

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Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽

Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽

Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽

Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽

Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

End Use ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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Co-Microencapsulated Black Rice Anthocyanins and Lactic Acid Bacteria: Evidence on Powders Profile and In Vitro Digestion

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2579

Author(s):

Carmen-Alina Bolea ◽

Mihaela Cotârleț ◽

Elena Enachi ◽

Vasilica Barbu ◽

Nicoleta Stănciuc

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Milk Proteins ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Black Rice

Two multi-functional powders, in terms of anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus paracasei, L. casei 431®) were obtained through co-microencapsulation into a biopolymer matrix composed of milk proteins and inulin. Two extracts were obtained using black rice flour as a raw material and hot water and ethanol as solvents. Both powders (called P1 for aqueous extract and P2 for ethanolic extract) proved to be rich sources of valuable bioactives, with microencapsulation efficiency up to 80%, both for anthocyanins and lactic acid bacteria. A higher content of anthocyanins was found in P1, of 102.91 ± 1.83 mg cyanindin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)/g dry weight (DW) when compared with only 27.60 ± 17.36 mg C3G/g DW in P2. The morphological analysis revealed the presence of large, thin, and fragile structures, with different sizes. A different pattern of gastric digestion was observed, with a highly protective effect of the matrix in P1 and a maximum decrease in anthocyanins of approximatively 44% in P2. In intestinal juice, the anthocyanins decreased significantly in P2, reaching a maximum of 97% at the end of digestion; whereas in P1, more than 45% from the initial anthocyanins content remained in the microparticles. Overall, the short-term storage stability test revealed a release of bioactive from P2 and a decrease in P1. The viable cells of lactic acid bacteria after 21 days of storage reached 7 log colony forming units (CFU)/g DW.

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Effect of Water and Ethanol Extracts from Hericium erinaceus Solid-State Fermented Wheat Product on the Protection and Repair of Brain Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113297 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3297

Author(s):

Shun-Kuo Sun ◽

Chun-Yi Ho ◽

Wei-Yang Yen ◽

Su-Der Chen

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Brain Cell ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Brain Cells ◽

Zebrafish Embryos ◽

Hericium Erinaceus ◽

Water Extracts ◽

The Brain ◽

Wheat Product

Extracts from Hericium erinaceus can cause neural cells to produce nerve growth factor (NGF) and protect against neuron death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol and hot water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product on the brain cells of zebrafish embryos in both pre-dosing protection mode and post-dosing repair mode. The results showed that 1% ethanol could effectively promote zebrafish embryo brain cell death. Both 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product protected brain cells and significantly reduced the death of brain cells caused by 1% ethanol treatment in zebrafish. Moreover, the zebrafish embryos were immersed in 1% ethanol for 4 h to cause brain cell damage and were then transferred and soaked in the 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product to restore the brain cells damaged by the 1% ethanol. However, the 200 ppm extracts from the unfermented wheat medium had no protective and repairing effects. Moreover, 200 ppm of ethanol and water extracts from H. erinaceus fruiting body had less significant protective and restorative effects on the brain cells of zebrafish embryos. Both the ethanol and hot water extracts from H. erinaceus solid-state fermented wheat product could protect and repair the brain cells of zebrafish embryos damaged by 1% ethanol. Therefore, it has great potential as a raw material for neuroprotective health product.

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Experimental Study on Carbonization of Low-Rank Pulverized Coal with High Temperature Heat Pipe

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1035 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 953-954 ◽

pp. 1035-1039

Author(s):

Li Qun Wang ◽

Zhong Bo Yi ◽

Zhong Xiang Wei

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Heat Pipe ◽

Pulverized Coal ◽

Holding Time ◽

Raw Material ◽

Low Rank ◽

Experimental Result ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Temperature Heat ◽

High Temperature Heat Pipe

Aimed at improving the utilization of pulverized coal, high-temperature heat pipe technology was introduced into lignite carbonization.Under the design of power of 10kw semi-industrial pulverized coal carbonization test equipment, Fugu lignite coal as raw material to investigate the operating characteristics of the device and carbonization characteristics. Experimental result shows that the high temperature heat pipes heat steadily and meet the temperature requirement of low-temperature carbonization. With the extension of the holding time, the semi-coke fixed carbon content increasing, but volatile matter vice versa, however, holding time above 60 minutes, the effect of carbonization is not obvious, and the best carbonization time is 30 ~ 60 minutes. The length of the holding time has little effect on gas composition, the content of H2 and CH4 are relatively higher than the rest gas, (H2 + CH4) gas accounted for 70% of the total, the heating value remains at 18.76 ~ 19.22MJ/m3, belongs to medium-high value gas, could provide for industrial and civilian use.

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Modeling and Analysis of Power Conversion System for High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor With Cogeneration

Volume 2: Controls, Diagnostics and Instrumentation; Cycle Innovations; Electric Power ◽

10.1115/gt2008-50952 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Afrazeh ◽

Hiwa Khaledi ◽

Mohammad Bagher Ghofrani

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Heat Source ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Power Conversion ◽

Hot Water ◽

Working Fluid ◽

Closed Cycle ◽

Nuclear Heat ◽

Conversion System ◽

High Temperature Gas

A gas turbine in combination with a nuclear heat source has been subject of study for some years. This paper describes the advantages of a gas turbine combined with an inherently safe and well-proven nuclear heat source. The design of the power conversion system is based on a regenerative, non-intercooled, closed, direct Brayton cycle with high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), as heat source and helium gas as the working fluid. The plant produces electricity and hot water for district heating (DH). Variation of specific heat, enthalpy and entropy of working fluid with pressure and temperature are included in this model. Advanced blade cooling technology is used in order to allow for a high turbine inlet temperature. The paper starts with an overview of the main characteristics of the nuclear heat source, Then presents a study to determine the specifications of a closed-cycle gas turbine for the HTGR installation. Attention is given to the way such a closed-cycle gas turbine can be modeled. Subsequently the sensitivity of the efficiency to several design choices is investigated. This model is developed in Fortran.

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Preparation of Graphene/TiO2Composite Nanomaterials and Its Photocatalytic Performance for the Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2016/5858906 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Donggen Huang ◽

Tianzi Yang ◽

Zhuanghong Mo ◽

Qin Guo ◽

Shuiqing Quan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽

Raw Material ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Anoxic Water ◽

Field Environment ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Electrochemical Stripping

The graphene (GR) was prepared by an improved electrochemical stripping method using a high-purity graphite rod as raw material and high temperature heat reduction in hydrogen atmosphere, and the graphene/TiO2(GR/TiO2) composite nanomaterials were manufactured by the method of sol-gel and high temperature crystallization in hydrogen atmosphere using butyl titanate and electrolysis graphene as precursors. The physical and chemical properties of the composites had been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and specific surface area (SSA) by BET method. The photocatalytic properties of GR/TiO2composites nanomaterials in anoxic water were studied by using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as probe. The results showed that graphite was well intercalated and peeled by a facile electrolysis method in different electric field environment; a well dispersed and rings structure of graphene was prepared by coupling ultrasound-assisted changing voltage electrochemical stripping technology. The as-prepared GR/TiO2composites had good performance for the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D in anoxic water; the chlorines were removed from benzene ring; the middle products of dichlorophenol, chlorophenol, phloroglucinol, and so forth were produced from the photocatalytic redox reaction of 2,4-D in anoxic water; parts of 2,4-D were decomposed completely, and CO2and H2O were produced.

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Properties dependence of the lightweight alumina products obtained by a semi-dry pressing method on the alumina type

Scientific research on refractories and technical ceramics ◽

10.35857/2663-3566.120.12 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 120 ◽

pp. 126-133

Author(s):

V. V. Martynenko ◽

Yu. A. Krakhmal ◽

K. I. Kushchenko ◽

T. G. Tishina

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

High Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pressing Method ◽

Technical Requirements ◽

Alumina Grade ◽

Pitch Coke ◽

Calcium Hexaluminate ◽

Dry Pressing

Lightweight materials are widely used in industry for thermal insulation of various thermal units. The choice of lightweight material depends on the specific conditions of service. For the lining of high-temperature units operating in reducing environments, alumina lightweight products are used that contain a minimum amount of Fe2O3 impurities and free (unbound in compounds) SiO2. In JSC “URIR named after A. S. Berezhnoy” a technology of alumina lightweight products of grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3 by a semi-dry pressing method with an application temperature of up to 1550 °C has been developed. These products are made from a mixture of ground and no-milled γ-form alumina of grade 0 and α-form alumina of grade S with additives of pitch coke and chalk. The work purpose was improvement of the alumina lightweight products technology and search for new alternative raw materials along with the currently used alumina grade S. The properties dependence of alumina lightweight products, obtained by the semi-dry pressing method, on the type of alumina α-form, was investigated. As a result of the studies, it was found that, for the manufacture of alumina lightweight products of grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3 by the semi-dry pressing method, alumina grades N and NR can be used as an alternative alumina-containing raw material along with alumina grade S. The phase composition of alumina lightweight products of grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3, which are manufactured using alumina grades S, N and NR, was represented mainly by corundum and calcium hexaluminate. The alumina lightweight products, which were manufactured using alumina grades S, N and NR, were characterized by similar high properties and correspond the technical requirements for grades KLA-1.1 and KLA-1.3.

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Present Situation and Prospect of EAF Gas Waste Heat Utilization Technology

High Temperature Materials and Processes ◽

10.1515/htmp-2016-0218 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 357-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ling-zhi Yang ◽

Tao Jiang ◽

Guang-hui Li ◽

Yu-feng Guo ◽

Feng Chen

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Latent Heat ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Gas Production ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sensible Heat ◽

Steelmaking Process ◽

Coal Gas ◽

Heat Utilization ◽

Waste Heat Utilization

AbstractWith the increase of hot metal ratio in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking process, physical sensible heat and chemical latent heat of gas increased significantly. As EAF raw material condition is similar to basic oxygen furnace (BOF), and the condition of BOF gas waste heat utilization technology is mature, waste heat utilization technology in EAF steelmaking will be getting more and more attention. Scrap preheating and steam production as mature technology is the main way of EAF gas waste heat utilization. Power generation converted high temperature steam to electricity will further improve the EAF gas utilization value. The previous ways are to recycle physical sensible heat of EAF gas. To use chemical latent heat of gas, the secondary combustion technology is usually adopted to make CO fully burn into CO2. Coal gas production can fully recycle the chemical latent heat of gas theoretically, which is higher efficiency than other ways. Coal gas production needs a stable steelmaking process to stabilize high temperature gas. And the way need to develop EAF sealing technology, oxygen removal technology and gas purification technology, to make gas content meet the requirements of coal gas production in EAF steelmaking process.

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346. Measurements of the rate of change of temperature in high temperature-short time pasteurization plant

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900004891 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 15 (1-2) ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

F. Steghart

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Time Constant ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Hot Water ◽

Water Pipe ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Rates Of Change ◽

High Temperature Short Time ◽

Short Time

It has recently been claimed that in modern high temperature-short time pasteurization plant fluctuations in temperature of the order of 1° F./sec. are unusual and probably artefacts, and that an instantaneous drop is certainly fictitious.It has, nevertheless, been shown that such rapid drops in temperature do in fact occur frequently in high temperature-short time plants of the type investigated. The plant investigated was not of the latest design incorporating devices for speeding up the control by injecting steam directly into the hot-water pipe.Temperature changes of the order of those in question were first observed by Mattick & Hiscox(1) of the National Institute for Research in Dairying, who carried out tests on pasteurization plant using a small mirror galvanometer with a very short time constant. The maximum rates of change were, however, not observed.

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