scholarly journals Zero-Error Sum Modulo Two with a Common Observation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Sefidgaran ◽  
Aslan Tchamkerten
Keyword(s):  
Common Observation

scholarly journals Problems of empirical solutions to the theory-ladenness of observation

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Themistoklis Pantazakos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Epistemological Problem ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Choice Testing ◽  
Empirical Approaches ◽  
Theory Ladenness

AbstractRecent years have seen enticing empirical approaches to solving the epistemological problem of the theory-ladenness of observation. I group these approaches in two categories according to their method of choice: testing and refereeing. I argue that none deliver what friends of theory-neutrality want them to. Testing does not work because both evidence from cognitive neuroscience and perceptual pluralism independently invalidate the existence of a common observation core. Refereeing does not work because it treats theory-ladenness as a kind of superficial, removable bias. Even if such treatment is plausible, there is likely no method to ascertain that effects of this bias are not present. More importantly, evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that a deeper, likely irremovable kind of theory-ladenness lies within the perceptual modules.

scholarly journals Serpentine–Hisingerite Solid Solution in Altered Ferroan Peridotite and Olivine Gabbro

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tutolo ◽  
Bernard Evans ◽  
Scott Kuehner
Keyword(s):  
Iron Formation ◽  
Olivine Gabbro ◽  
Banded Iron Formation ◽  
Silicate System ◽  
Duluth Complex ◽  
Sheet Silicate ◽  
Structure Modulation ◽  
Compositional Variability ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
End Members

We present microanalyses of secondary phyllosilicates in altered ferroan metaperidotite, containing approximately equal amounts of end-members serpentine ((Mg,Fe2+)3Si2O5(OH)4) and hisingerite (□Fe3+2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O). These analyses suggest that all intermediate compositions can exist stably, a proposal that was heretofore impossible because phyllosilicate with the compositions reported here have not been previously observed. In samples from the Duluth Complex (Minnesota, USA) containing igneous olivine Fa36–44, a continuous range in phyllosilicate compositions is associated with hydrothermal Mg extraction from the system and consequent relative enrichments in Fe2+, Fe3+ (hisingerite), Si, and Mn. Altered ferroan–olivine-bearing samples from the Laramie Complex (Wyoming, USA) show a compositional variability of secondary FeMg–phyllosilicate (e.g., Mg–hisingerite) that is discontinuous and likely the result of differing igneous olivine compositions and local equilibration during alteration. Together, these examples demonstrate that the products of serpentinization of ferroan peridotite include phyllosilicate with iron contents proportionally larger than the reactant olivine, in contrast to the common observation of Mg-enriched serpentine in “traditional” alpine and seafloor serpentinites. To augment and contextualize our analyses, we additionally compiled greenalite and hisingerite analyses from the literature. These data show that greenalite in metamorphosed banded iron formation contains progressively more octahedral-site vacancies (larger apfu of Si) in higher XFe samples, a consequence of both increased hisingerite substitution and structure modulation (sheet inversions). Some high-Si greenalite remains ferroan and seems to be a structural analogue of the highly modulated sheet silicate caryopilite. Using a thermodynamic model of hydrothermal alteration in the Fe–silicate system, we show that the formation of secondary hydrothermal olivine and serpentine–hisingerite solid solutions after primary olivine may be attributed to appropriate values of thermodynamic parameters such as elevated a S i O 2 ( a q ) and decreased a H 2 ( a q ) at low temperatures (~200 °C). Importantly, recent observations of Martian rocks have indicated that they are evolved magmatically like the ferroan peridotites analyzed here, which, in turn, suggests that the processes and phyllosilicate assemblages recorded here are more directly relevant to those occurring on Mars than are traditional terrestrial serpentinites.

Utilitarianism and the Criminal Law in Colonial India: A Study of the Practical Limits of Utilitarian Jurisprudence

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Kalyan Raman
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
British India ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The One

The role of legal tradition in the reformist rhetoric of Benthamite Utilitarianism presents us with a contradiction. On the one hand, there is the common observation that Utilitarian jurisprudence was necessarily ahistorical and rejected the past as a source of concepts for reworking the criminal justice system existing in Britain during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For philosophic reformers such as Bentham, contemporary British criminal justice was to be replaced by a scientific jurisprudence, abstract, universal, and secular in outlook, and antipathetic to the more conservative insistence that the foundations of the penal law continue to be tradition-based. ‘If society was to see any improvement, its law must be reformed; if its law was to be reformed it must be burned to the ground and rebuilt according to a new and rational pattern.’ On the other hand, we find that the very same Utilitarian thinkers, in works describing the state of the law in British India, were concerned with local rather than universal conceptions of criminality. In his 1782 Essay on the Influence of Time and Place in Matters of Legislation, Bentham, for instance, urged the philosophic reformer to temper change in India by fitting Utilitarian judgments about the law to the frames of local society.

scholarly journals THE RELATION BETWEEN FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE AND ECONOMIC DECISIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Sabina Kołodziej
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Current Economic Situation ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Saving Decisions

Nowadays policymakers, government agencies and educators in Poland and in many European countries emphasize the role of individual possibilities to take independent decisions regarding one’s financial resources. Consequently, the increased interest in financial education programs is observed. Moreover, the complexity of financial products further demonstrates the need for a financial knowledge when making decisions in this sphere. However, simultaneously, the common observation of numerous examples of irrelevant decision-making, consequently leading to financial (e.g. abundant debt) or professional (e.g. loss of work) problems as well as results of studies on the level of financial knowledge show that in many cases our society, most probably, does not have the indispensable level of analyzed knowledge. The article presents results of 2 studies on the relation between financial knowledge and economic decisions made by Polish young adults. The study 1 focuses on the correlation between financial knowledge and saving decisions while the study 2 financial knowledge and respondents debts. In both studies the level of financial knowledge was measured by the test relating to the current economic situation of Poland, knowledge of basic economic and financial concepts and understanding of basic market mechanisms. Specially designed questionnaires analyzed respondents’ savings (study 1) and debts (study 2) decisions. The results of those studies show that examined a group of Polish young adults has an average level of financial knowledge. Moreover, the first study found positive correlation (on the level of statistical trend) between financial knowledge and savings decisions. The results of study 2 showed the higher financial knowledge among people who took credits or loans from bank in comparison with people who take credit and loans outside the banking system. Results obtained in the studies reinforce the idea of the important role of financial education in preparing young people to make their own economic decisions. Key words: debt, financial education, financial knowledge, saving, young people.

The Explosion in Law Publishing

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Stuart Banner
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The 19Th Century

This chapter discusses the rapid proliferation of case reporting that took place in the 19th century. There were few published court opinions available to lawyers in the early part of the century. Lawyers necessarily grounded their arguments on broad principles, including principles of natural law. But by the century’s end, lawyers complained that they were drowning in reported cases. It was a common observation in the second half of the century that the glut of published opinions had changed the nature of law practice. Precedents had pushed principles aside. Natural law accordingly began to play a smaller role in litigation.

Introducing the Prose Poem

Prose Poetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Paul Hetherington ◽  
Cassandra Atherton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Prose Poetry ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Prose Poem ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Intense Emotion

This chapter traces prose poetry's development in nineteenth-century France and its early reception and subsequent critical views about the form. The prose poem in English is now established as an important literary form in many countries at a time when the composition and publication of poetry is thriving. However, while poetry generally continues to be recognized as a literary genre highly suited to expressing intense emotion, grappling with the ineffable and the intimate, and while lineated lyric poetry is widely admired for its rhythms and musicality, the main scholarship written about English-language prose poetry to date defines the form as problematic, paradoxical, ambiguous, unresolved, or contradictory. The common observation that the term “prose poetry” appears to contain a contradiction is not surprising given that poetry and prose are often understood to be fundamentally different kinds of writing. The chapter then defines the prose poem's main features and discusses the challenge prose poetry presents to established ideas of literary genre.

scholarly journals Assessing Organizational Information Visibility: Development and Validation of the Information Visibility Scale

2019 ◽  
pp. 009365021987709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claartje L. ter Hoeven ◽  
Cynthia Stohl ◽  
Paul Leonardi ◽  
Michael Stohl
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Scale Construction ◽  
The Core ◽  
Organizational Information ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Organizational Transparency ◽  
Practical Implications

A common observation in the digital age is that new technologies are making people’s behaviors, decisions, and preferences more visible. For scholars who study organizations and their effects upon society, increased information visibility raises the hope that organizations might become more transparent. Typically, we assume that increased information visibility will translate into high levels of organizational transparency, but we lack empirical evidence to support this assumption. Our ability to gather data on this important topic is limited because there have been few reliable ways to assess organizational information visibility. To remedy this problem, we develop and validate the Information Visibility Scale to measure the core aspects of information visibility. We then employ the scale to test the relationship between information visibility and transparency. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the scale and consider the limitations and further research possibilities that the scale construction and validation suggest.

scholarly journals Nasa’s Spice System Models the Solar System

1997 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Charles H. Acton
Keyword(s):  
Data Sets ◽  
Jet Propulsion ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Ready Access ◽  
Ancillary Information ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
Observation Geometry ◽  
Science Instrument ◽  
Application Programs ◽  
Kernel Type

AbstractThe Navigation Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) at Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, acting under the directions of NASA’s Office of Space Science, has built a data system–named SPICE–to assist scientists in planning and interpreting scientific observations. SPICE provides geometric and some other ancillary information needed to recover the full value of science instrument data, including correlation of individual instrument data sets with data from other instruments on the same or other spacecraft.The primary SPICE data sets are called “kernels.” One of these kernel types provides ready access to ephemerides of spacecraft, planets, satellites, comets and asteroids. A second kernel type provides a set of data specifying target body size, shape and orientation. These data are currently based primarily on IAU/IAG/-COSPAR models.The SPICE system includes FORTRAN subroutines needed to read the kernel files and to calculate many common observation geometry parameters. Users integrate these SPICE “Toolkit” subroutines into their own application programs to compute needed information.

scholarly journals The development of biofilm architecture

2016 ◽  
Vol 472 (2188) ◽  
pp. 20150798 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Fowler ◽  
T. M. Kyrke-Smith ◽  
H. F. Winstanley
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Direct Numerical Solution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
A Free Boundary Problem

We extend the one-dimensional polymer solution theory of bacterial biofilm growth described by Winstanley et al . (2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 467 , 1449–1467 ( doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0327 )) to deal with the problem of the growth of a patch of biofilm in more than one lateral dimension. The extension is non-trivial, as it requires consideration of the rheology of the polymer phase. We use a novel asymptotic technique to reduce the model to a free-boundary problem governed by the equations of Stokes flow with non-standard boundary conditions. We then consider the stability of laterally uniform biofilm growth, and show that the model predicts spatial instability; this is confirmed by a direct numerical solution of the governing equations. The instability results in cusp formation at the biofilm surface and provides an explanation for the common observation of patterned biofilm architectures.

Models and Documents: Artifacts of International Legal Knowledge

1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelise Riles
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Legal Knowledge ◽  
Common Observation

It is a common observation that the theory and practice of international law are far apart. Richard Falk, for example, begins his 1970 book by chastising international legal theorists for failing to “provide adequate guidelines for evaluating particular decisions”.2Likewise, Louis Henkin asserts that, “Lawyer and diplomat are engaged in a dialogue de sourds. Indeed, they are not even attempting to talk to each other, turning away in silent disregard.”3

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